Imigaqo-nkqubo Esebenzayo: Ulawulo olungabonakaliyo lobomi bemihla ngemihla

Mihla le, usebenzisana neenkqubo ezibunjwe ngamaqumrhu alawulayo. Ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokucinga okwesibini. Ukhuseleko lokutya okutya okutyayo, ukucoceka kwamanzi owaselayo, ukuthembeka kwamayeza owasebenzisayo, nokuzinza kweengxelo zemali othembayo konke kuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi yolawulo oluzolileyo, eqhubekayo yolawulo nolawulo. La maqumrhu asebenza emva kwemiboniso, ukumisela imithetho, nokubeka imigangatho, nokugcina imizi - mveliso ityala. Umsebenzi wawo kukukhusela impilo-ntle yoluntu, ukuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kwemekobume, ukugcina iimarikethe ezintle, nokukhusela abasebenzi bezorhwebo ukuba bangalishwabani. Ukuqonda indlela ezi zisebenza ngayo kunye nalapho zichukumisa ubomi bakho kutyhila umaleko onobuchule obubalulekileyo bolawulo banamhlanje, ukumisela imilinganiselo efunwa ngabantu abaninzi.

Amaziko olawulo afumana igunya lawo kumthetho odluliswe yiBhunga okanye yizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Adala imithetho eneenkcukacha echaza imithetho ebanzi, ukuthobela, ukuphanda ukuchaswa, nokumisela izigwebo. Esi sicwangciso sikho ngenxa yokuba amashishini ashiywe ngokugqibeleleyo ekuzingqineni kwawo embalini ebonise ukungaphumeleli ekukhuselekeni, ekunyanisekeni, nasekuphatheni imekobume. Amaqumrhu oza kufunda ngawo apha ngezantsi aphakathi kwezona zinempembelelo eUnited States, kwaye umsebenzi wawo ulolonga ngokuthe ngqo ubunjani nokhuseleko lwamava akho emihla ngemihla.

Ukutya noLawulo lweziyobisi (FDA)

I-Food and Drug Administration, umbutho okwiSebe lezeMpilo nezoluntu e-U.S. ujongene nokukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke ngokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, ukusebenza, nokhuseleko lweziyobisi zoluntu nezezilwanyana, imveliso yebhayoloji, kunye nezixhobo zezamayeza. Kwakhona ijonge ukubonelela kohlanga ngokutya, izithambiso, kunye nemveliso ezikhupha ubushushu. Xa uvula ibhokisi yentlama okanye uzalise unyango, isiseko sokulungisa i-FDA sesasebenza.

Ukhuseleko lokutya

IFDA ilawula malunga nama-80 ekhulwini okunikezelwa kokutya, kuquka yonke into ngaphandle kwenyama, inkuku, kunye nezinye izinto ezithatyathwa ngamaqanda (eziye zavela phantsi kwe USDA). Isebe limisa imilinganiselo yokwenza ukutya, ukuchaza, kunye nokurhweba ngaphandle. Ihlola iindawo zasekhaya kunye nakwamanye amazwe, iimveliso zovavanyo lwezingenisi, kwaye inganika imiyalelo yokukhumbula xa kuvela iingxaki zokhuseleko. Umzekelo, xa kuqhambuka [FLT: 0] i-literatoria Monocytoes[ ifumana i-astrimess, i-oces processs, i-FUNUPNS kunye nomenzi wogcino-matshini wokususa izinto ezichaphazekileyo kwiiventsa nemicimbi zikawonke.

IFDA ikwamisela iimfuno zokunika isondlo, kuquka iNcutshe eziqhelekileyo zeNutrition Facts iqela. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abathengi bangenza ukhetho olunolwazi malunga nee-calories, iimacronutrients, iivithamini, kunye nee-allergens. Uhlaziyo lwamvanje kwigama, njengokongezelela iswekile nohlobo oluselukileyo, lubonisa umgudu oqhubekayo weziko lokudibanisa imigaqo nenzululwazi yezotyiso.

Ulungiso lonyango lwegazi

Phambi kokuba naliphi na iyeza elitsha lithengiswe eUnited States, kufuneka lihlolwe ngokungqongqo ngeFDA kwiNkqubo entsha yeDimografi (NDA) okanye inkqubo entsha yeziyobisi (NADA) edityanisiweyo yenkqubo yenkqubo yobuchule. Oku kubandakanya ukuvavanya ugcino-lwazi lweziko lokhuseleko nempumelelo, ukuhlolwa kwezixhobo zokwenziwa kweprojekthi, kunye nokuhlola ukubhalwa kwegama elithile. Emva kokuba i-FDA iqhubeke ukuqwalasela amayeza ngenkqubo yokuchola-postet stetting Candelo Profileing System (FAARS). