Ulawulo Lokuziphatha: Isizathu Sokuba Imigaqo Ebalulekileyo Kumgaqo-nkqubo Kawonkewonke

Inkqubo kawonke wonke yeyokuguqulela imilinganiselo yemithetho kwisenzo. Imisela ukuba ngubani ofumana oko, xa, nangendlela ekwabiwa ngayo oku, kuthwele ubunzima obukhulu bemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Izigqibo ezenziwa ngabenzi benkqubo zihlahlela kuzo zonke iinkalo zebutho labantu, zichaphazela ukufikelela kwempilo, amathuba ezoqoqosho, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nenkululeko yoluntu. Kodwa inkqubo yokusebenza nokusebenzisa inkqubo yezobugcisa inqabileyo kukungagqibeleli okucocekileyo ngobuchule bobugcisa. Kuyinto enzulu kakhulu, emelwa zizinto ezikhuthaneyo, iintelekiso ezizintlukwano, neengxaki ezihlala zikho phakathi kokulungileyo nokufanelekileyo. Oku kuhlala kuhleli entliziyweni yemithetho yokuziphatha kawonke: ukuzama ukulungele ukulungele ukulungele ukulungele ukulungele ukufikelela iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Ukuqonda oku, nokungalawuleni okufanelekileyo, okulungele ukulawulwa yimeko ekufuneka kulawule; ukulawulwa kwendlela elungele ukulawulwa yimeko entle, ekufuneka kungeneyo, enyanzeke intengo yabanga uluntu ekuphumele iziphumo, exhotyiso.

Isiseko somgaqo-nkqubo woLuntu

Imigaqo echazayo kwiArena ye-Plignal

Imigaqo yokuziphatha ekumgaqo kawonke-wonke ayiyomfundiso enye kodwa yinkqubo yesiseko sokuziphatha ekhokela indlela izigqibo ezimele zenziwe ngayo. Izithethe ezintathu ezingundoqo zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ziyimfuneko ngokukhethekileyo. i-Urianism[ igweba izenzo ngeziphumo zazo, ifuna eyona ilungileyo kwinani elikhulu. Le njongo ikhokelela kwixabiso-benefifit-figssionstings kunye nobungqina obusekelwe kwimigaqo- engundoqo. [[FLT:]] imigaqo yokuziphatha yezendalo [, enxulumene nomntu onegunya lobulumko, igxininisa imisebenzi kunye namalungelo ekufuneka ekwenziwe kwiziphumo zakhe. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwendlela elungileyo, ukusetyenziswa okunqabileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwendlela epheleleyo kwendlela yokuthuthukisa. [FLT:]

Intsika Yengqibelelo

Ukuthembeka kwinkonzo kawonke-wonke kuthetha okungaphezulu nje ekuphepheni ukonakala. Kubandakanya ukunyaniseka kwimigaqo enzima esetyenziswayo ekunxibelelaneni, ukungaguquguquki kwemilinganiselo nezenzo, nokungavumi ngokuqinileyo ukubeka inzuzo yangasese ngaphezu komdla kawonke-wonke. Ingqibelelo ingunobangela wokuthembana. Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba iinkokeli zabo zisebenza ngengqibelelo, basengozini yokuhambisana nemithetho, bathabathe inxaxheba kubomi babantu, kuquka ukuthotyelwa kwerhafu nokuzimisela kakhulu imigaqo yemigaqo enzima. Ngokuchasene noko, ingqibelelo ikhomba ebonakalisa ukukholosa ngokukhawuleza nokuyilungisa ngokucocekelelwa ngokucothayo. Upha okuqhubekayo kwe-OECD ibonisa ukuba imigangatho ephakamileyo yokuthemba abantu ngokubanziswa kwabantu ngokulawula okungcono, kuquka ukuthotyelwa kwerhafu nokuzinziswa kwerhafu enkulu. Ukuthembeka kukwane nokwenziwa nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo entle yokulungisa ingqibelelo.

