Izangqa Zolungelelwano: Ukuqonda Indima Yemigaqo Yolawulo Kuluntu Lwanamhlanje

Kuzo zonke iintsonkothileko zezoqoqosho, uthungelwano lwemibutho karhulumente engoogxabhabhazi lusebenza ukuguqulela izindululo zomthetho ezibanzi kwikonkrithi, imithetho enyanzelekileyo. La maqumrhu, aziwa njengesebe lolawulo lomthetho, asebenza njengesiseko solawulo lomthetho, eqinisekisa ukuba ooshishino basebenza ngokukhuselekileyo, iimarike zihlala zilungile, kwaye intlalo-ntle kawonke-wonke ikhuselekile. Ngaphandle kwala maqumrhu, umsantsa phakathi komthetho womthetho-mthetho kunye noqheliso lwemihla yonke uya kuba yingozi, abemi bashiyeke besengozini yokutya okusuka ekuphathweni ukuya ekuqhatheni imali. Eli nqaku linikela ukuhlolwa okukhawulezi zixhobo, indlela abasebenza ngayo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nemingeni enzima abajamelana nayo ngexesha elikhawulezileyo lezo zezo zezobugcisa kunye neenculo.

Ziyintoni Iinkqubo zolawulo? Iinkcazelo kunye nemisebenzi yesakhelo

Amasebe olawulo ngamaziko karhulumente, adla ngokusekwa yisenzo sowiso-mthetho, anikwe igunya lokwenza, ukuqwalasela, nokunyanzelisa imimiselo kummandla othile. Asebenza phantsi kothunyelelwa kwamandla avela kwiBhunga okanye kwindlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente, awavumele ukuba anikezele imithetho enomthetho onamandla. Ngokungafaniyo namasebe alawulayo alawulayo azalisekisa inkqubo njengoko ilawulwa, amaquamrhu alawulayo amaninzi anamandla okulinganisa i-quasi-leaslective kunye nolawulo lomthetho: abhala ngemilinganiselo enzulu, aqhuba uphando, kunye neempikiswano.

Umahluko oluncedo uphakathi kwamaqumrhu azimeleyo olawulo kunye namasebe alawulayo. Amaqumrhu eedential `Azibonelelo'.'Afana ne-Secureties kunye neKhomishoni ye-Exchange (SEC), iKhomishini yoNxibelelwano oluzimeleyo (FCC), kunye neKhomishini yeFederal Tradentiment Commission (FC) (FC)/icelwe ukukhuselwa ekulawuleni ngqo umongameli. Abameli babo basebenza ngokuzinziswa, amagama ashukumisiweyo kwaye anokususwa ngenxa yesizathu, nto leyo ekhuthaza umgangatho wokuzilawula kwezobupolitika. Ngokwahlukileyo kwesebe, njengokhuseleko lwe-EAPrence (EPlance) kunye nolawulo loburhulumente lwe-Prence, nangona besasetyenziswa kwakhona.

Isiseko esisemthethweni somsebenzi wolungiselelo nguMthetho wolawulo lweProcedure (APA), omisela iinkqubo zolawulo kunye nesithumo abameli abamele balandele. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe, ukuthatha inxaxheba kukawonke-wonke, kunye nohlalutyo lomthetho kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Ukuqonda ezi migaqo-siseko kunye nokubekwa phambili kwesiseko kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofunda ulawulo lukawonke-wonke, umthetho, okanye ulawulo loshishino.

Imisebenzi yezolawulo

Ngelixesha umbutho ngamnye ulungiselwa kwicandelo lawo elikhethekileyo, inkoliso yabelana ngeseti yemisebenzi eqhelekileyo echaza indima yawo ekulawuleni. Le misebenzi idlulela ngaphaya komthetho olula; iquka umjikelo wobomi ukusuka ekukhawulweni ukuya kuphinda-phindwe.

