Imigaqo Yomthetho: Oko Ufanele Ukwazi

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho luhambo olulungelelanisiweyo oluguqula ingcamango okanye imfuneko kawonke-wonke ibe ngumthetho onyanzelisayo. Lulo siseko sedemokhrasi emele idemokhrasi emele igqitywe, elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ecetyiweyo ihlolwa ngokucokisekileyo, iphikisana ngokukhululekileyo, kwaye iphuculwe kakuhle ngaphambi kokuba ibekwe. Oku kulandelelana kweesigaba kunika inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ngaphakathi kwisebe lomthetho, ukuthintela umthetho okhawulezayo okanye ongafanelekanga ekufikeleleni iincwadi zomthetho. Ngoxa imithetho echanekileyo kunye namasiko anokungahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe awahlukeneyo, kwanaphakathi kwemigangatho yesizwe neyo eUnited States, imigaqo engundoqo yenkqubo yomthetho ihlala ihleli ngokutyibilikayo. Ukuqonda le nkqubo ibalulekile kumntu ojongenentsingiselo kurhulumente wakhe, enoba ngumfundi, umxhasi, okanye umkhenke ummeli osazisindisi wezo. Le nkqubo inika ubuchule bokuchaza indlela ecacileyo, kwiziphumo ezifanelekileyo, kwimeko, iziphumo ezifanelekileyo.

Isicatshulwa 1: Ukwazisa nofundo lokuqala

Ubomi bemali buqala ngengcinga. Le ngcamango yokuqala ingavela kwimithombo emininzi. Ingavela kumntu ozisela ingxaki kwingqalelo yabameli babo abanyuliweyo. Ingacetyiswa liqela elikhethekileyo, umbutho wezolawulo, umbutho karhulumente ofuna igunya elitsha, okanye kwanesebe elilawulayo, elisoloko lichaza izinto zalo eziphambili zomthetho. Noko ke, phezu kwazo nje ezi mvelaphi zahlukeneyo, kuphela ilungu elihleli kwindlu yowiso-mthetho `aisenator' okanye ummeli wegunya elisesikweni lokuxhasa nokuzisa isindululo.

Inkqubo yentshayelelo iqala xa ummisi-mthetho efaka uxwebhu ngonobhala ofanelekileyo. Imali inikwa inani elohlukileyo elibonisa ukuba lukho kuhambo lwayo oluseleyo (umz. H.R. 1 okanye S. 1 kwiBhunga laseUnited States. Oku kulandelwa yi "yokuqala ukufunda," inyathelo elithe ngqo apho isiqu sencwadi semali sifundwa khona ekumgangatho ophantsi wegumbi. Oku kufunda ngokusemthethweni kubeka irekhodi yemithetho yomthetho kwaye kubonakalisa ukuqala kwendlela yokuhlola kwayo. Kwinkqubo ezininzi ze biral, isibhengezo singeniswa kwigumbi, ngerhafu ephawulekayo yerhafu okanye irhafu, nto leyo, phantsi komfatho, emele ivele kwiNdlulo yoMphathiswano. Le ndawo iqala imombo, ichaza indlela yokucwangcisa iinyanga, okanye iinyanga, okanye iinyanga.

ISihloko 2: Uhlolo lweKomiti kunye nokuphawula

Emva kwentshayelelo, i-pager ibhekiswa kwikomiti ekhethekileyo ezimeleyo elawula umbandela wetyala, njengeKomiti yezolimo, iKomiti ye-Judicary, okanye iKomiti yeMali nezorhwebo. Inkqubo yekomiti ijongwa ngokubanzi njengegumbi le-injini lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ivumela iqela elincinane lamalungu ukuba liphuhlise ubuchule kwimimandla ethile yemigaqo-nkqubo ethile liqhube umsebenzi wobugcisa ofunekayo ukubumba imithetho.

Indlela Yokuva

Isenzo sokuqala esiphambili kwikomiti sidla ngokuba ngumthetho ochongiweyo. Ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwamatyala, ikomiti imema ubungqina obuvela kumangqina ahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka amagosa karhulumente, iingcali ezizimeleyo, abameli bamashishini, kunye nabemi abachaphazelekayo. Ezi ngxelo zisebenza ekuqokeleleni inkcazelo, ukuchonga iingxaki ezinokwenzeka ngetyala, kwaye zakha ingxelo kawonke-wonke. Zinikela iqonga elicacileyo ukuze kuviwe kwaye kuqwalaselwe iimbono ezahlukeneyo. Okuqulunqiweyo kokuva kunakho ukuphembelela ngokuphawulekayo amanyathelo alandelayo.