Ukuphumelela

Ukusebenza kubuza umbuzo olulula ngokukhohlisayo: ngaba inkqubo iyasebenza? Kodwa ukulinganisa impumelelo kuzaliswe bubunkimbinkimbi. Inkqubo esebenzayo kufuneka iphumeze iinjongo zayo ezichaziweyo ngaphandle kokubangela iziphumo ezingamkelekanga, kwaye kufuneka yenze ngobuchule, isebenzise ubuncwane. Oku kufuna ubungqina obungqongqo "$randomedized systences" apho kunokwenzeka, iChesi sisixhobo sobunzululwazi sokwenza izinto ezicwangcisiweyo kwenye indawo, kunye nokuhlola okuqhubekayo. Impumelelo yobungqina benkqubo esekelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo esekelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo yemigaqo-nkqubo ifumene impumelelo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, kunye neenkqubo ezifana kunye ne-Abugradelivel Lat Beacter Beacter, i-ement Active projectivessss, kodwa i-ognective syndromages, i-offive projective i-oussssss. Ngoko ke urhulumente akakholiseki, urhulumente uyakwazi ukuchanelo oluchanelo oluchaneyoku

Ucelomngeni Lokuqhawula Ingqibelelo Nokuphumelela

Ingcinezelo Yezobupolitika Nokungabi Naxesha

Mhlawumbi olunalwazi lusasazeke kakhulu luxinzelelo lokuzisa iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo. Amagosa aqwalaselweyo ajongana nonyulo lweziphumo ezitshayelelweyo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini ukuya kwemithandathu, edala intshukumisa enamandla yokuxhasa iinkqubo zemithetho ngokuzihlawula kancinci kunezo zifuna utyalo lwexesha elide okanye abeke indleko eziphambili. Olu qhagamshelwano lufutshane lungqubana nengqibelelo xa abenzi bemithetho bemiqathango besika iimbombo ze-/irhafu xa beyinyusa inkqubo phambi kovavanyo olufanelekileyo, ukufihla iziphumo ezingalunganga, okanye ukubopha iziphumo zokuguqula i-Rhoversethi. Uxinezelo luba luyingozi kakhulu kwi-democractic, apho ulwamvo lwasekuhlaleni luyibeka isidima kodwa lungalula. Umzekelo, abacuphindisi berhafuthelsa kodwa bebontsa irharha, imigaqo yokuthoba i-delela.

Ukunganyaniseki nokufuna

Urhwaphilizo lukukohlulwa okude kwengqibelelo kumgaqo kawonke-wonke. Luquka ukunyotywa kwemiqathango encinane ukuya kumalungiselelo amakhulu okubanjwa kwelizwe, apho izilangazelelo zobuqu zirhwaphiliza uwiso lomthetho kunye nolawulo olusemthethweni. Urhwaphilizo alukho semthethweni kuphela kodwa luyingozi kodwa lukwanempumelelo. Iinjongo ziphosakele, izibonelelo azilungeleleneyo, kwaye umthetho uyaphelelwa, kwaye umthetho uyaphelelwa. IBhanki iqikelela ukuba ngaphezu kwewaka lezigidi zezigidi zemali ihhobhile (R1,000) ih1, ihlawulwa ngezonkani ngonyaka, kunye norhwaphiwo yokrusa i-oktho lwemali eninzi, njengoko iintlobo ezithe ngqo zokuqesha ziqhubeka, njengoko oomatilo bee-mastili bejonga apho zifumana khona ii-omatilo abasebenzi be-omatshini abasebenza ngooomashishini.

Ukuntsonkotha Nokungaqiniseki

Uninzi lwezona nkqubo zicinezelayo lunzima. Kule meko, ukutshintsha kwemiqathango, ukusetyenziswa kobuntlola, ukubekwa kwengqiqo, ukuchanabeka okunzulu nokuntsonkotha. Ulwazi oluncinci, ukungalandeli mpazamo, kunye nokubaluleka kobuninzi kwenza kube nzima ukuxela iziphumo ezikhoyo okanye ukuvumelana ukuba yintoni ebangela isiphumo esilungileyo. Kule meko, ukugqithisa okugqithisileyo kwingqibelelo kungakhokelela ekungasebenzini: ukuxilonga, imithetho eqinileyo, nokoyika ukwenza nayiphi na impazamo. Ngokuphikisana noko, ukugxininisa okuncinane ekuphumeleleni kunakho ukuthethelela ukuzama ukungakhathaleli ekungeneni abantu abahlala bengenamdla. Ucelomngeni kukuhamba ngendlela ephakathi: ukwenza ngokulula ngexesha eliphantsi ngemibalo lwethu, kunye nobuchule bokuziqhelanisa. Ingcamango [FL: FG:1] ukufikelela, ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha kwendlela, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha kwemiqatha, kunye nokutshintsha kwemiqathango.