Ulawulo: Ukuguqulela imigaqo kwiMigangatho

Owona mandla abonakalayo enkonzo elawulayo bubuchule bayo bokukhupha imithetho. Ngenkqubo eyaziwa njenge nomthetho onzima. , amasebe apapasha imithetho ecetyiweyo kwiFederal Register, icela ingxelo kubalawuli bemiqathango kunye noluntu, uhlolo, kunye nomthetho wokugqibela osekelwe kwisiseko kunye nenjongo. Le nkqubo ingathatha iminyaka emininzi yemimiselo entsonkothileyo. Umzekelo, ulawulo lwe-EPA kumoya oshushu ovela kwizityalo ezinamandla lubandakanya inzululwazi kunye nohlalutyo lwezoqoqosho. Isiphumo somthetho ogunyazisayo.

Uhlolo

Izicelo kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba izinto ezikhoyo ezilawulwayo zilandela imithetho. Oku kwenziwa ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlola: uhlolo lwesiqhelo (umz., uvavanyo lokukhusela ukutya kweFDA), iimfuno zokuzibika (umz., ukutyhila kwemali), kunye nobunzima bedata-ongeno oluphezulu (umz., i-IRS uphicotho-algoritimes). Uvavanyo lungabhengezwa okanye lungakhutshwanga, kwaye lusoloko lubandakanya uhlolo loxwebhu, imigca yemiboniso, izakhiwo kunye nodliwano-ndlebe nabasebenzi. Ubunzulu bohlolo oluphezulu olufana namandla enyukliya okanye ukwenziwa komatshini bokwenziwa kwezixhobo zobugcisa.

Unyanzelo: Ucoselelo nezenzo zokulungisa

Xa ulwaphuko lufunyenwe, abameli banezixhobo ezininzi zokuqinisekisa. Ezi ziquka izihlawulelo zolawulo, imiyalelo yesalathisi ne-dessistyredist[, [[FLT]]] imimiselo ebhadliweyo [[[FLT:]], kunye nokukhutshelwa kwelayisekile kwelayisensi . Kwiimeko ezinzima, abameli bangabhekisa imicimbi kwiSebe logwebo lolwaphulo-mthetho. Injongo ayiyo nje kuphela kodwa ikwayi-lulawulo nolungiso. [[FLT:] Izenzo ezithenjiweyo ze-onke i-FTCTSTY].

Ukwahlula: Ukusombulula Iimpikiswano

Amaqumrhu amaninzi asebenzisa iinkundla zawo zolawulo ukuphulaphula iimpikiswano ngokuthobela okanye ukutolika umthetho. Abagwebi bomthetho (ALJ) bajonge ezi zenzo, ezingamiselwanga njengenkundla yesizwe kodwa ezisagwebayo. Ngokomzekelo, iNtlalo-ntle yoKhuseleko ibamba iingxelo ngeengxaki zesiphene; iNLRB ithatha izityholo zokusebenza okungekho sikweni. Ezi nkundla zinciphisa umthwalo kwinkqubo yokugweba kwaye zivumele ukuba kubekho ubuchule obuthile.

Imfundo noncedo lobuchule

Ulungiso lusebenza kakhulu xa uluntu olulawulwayo luqonda oko kufunekayo. Izikhululo zinikela ngamandla ekufumaneni: amaxwebhu okhokelo, abaququzeleli bee-webinar, ukukhupha iimbono, nokugcina ii-ofisi ze-ombusts. Umzekelo, i-IRS, ibonelela ngenkxaso-mali yabahlawuli berhafu. Lo msebenzi unceda ukuphucula unxulumano lokuzithandela kunye nokunciphisa unxulumano phakathi kwabalawuli kunye nabalawuli.

Iintlobo zolawulo lwezimo: Icandelo-by-Sector

Amaziko alawulayo asebenza phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi banamhlanje. Ngasezantsi ziindidi eziphambili, ezinemizekelo efuziselayo kunye neendawo zawo eziphambili.

Umlinganiselo wokusingqongileyo kunye nowegunya

I-Environal Protection Agency (EPA) imisela imida kumoya nakungcoliso lwamanzi, ilawula inkunkuma enobungozi, kwaye ijonge ukuhlanjululwa kwendawo ezingcolisweyo. Ukukhutshwa kweManzi (DOE)[FLT] inyanzela imilinganiselo yamandla asebenzayo kunye nokulawula urhwebo lombane oluphakathi kwesebe elihambayo ngeKhomishini (FERC). Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, aba bameli baye bajongana nocelomngeni lokulawula ubugcisa obuvelayo njengekharbon kunye ne-hydrogen.

Ukulungelelaniswa kweMali noHlabathi

I- Ezentengiselwano kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange (SEC) inyanzelisa imithetho yezentengiselwano ukukhusela abanikeli kunye nokugcina iimarike zocwangco. I-Consumer Finicial Protection Providect Bureauniau (CFPB) ijongela iziphumo zemali ezithengwayo njengezindlu zemali kunye namakhadi okuthenga ngetyala. Inkqubo ye-FLT] ye-FEderrebral Reserve Reservement [[[ ilawula iibhanki ukuqinisekisa uzinzo kunye nokhuseleko lwenkqubo yenkqubo yesixokelelwano. Imeko lwemali lwangowamayela ekunyuseni kwemizimba phantsi komkelo lwe-DoddFFFFod.

Ukulungelelaniswa koMgaqo-nkqubo weMpilo noLokhuseleko

IFOD kunye noLawulo lweziyobisi (FDA) iqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwamayeza, izixhobo zonyango, kunye nemveliso emininzi yokutya. Ukhuseleko noLawulo lwezempilo (OSHA)[FLT] imisela ukhuseleko lomsebenzi kunye nohlolo. [FLT:] [4] izibandezi zeMedicare & Mdid Services (CMS) zilawula iziko zempilo kunye neenkqubo zokuhlawula. I-CHOVD-19 yavavanya i-mavanya ezi zi-machiza ze-omatiliti ye-omati asebenza.

Ukhuseleko Norhwebo

I-FLT IKhomishini yoTradiso eFederal (FTC) imisebenzi yeshishini engekho semthethweni okanye ekhohlisayo, kuquka izibhengezo zobuxoki, ukuphulwa kogcino-lwazi, kunye nokudityaniswa kwemibutho echaseneyo. IKomishini yezeSikhundla soKhuselo (CPSC) ilawula ukhuseleko lwemawaka emveliso yabathengi, ukusuka kwii-tomstiki ukuya kwii-elektroniki. Aba basebe badlala indima ekhulayo kuqoqosholo lwamanani, ukuphendula imiba efana ne-algalmmentactric kunye ne-intanethi.

Izinto Zokuhamba Nonxibelelwano

IFULT] I-Aviate Administration (FAA) ijonge ukhuseleko lwenqwelo-moya; i Fateral Motor Careter Secut Administration (FMCSA])[FLT]] ilawula iloriling; ulawulo lwezwe lobuzwe lobungozi bezoshishino lwendlela yokhuseleko (NTSTA)[FTY:5] imisela imigangatho yokhuseleko lwezithuthi. [[FLTL:] Factal Com Commmations (FCCC)[FLT7] ulawulo lwemiqathango kunye nemithetho ye-te-Actalgate, kuquka i-metation, iquka i-'impliter-'.

Ukubaluleka Kokusebenzisana: Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Ukulungisa Ubomi

Ukuququzelela akuyomfuneko nje yolawulo; kusisiseko sozinzo lwentlalo noqoqosho. Xa imibutho ilandela imimiselo, inciphisa umonakalo / nokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba umonakalo kukuwohloka kwemeko-bume, ukuqhatha kwemali, ukonakala emsebenzini, okanye iimveliso ezingakhuselekanga. Inkampani ikhuthaza ukuthembana. Abathengi badla ngokuthenga kwiinkampani ezinamathela kwimilinganiselo yempilo neyokhuseleko; abatyali-mali bayazithemba ngakumbi emarikeni ngemithetho ecacileyo yokutyhila.

Iziphumo zokungahambelani ne-oyile echithekileyo emanzini e-Oyile enzulu (200) zibangelwa kukungathobeli kwemithetho yokubhola elunxwemeni, kubangela iibhiliyoni zeerandi emoshayo nezonakaliseko zemekobume. Ngokufanayo, iingxaki zemali zowama-2008 zakhuthazwa kukungahambelani nemigangatho ebolekisayo. Kwimeko nganye, amaziko alawulayo ajongene nokugxekwa kungekhona ngenxa yokuba nemithetho, kodwa ngenxa yokusilela ukuwanyanzelisa ngokunempumelelo. Oku kubalaseko abameli bolawulo basebenza ngokusebenza kwabo kunye nokuthanda kwabo kwezobupolitika.

Izixhobo Zorhwebo

Umthetho olawulayo usebenza kwisikali esitshebelezayo ukusuka ekuthobeleni kwentsebenziswano ukuya ekuphumezeni isigwebo. Imigaqo-nkqubo ikhetha iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ezikhuthaza ukunqanda ukunqanda okungakumbi ngoxa ikhuthaza ukulungiswa.

Uvavanyo kunye nophicotho-zincwadi

Uhlolo oluqhelekileyo sisixhobo esiphambili. Umzekelo, iFDA ihlola amaziko okwenza amakhaya nakwamanye amazwe ukuze iqinisekise iMidlalo eLungisayo (GMPS). Izenzo zeOSHA ezicwangcisiweyo zohlalutyo kushishino oluphezulu. Iziphumo zisoloko zixhobisa izicwangciso zokulungisa izenzo nokulandela utyelelo olulandelayo.

Ityala le-Monetial kunye nokungafezeki

Iziphumo ezintle zinokuba zezangaphakathi okanye ezaphuli-mthetho, ezisuka kwisohlwayo esithobayo sokwaphulwa kwamaphepha ukuya kutsho kwimithetho egunyazisa ukuqhatha okucwangcisiweyo. I-SEC isoloko ikhupha imiyalelo yokungagqibeki kwengeniso engafanelekanga kunye nenzala. I-EPA ingakhupha izigwebo zolawulo phantsi koMthetho wococeko woMtho-moya kunye noMthetho wokuGcwesa Amanzi.

Ukuhlangulwa Nokunikwa Kwemiyalelo

Imikhosi yezongxamiseko ingafuna imiyalelo yenkundla yokuphelisa ukwaphulwa okuqhubekayo. Imithetho egunyazisiweyo ixoxwa apho ummangalelwa avuma khona ukwenza izenzo ezithile ngaphandle kokuvuma ukuba unetyala. Ezi ziqhelekile kumatyala okusingqongileyo nakukhuseleko lwabathengi.

Ukuququzelelwa kwelayisenisi nokukhutshwa

Kumaziko afuna amalayisensi − njengebhanki, ukusasaza, kunye nokukhupha amayeza ngezantsi kusisigunyaziso esiphezulu. IFCC ingaphelisa imvume yokubhengeza ngenxa yehambo embi; i-Financial Industry Reguage Aguversement (FINRA) inokuba yindawo yokwaphula imiqathango kushishino.

Ukugutyungelwa Nguwonke Wonke Nokubonisa Imbonakalo

I-FTC igcina iphepha “Scam Alerts”; iWebsite ye-OSHE idwelisa izenzo zokwaphula umthetho. Oku kuphazanyiswa kwegama kusenokuba yingozi njengemali.

Ucelomngeni Lokujamelana Nolawulo Ngenkulungwane yama - 21

Nangona zibalulekile, amaziko alawulayo asoloko ephantsi kwengcinezelo.

Uqeqesho noncedo lwezibonelelo

Amaqumrhu amaninzi ajongene nokungafezeki. Njengoko uqingqo-mali luncipha ngokobungakanani boshishino abajongela kulo, ukuhla komyinge, ukuhla kovavanyo, ukuhla koovimba abasemva komsebenzi, nokunyanzeliswa komthetho kuyancipha. Umzekelo, i-SEC iye yazama ukuhambisana nokunyuka kwexabiso lezinto zexabiso kunye norhwebo olufihlakeleyo ngenxa yobugcisa kunye nabasebenzi abalinganiselweyo.