Intlanganiso Yokuphawula

Emva kokuvakala, ikomiti ihamba iye "kwiseko yokuphawula". Kulapho kulapho ubungcweti bokwenyaniso bomthetho busenzeka khona. Amalungu eKomiti aphikisanayo ngolwimi lwe-paril ngomgca kwaye anika izilungiso zokuyilungisa. Iziphengululo zinokuba lulungiso olulula lobugcisa, iinguqu zenkqubo engqongqo, okanye amacandelo amatsha ngokupheleleyo. Isitulo sekomiti silawula ukutsala, siqinisekisa ukuba amalungu afumana ithuba lokufumana nokuvota kutshintsho olucetyiswayo. Xa ikomiti igqibile umsebenzi wayo, ivota ukuba ingawubuyisela na umrhumo wemali kwigumbi elipheleleyo lokuqwalasela. Ikomiti ingenza imisebenzi emininzi:

  • chaza ityala elifanelekileyo, ucebisa ukuba igumbi elipheleleyo liyidlulise, ngokufuthi ngengxelo ebhaliweyo echaza indlela yekomiti yokuqiqa.
  • [[FLT: 0] chaza unikezelo olungalunganga, nangona oku kunqabile.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ingxelo yoguqulelo olulungisiweyo lonikezelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Itheyibhile yomthetho , eyibulala ngokunempumelelo kwintsalela yentlanganiso ngokuyilungisa ngokungapheliyo.

Uninzi lwamatyala aziswayo ayize aphume kwikomiti. Eli nqanaba lisebenza njengomgcini-sango obalulekileyo, ohluza izicelo ezicaciswe kakubi okanye ezingathandwayo, avumele kuphela owona mthetho usebenzayo ukuba uqhubele phambili.

Umboniso 3: Ukuxhotyiswa kweNtloko

Xa isibham sixelwa kakuhle yikomiti, sibekwa kwikhalenda ukuze kuqwalaselwe igumbi elipheleleyo. Uhambo ukusuka kwikhalenda ukuya kumgangatho lulawulwa lukhokelo lwegumbi, kwaye imithetho elawula le nkqubo yahlukile kakhulu phakathi kwendlu neBhunga lendlu.

Indima Yekomiti Yemithetho

Kwindlu yabameli, iKomiti yemithetho enamandla isebenza njengomlawuli wendlela. Ikhupha i "mthetho" kwimiqathango emikhulu efuna amatyala achaziweyo engxoxo yomgangatho. Lo mthetho ungacwangcisa ixesha elipheleleyo lengxoxo, indlela elo xesha elahlulwe ngayo phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi nambalwa, kwaye, eyona nto ibalulekileyo, ezinjani iintlobo zokulungisa ezinokunikelwa. ukuvumela uludwe olubanzi lwemithetho ye-amments. [[FFLT:]] umgaqo ongavumeli ukuba kunganyuswaniswanga, kunyanzelelwa amalungu ukuba avote kumthetho osemthethweni, anyanzele ukuvota njenge-. umthetho ovulekileyo wokwenza ulawulo olubanzi. [[FFFF:] [FF]]

I-Filibuster neNkcubeko kwiBhunga

IBhunga leNdlela lisebenza ngesithethe eside sengxoxo, enika i-senator amandla amakhulu. I-sentenet ingalibazisa okanye ivale ukuvota kwityala ngokundulula [[FLT: 0] i-filibuster, intetho ende ejolise ekuthinteleni iNtsimbi yeNtsimbi efikelela kwivoti yokugqibela. Indlela ephezulu yokuphelisa i-Moneralbuster kukucela ukuququzelela , inkqubo efuna ukuvota okukhulu--ffthth'ethathu kweS, i-ekuvota e-ethathu kwiBhotime (ngokupheleleyo 60 kusuka kwi 100 stenators). Oku kuthetha ukuba umqobo odityaniweyo ungawungela phambili ngaphandle kokuba uninzi lwe-birn ekhomba ephambili.