Uphando Olusemajeni Nembono Yoluntu

Kwixesha lemijikelo yeeyure ezingama-24 kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemijelo yeendaba yezentlalo, abaququzeli benkqubo esebenzayo phantsi kwemikroskopu. Ukungahambi kakuhle okanye ukuqwalaselwa okuncinane okubalulekileyo okanye okungaqondakaliyo kungalawula imixholo yemidlalo ephambili kunye nokungakhuselwanga. Oku kuqwalasela kungabangela ukuba abenzi benkqubo ejolise ekukhuseleni, imilinganiselo echaseneyo enokwenza ubuchule. Umzekelo, inkqubo emiselwe kakuhle ephuculayo ephucula impilo kodwa ethwele ingozi encinane yeziganeko eziyingozi isenokulahlwa ngenxa yentengiso elula. Ngokufanayo, uloyiko lokuphawulwa ukuba “i-corrupt" okanye“ okungalawulekiyo” lungakhuthathi ingqibelelo phantsi koxinzelelo lonosasazo-ndaba ifuna ukhundla oluqinile, inkqubo ecacileyo yesimilo, nokuvumayo ukuchaza izinto ezicacileyo ngaphandle kwentethe-o-othe-o kawonke wonke.

Iindlela Zokulungelelanisa Ingqibelelo Nokuphumelela

Ukuphuhliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo

Imigaqo-nkqubo ayinakushiywa kwisazela ngasinye kuphela. Iziko kufuneka zicace, zinyanzeliswe zimigaqo yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo, ingquzulwano-ngquzulwano yemithetho enika ingxelo yokwaphula. Le migaqo kufuneka iphuhliswe ngegalelo elisuka kuludwe olubanzi lwabagcini-mathikithi kwaye ijongwe rhoqo ukuba ihlale ifanelekile. Umzekelo, iMithetho ye-OCD yokwamkeleka kweMithetho ePhathiweyo kwiNkonzo kaRhulumente ibonelela ukhokelo lwesiseko sokwahlula, ulawulo, nokuziphendulela. Noko ke, ikhowudi yehambo ilungile kuphela njengomthetho esebenzayo. Iikhomishini ze-Intente, ii-mpempereversi, kunye neenkqubo ze-raccompliations ziyimfuneko ekuguquleni imigaqo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukubonakala Kwabantu Nokuphendula

Ukukhanya okucacileyo kukukhanya okucacisa inkqubo kawonke-wonke. Xa kwenziwa izigqibo emva kweminyango evaliweyo, amathuba okuxhatshazwa kwemijelo. Ngokuchasene noko, ukwenza izigqibo ezivulekileyo-imizuzu yentlanganiso ekhoyo, isiseko sogcino-lwazi esifikelelekayo ekusebenziseni kunye neziphumo, kunye neengcaciso ezicacileyo zemithetho enika abenzi-ndaba, iintatheli, kunye nezigada zokugcina urhulumente zibambe ityala. Ukubonakala gcatha kunamandla ngokukwazi ukwenza uphando lwangaphandle nobuchule, okunokufumana iimpazamo kunye nokuphucula indlela yokuyila. [[FLT.0]] Ingcebiso yoRhulumenterlll. [[FLT.1:] inceda amazwe amaninzi amkela utshintsho. Kodwa ukubonakala akuyiyo i-paniacape. Ulwazi oluninzi lungakhuthaza kwaye lungadidelwa ngabaqhubi. Ngoko ke kufuneka amagosa abagwebi baqinisekise ngemjijijinga ngeenjongo ze-ontaljing.[=ipme]

Ukudibanisa abaxhasi abahlukeneyo

Ukwenza inkqubo yezoburhulumente kufuna ukuphulaphula abo bachaphazelekayo zigqibo, ingakumbi amaqela aphantsi nangakhuselekanga. Ukuganana okungalawulekiyo kudla ngokulahlwa njengebhokisi yokuzilolonga, kodwa xa kusenziwa kakuhle kungaphucula zombini ingqibelelo kunye nokuphumelela. Ngokwembono yengqibelelo, imiqondiso yokuba umenzi wenkqubo uhlonela isidima kunye nezibonelelo zabemi. Ngokwendlela esebenzayo, kunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo lwengingqi, lutyhila iziphumo ezingaqondakaliyo, kwaye lwakha ukuthengwa kwendlela elungeleleneyo yokufumana impumelelo. Iindlela zokuthengwa kwemiqathango yedolophu ukuya kunyuso oluqhelekileyo, ii-jumistry, ii-jumical collets, kunye ne-intanethi. Isitshixo silungiselela inkqubo ezenze ngokwenyani kwaye oko kungoko, kunokuba kutyiswe kwisigqibo esipheleleyo. [FTrometics] [F]

Ukwakha Isithethe Sengqibelelo

Imithetho yodwa ayinakuqinisekisa indlela yokuziphatha. Obona mazwe abonakeleyo asoloko enemithetho eninzi. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yinkcubeko kwimibutho kawonke-wonke. "izithethe, imilinganiselo, imilinganiselo, kunye nolindelo oluyiyo oluyila usuku nosuku. Isithethe sengqibelelo sakhelwe ngomzekelo, ingqeqesho engaphaya kokukhuthaza ukuqiqa ngokuziphatha okuhle, kunye nokuqonda iinkqubo ezinika iziphumo zokuziphatha okuhle kunokuba zivelise nje iziphumo. Umzekelo, inkonzo karhulumente wase-Singapore yaziwayo ngenxa yengqibelelo yayo ephakamileyo, efikelelwa ngemibathwali, ngokukhetha okunzima, nangenkqubo ye-zeroyi-oyile yendlela engalunganga. Kodwa izithethe zinokuba buthathaka. Xa iziphumo zezenzo zokuzimodeli zithethelela nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na indlela, okanye xa imposiso sesithethe sikhunjululwa ngokukhawuleza. Ukujikeleza kwemeko kudinga umgudu nokuhlala umgangatho.

Isebenzisa Imithetho Yesakhelo Ekwenza Iisigqibo

Xa bejamelene nokhetho olunzima, abenzi benkqubo banokungenelwa kulwakhiwo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha olubanyanzela ukuba baqwalasele iimbono ezininzi. Enye indlela esetyenziswa kakhulu yile isizimbo esithe ngqo , evezwe nguBen Mepham, ekwakhelwe kuyo iinkqubo zenkqubo ezichasene nemigaqo efana nentlalo, ukuzimela, nokungagwebi. Enye yeyokuqwalasela imilinganiselo elungeleleneyo yemilinganiselo yesiseko [ esetyenziswa ngabameli abaninzi borhulumente: yazihlulo lwengxaki; iziphumo ezichasene nazo; ivavanya iziphumo zazo zonke izithintela imisebenzi ezinxulumene nelungelo; iintele imisebenzi enxulumene nelungelo; iziphumo zemigaqo esesikweni kunye nokulungisa. Iziphumo ezinjalo azinikezi inguqulelo eziluncedo, kodwa zikhusela iingqinelane zembono ezibubugqeqe. Banga uqwalaselo, bayakwazi ukuphinda ukwenziwa, ukuphendula kamva.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Izifundo Ezifumaneka Kwimigca Engaphambili

UMthetho weNkcitho

I-ACA, ekwasaziwa ngokuba yi-Obamacare, luhlolisiso olunyanzelisayo kwintlupheko yengqibelelo. Injongo yayo yayikukwandisa i-inshorensi yempilo yamashumi ezigidi zabantu base-Melika abangakhange bafumaneke, yaye ingumthetho ocacileyo osekelwe kumgaqo wokuba ukukhathalela impilo kulungile. Kodwa, imeko yezopolitiko yayinobundlobongela. Ukukhusela ukudlula, ulawulo lwe-Obama lwenze uhlengahlengiso oluxokoze impumelelo yenkqubo: ukhetho lukawonke-wonke, iinkampani ze-inshorensivel zigcine amandla abalulekileyo, kwaye i-inshorensive yomthetho edalwe ukudideleka. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba umjelo, kwanokungabikho kokungafezeki, kwakungcono kunokungaphumeleli; abachani baphikisa ukuba ukuthotywa kwengqibelelo kwinkqubo engekho ngqiqweni. Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, i-AA, kodwa abaninzi abavumi bavunyiweyo, bakwa emva koko basenokufuna ukuvunywa kakhulu kwezifundo ezithenjiweyo. Kodwa ke bavume ukuba bavume ukuba, ngoko ke oko kuvunywe ngokunjalo

UMthetho Womoya Ococekileyo (United States)

ICeac Air Act ka 1970 kunye nokulungisa kwayo okulandelayo kubonisa indlela ingqibelelo yemekobume enokuxolelwa ngayo ngokusebenza kwezoqoqosho. Injongo yoMthetho yayikukukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke kunye nokusingqongileyo ekungcolisekeni komoya / "umcimbi wengqibelelo onikwe inani lomoya ongcolileyo kubantu abasemagumbini abangakhuselekanga. Amaqela ezoshishino axela kwangaphambili intlekele yezoqoqosho, ephikisa ukuba imilinganiselo engqongqo iya kuyitshabalalisa imisebenzi kunye nokukhuphisana. Noko ke, ngokudityaniswa kwemiqathango yemaketheli yemaketheki (ukurhweba ngezorhwebo), imilinganiselo yobugcisa yokuqhuba, kunye nomthetho ongqongqo, ihlise ngokuphawulekayo izinto ezingcolisayo eziziimali ezingaphezulu kwama-70% ngethuba uqoqo lwezoqoqosho luye lwaphinda-phinde kathathu. Umzekelo ubonisa ukuba ingqibelelo nokusebenza kwayo akusoloko kuhleli engxaki; ukubekwa komgaqo okufanelekileyo kokuzinziwa kwazo zombini. Iimeko eziphambili ziquka, ukusetyenziswa kweminxeba ukusetyenziswa kwendlela ezithenwa, ukusetyenziswa kwemali ezithe ukusetyenziswa kwazo, ukusetyenziswa kwazo, ukusetyenziswa nokuqhubekeka

Izilingo Ezisisiseko Zengeniso

Universal Inhoonce Intevovo yogcino-lwazi olusisiseko (UBI) imela ingcamango ekhaliphileyo: ukunika ummi ngamnye imali epheleleyo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba i-UBI ixhasa umgaqo wengqibelelo wokuhlonela ulawulo lomntu ngamnye, ngelixesha abachasi bexhala lokuba ngabaxhomekekanga nokuzinziswa kwemali. Izilingo ezininzi .[1] eFinland, eKenya, nase-Canada, kunye nase-United States (eye yavavanya u-UBI''' ivavanywe ukuphumelela kwe-UBI. Iziphumo zokuqala zibonakala zicacile: UBII inciphisa ubuhlwempuzelo kwaye iphucula impilo yengqondo, kodwa zinesiphumo esincinane ekunikezelweni kwemibutho emininzi. Kodwa, ukunyuka kukwinkqubo yesizwe esihlala sinzima nezoqoqosho. Iimvavanyo ziphakamisa imibuzo engokokumgangatho woko, ngokokusebenza kwayo zozibini, zivumela ukuba zifumane ubuchule bokuxhasa utshintsho, kwaye zivumela ukuba ziphumelele.

Intsabelo Ebangel ’ Umdla: Ukulungelelana Okulucoselelo

Isifo se-COVID-19 sanyanzela iingxaki ezingokwasemgangathweni kwimixholo yezihloko yephephandaba yonke imihla. Ii-clockdown zikhusela impilo (ukuthembeka kobomi) kodwa zabangela ukuwohloka kwezoqoqosho kunye nezithintelo zemfundo (impumelelo yentlalo-ntle). I-Vaccine igunyazisa inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nxamnye nempilo kawonke wonke. Imithetho-mthetho enyanzelisayo ebuhlungu enyanzelisayo malunga nokuba ngabaphi na abafumana abakhupheli abambalwa. Oorhulumente abanxibelelana ngokucacileyo qhankqaqa ngokuphayo nokungaqiniseki nokucacisa ukuthengwa kwentengiselwa ngaphandle kwemali. Abo bafihla ugcino-lwazi oluninzi.

Isiphelo: Ukuya Kwingcamango Esekelwe Kwimigaqo

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yenkqubo kawonke-wonke ayinakuncitshiswa ibe yeyohlobo olulula. Ingqibelelo ngaphandle kokuphumelela iyayivala intsingiselo epheleleyo; ukusebenza ngaphandle kwengqibelelo kuyamoshwa. Umsebenzi womenzi wemithetho yezemigaqo kukugcina amaxabiso omabini ekuxinezelweni okusebenzayo, ungaze uncame omnye ngaphandle kokuzicingela ngexabiso elipheleleyo lexabiso. Oku kufuna amaziko anamandla, iinkqubo ezibonisa ukubalalkileyo, ukubotshelelwa komntu, kunye nenkcubeko ebhiyo ebhiyo ingcwengamela inkalipho yokuziphatha njengempumelelo yobuchule. Njengoko abantu bejamelene nocelomngeni olungathethekiyo olusuka kulawulo lwe-algoricty [1] Ukuswela kwe-symgamethism akuzange kungabi nako lukhulu. Iinkqubo zikawonke ezingafanelekanga kuphela kodwa ziluncedo, hayi nje kuphela, kodwa zinokuqhamkelwa kakuhle. Ukunyusa ulungeleno olukubizwa lukhulu lwenkonzo kawonke-wonke.