Ulawulo Nomahluko Wezobupolitika

Xa amashishini alawulwayo enempembelelo egqithisileyo kubalawuli, eli qumrhu lingabeka phambili ushishino loshishino kukhuseleko loluntu. Le nto, eyaziwa ngokuba kukubanjwa komthetho, inokubangela imithetho ebuthathaka nokugcinwa komthetho okungakhathaliyo. Ukuphazamisa kwezobupolitika . /ukunqumla uqingqo-mali, ukumiswa kookhomishinala abanobuhlobo, okanye imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo ingenza kube lula ukwenza izigqibo ezizimeleyo.

Ukungalungelelani noHlaziyo loBuxhakaxhaka

Utshintsho lobugcisa obukhawulezayo ludlula isantya sokwenza imithetho. Iinkonzo kufuneka zilawule imveliso entsha kunye neenkonzo (umz., ubukrelekrele obungeyonyani, ii-drones, ukulungiswa kwejini) ngaphandle kokucinezela utshintsho. I-FTC ne-FDA ziphuhlisa ngokuqhubekayo isiseko sobuveleli be-Al, kodwa umsebenzi wodwa unzima. Ngaphezu koko, amaqumrhu kufuneka alungelelanise iinkqubo zawo zokuhlola ugcino-lwazi kunye nokusebenza kwe-intanethi.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Neengxubakaxaka

Ushishino oluninzi lusebenza ngaphaya kwemida, kodwa amaqumrhu omthetho alinganiselwe kwigunya lasekhaya. Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe .

Ukuthenjwa Kukawonke - wonke Nokuchazwa Kwenkcazelo

Amaziko alawulayo axhomekeke ekuthembeni uluntu ukuze aphumelele. Kwixesha lokudilika, amanye amaqumrhu aye aphelelwa lithemba, kunye nabachasi bethandabuza ukuthembeka kwawo kwenzululwazi (umz., inzululwazi yemozulu ye-EPA) okanye intshukumisa zawo zokunyanzelisa. Ukuqinisekisa nge-Rebuilding bipartisan kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekwe ixesha elide ngokusemthethweni.

Uphando lwetyala kwisenzo: Ingxamiseko emithathu elawulayo kubunzulu

Uhlolisiso olwenziwa kwisebe elithile lubonisa indlela eziluncedo ngayo ezi zinto.

I-Arhente yoKhuselo lokusingqongileyo (EPA)

I-EPA imiselwe ngo1970, i-EPA iqinisa ulawulo longcoliso lwezwe. Inika imithetho emikhulu enjenge-Deocratic Air Act, Cocan Water Act, kunye noMthetho weNkundla yamanzi kunye ne-Recovery Act. Inkqubo ye-EPA yolawulo isoloko ibandakanya uphando olunzulu lwenzululwazi, intengo-endle-mali, kunye nolucalulo. Umzekelo obalulekileyo ngulawulo lweziko lwegesi lwegesi ebhabhabhabhabhayo phantsi kwe-oksi esezantsi phantsi kwendlela ejikeleza kuyo indalo. Ngokukhawuleza ijolise isigqibo seNkujikelezono lweNkuhlala iPFT: 0 [FT: 0]. [iKPFFFFF:]

IKomishini yoTshintshiso (SEC)

Idalwe emva komonakalo wamafama ka-1929, i-SEC inyanzelisa uMthetho we-SEC uPhakathi wo-1934 kunye noMthetho we-Secreties Exchange ka-1934. Umsebenzi wayo uquka ukukhusela abanikeli-mali, ukugcina iimarike ezifanelekileyo nezifanelekileyo, kunye nokwenziwa kwemali ephezulu. Uphando lwe-SEC lubangela izenzo zonyanzelo, kwaye lungamela imibutho yolawulo lwasekuhlaleni njenge-FINRA. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-SEC inikezele ukunyanzelisa okunxulumene nokuthengiselwa kwekhompyutha, ngaphakathi, kunye neminikelo efihlakeleyo. Indlela yokufikelela kwesibonelelo solwazi lwamanani , zenza kube nemisebenzi emininzi njengemiqatha. I-EDGARD inikeza unikezelo kulawulo lukawonke lwe-equaluni ([FT: 0][3]][FFF]]]

Ulawulo Lokutya Neziyobisi (FDA)