Isicatshulwa 4: Umatshini wokuvelisa into

Emva kokuqukumbela, ityala liziswa kwivoti esemthethweni. Indlela yokuvota ingehluka. ivoti (indlela elula, engabhalwanga isetyenziswayo kwimicimbi engekhoyo. [[FLT:]] ifuna amalungu ukuba ame aze abalwe. Indlela ecacileyo yiyo [[FLT: 4.]] umqulu ongekhoyo wevoti [, apho igama lelungu ngalinye libizwa khona kwaye livotiwe ngokomntu ngamnye. Uvoti-ota luvumela amalungu awo ukuba abambise izigqibo zawo. Umbumba ocacileyo uknandidi olukhoyo luyilo oluqhelekileyo, luyiyo, lunganikwa ivoti ekhoyo, kwaye lungawona malungu akhoyo.

Isiseko: Ukuqwalaselwa

Ukuba irejista idlula kwigumbi lokuqala, idluliselwa kwigumbi lesibini (iCathernal, ukuba iqala kwindlu, okanye isuka ngokuchaseneyo) ukuphinda le nkqubo iphela. Igumbi lesibini alinyanzelekanga ukwamkela irejista njengoko ibhalwe. Liza kubhekisa irejista kwiikomiti zayo ezinxulumene nento, ibamba iindlebe, iqhuba uphawu, iphikisana ngengxelo yomthetho kumgangatho wayo, kwaye idlulise inguqulelo yayo. Ngenxa yokuba la magumbi amabini asoloko eneentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neembono, aya kudlula rhoqo ngokweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye. Lo mgangatho uyinxenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokuphatha i-bimaral, inika "ujongo wesibini" kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uxhasa imizi yomibini.

Isiqhobosho 6: IKomiti yeNgqungquthela

Xa iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeMithetho, umahluko kufuneka usombululwe ngaphambi kokuba uthunyelwe kuMongameli. Indlela eqhelekileyo yokusombulula ezi ngxaki kukuseka ikomiti yomanyano [. Le yindawo elawulayo yexeshana, i-hoc hoc iqalwe inani elisikelweyo lamalungu (abizwa ngokuba "amalungu") kwindlu nendlu yendlu. Abaqululekiyo bakhethelwe kwikomiti ezimileyo ezisebenzayo ekuqaleni. Umsebenzi wabo kukuxoxisana, uguqulelo oludityaniweyo lwemali olunokuvunywa zizo zombini izijungqu. Intlanganiso ingenza utshintsho kuphela kwimiqathango ekhoyo phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini; abanako ukuchaza iziphumo ezitsha. [FFoctive]

Isicatshulwa 7: Ukuvunywa kokugqibela kokulalanisa

Ingxelo yenkomfa sisixhobo esinamandla sowiso-mthetho. Ithunyelwa emva kwindlu kunye neCanter yeCamelo ukwenzela uvoti lokugqibela okanye phantsi kwemithetho yendlu yowiso-mthetho, ingxelo yenkomfa ayinakulungiswa. Oku kuthetha ukuba amalungu kufuneka amkele yonke ipakethi yolalaniso okanye ayilandule ngokupheleleyo. Oku "yithabathe okanye uyishiye" kubeka uxinzelelo lwendalo olubalulekileyo kumalungu ukuxhasa ukwenziwa kwengxoxo, nokokuba iqulethe amalungiselelo abanokungawaxhasi ngokupheleleyo, ngenxa yokuba ukugatya le ngxelo kungawubulala wonke umgudu wemithetho esemthethweni. Ukungena kwengqungquthela kuzo zombini iingxelo kucacisa indlela yokuba izibhengezo zemali zithunyelwe kwisebe eliphetheyo.

Isicatshulwa 8: Isenzo solawulo neNkxaso

Xa iinguqulelo ezifanayo zemali zigqithe zombini amagumbi, ibhaliswa ngokusemthethweni kwaye inikezelwa kuMongameli (okanye kwiRhuluneli kumgangatho worhulumente). Ngoku isebe eliphetheyo linokhetho oluninzi lwesenzo.

Amandla Eveto

Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo kukutyikitya ipali-mvume kumthetho, rhoqo kumsebenzi kawonke-wonke. Noko ke, umphathi ophetheyo uphinde abe nohlolo olunamandla: veto. Aveto uvumela umphathi ophetheyo ukuba angayivumeli irekhokhwe aze ayithumele kwindlu yowiso-mthetho enengxelo ephikisayo. Kwinkqubo karhulumente wase United States, uMongameli ukwaneenketho ye- i-pacet to[. Ukuba iBhunga lomthetho livumela ukuba liyithumele kumongameli weenkcukacha zemali, uMongameli unokukhetha nje ukungasayini, kwaye umlomo ungafa ngaphandle kwe-drejivi.

& Yenza Icebo lokucoca ulwelo

I-veto yesikhulu asinto igqibeleleyo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ingawukhupha umthetho ophezulu, iwumisela ngokunempumelelo umthetho phezu kwako nje ukuphikisa kwentloko-mthetho. Noko ke, ifuna ivoti enkulu kuzo zombini iigumbi, i-a-3 ezimbini zovota kwindlu nakwiNdlu yeeNtsimbi. Ngenxa yokuba lo mqobo uphezulu ukudibana, isisongelo seveto sinika isikhukulisi esiphezulu esibalulekileyo ngexesha lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ngokufuthi siphembelela ulwimi lwemali phambi kokuba sidluliswe.

9: Uzalisekiso

Nasemva kokuba isibham sityikitywe kumthetho, inkqubo ayikagqibi ngokunyanisekileyo. Umthetho, owaziwa njengomthetho, kufuneka uphunyezwe lisebe eliphetheyo. Umthetho usoloko umisela iinjongo ezibanzi zenkqubo kodwa ushiya iinkcukacha zobuchule kumasebe karhulumente afanelekileyo. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba umthetho. I-Activegatial, efana ne-Evironsion Protection Agemental okanye iSebe lemfundo, imigaqo ecwangcisiweyo elungiselelweyo ukuze inyanzelise amalungiselelo omthetho. Le nkqubo ilawulwa ngumthetho Procture Active Act (APLT)[FLT], efuna ukuba abameli bapapashe imithetho ecetyikisiweyo kwi-Focrecccreast, ukwenzela ukuba kukhutshwe imigaqo-omatika kawonke-wonke-wonke, ikhuphe nemithetho yokugqibela.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IKhomishini ayiyeki nje ukulawula emva kokuba ibhaliwe. Igcina umsebenzi obalulekileyo obizwa ngokuba uphakamile. Ngokuva nokuphengulula, iikomiti zequmrhu zijonga indlela abameli besebe abalawulayo abawusebenzisa ngayo umthetho. Bangakhupha iintloko zeziko ukungqina, ukucela amaxwebhu, kwaye bahlole ukuba umthetho uphumezelwe njengenjongo. Lo msebenzi ungundoqo wokuhlola amandla esebe eliphetheyo kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba "umthetho okwincwadi" uhambisana no "umthetho okwisenzo". Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga linokusebenzisa uMthetho weCFLT owenziweyonke i-CRA)[FLD]

Ukubaluleka Kwenkqubo Yomthetho

Uhambo lwemali ukusuka kwingcamango yokuqala ukuya kumthetho omiselwe luntsokothile ngabom. Oku kuntsonkotha asiyompazamo kodwa luphawu lwenkqubo elungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo, lukhuthaza ulalaniso, kwaye luthintela ukuxinana kwendlela yokulawula. Iqonga ngalinye lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho (ukusuka ekugcinweni kwemithetho yekomiti ukuya kwingxoxo ephantsi kunye nokuhlolwa kokugqibela kwe-veto-ephetheyo) kuveza incopho yokufikelela kwabalawuli ababambeleli bemingxube-mthi kunye nesivikelo kwisenzo sokuzingxaba. Kubemi abafana nabafundisi kunye nabafundi, le nkqubo yokuqonda idibaniselwa korhulumente kwaye inika amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba. Ukwazi indlela isindululo esiba yinyathelo lokuqala ekukhuthazeni ngokunempumelelo nokugcina amagosa ekufuneka aphendule ngayo imithetho elawula uluntu.