IFDA iqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokusebenza kwamayeza, i-biologics, izixhobo zonyango, kunye nokuninzi kokunikwa kokutya. Iinkqubo zayo zokwamkelwa ziphakathi kwezona zinzima ehlabathini. Isebe likwahlola ukhuseleko lwasemva komchako ngenkqubo engalunganga yokuxela ngeziganeko ezibi. Iindlela ezizikhuphileyo ze-FDA ezivumelayo, ezifana nesixhobo sonyango lonyango, ziye zakhawuleza zafikelela kunyango olugcina ubomi. Ngexesha le-COVID-19 isibhakela, uxaso olugunyazisiweyo lokusebenzisa izitofu kunye nonyango olugunyaziswe kakhulu.

Ikamva Lemigaqo - siseko Elawulayo: Ukuqhelana Nehlabathi Elitshintshayo

Ulawulo lolawulo alumi ngapha nangapha. Ukuze amaziko ahlale ephumelela, kufuneka atshintshe kumacala amaninzi angundoqo.

Okokuqala, [[NTL:0] umgaqo-siseko owenziwe ngokulandelelana uza kuba ngoqhelekileyo. Iinkampani zityalisela ubuchule obungeyondlela yokusebenza kunye nomatshini wokufumana iipakethi, ukusuka kwintengiselwano zemali ezingekho mthethweni ukuya ekukhutshweni kongcoliso olungekho mthethweni. Ukusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi lwezonyango lwentengiso kungumzekelo okhokelayo.

Okwesibini, [[NTL:0] iibhokisi zesanti ezilawulayo kunye nokwenza imithetho ngobulula kuyakuvumela ukuvavanya. I-FTC ivule inyathelo lokuhlola iindawo ezihamba ngokukhawuleza ezifana nokubonisana kwe-algorithm ngaphandle kokubeka imithetho ebanzi, engapheliyo ngaphambi kwexesha. Le ndlela ilinganisela ulwahlulo noqwalaselo.

Okwesithathu, ukuxhathisana kunye nentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe iya kukhula. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukukhubazeka kwe-inthane, kunye nentsabelo yezifo ezimandundu kufuna umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe (i-EPA, i-DOE, i-DHS) kunye namaqabane angaphandle. I-Malifical Stability Board kunye ne-Basel Committen on BankSupercenturee sele ibonisa indlela enokuthi imilinganiselo yomhlaba wonke ilungelelaniswe ngayo.

Ekugqibeleni, [[NTLA:0] ulwabelo lukawonke-wonke kunye nokubonakala ngaphaya kweqonga lamanani. Ukusebenza ngomthetho nge-intanethi kumacala asekhohlo enqanawa, amanyathelo ogcino-lwazi, kunye nezixhobo zomxhasi wokubophelela inqanawe zinokunciphisa ingqiqo yamasebe njengee-bracracy ezikwenye indawo. Ukwakha uthelekelelo lukawonke-wonke kuya kuxhomekeka ekubonisweni kombuzo nokusabela.

Isiphelo: Imfuneko Ehlala Ihleli Yokulungelelwaniswa

Amaqumrhu alawulayo angaphezulu kunee-bureaucrates zoovimba; ngamaziko abalulekileyo aguqulela injongo yemithetho kwizinto zemihla ngemihla. Ngokumisela imilinganiselo yemithetho, ukuqwalasela ihambo, nokuqinisekisa iziphumo, akhusela impilo yoluntu, ukhuseleko, kunye nobulungisa bezoqoqosho. Kodwa asebenza phantsi kwengcinezelo eqhubekayo kwimiqathango yezibonelelo, iinguqu zezobugcisa, kunye nemikhosi yezopolitiko. Ukuqonda iinkcitho zabo neengxaki zabo akuyonkqubo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yezomthetho yezomthetho kuphela. Inkqubo yokulawula ibalulekile kumntu onegunya, okanye engqinela imigaqo yezokhuseleko.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho kunye nombutho wobutyala, kuvavanywa ulawulo olungaphezulu olulawulayo (Imithetho ekhoyo.gov) okanye Ingqungquthela yoBuphathi-mikhosi yeUnited States.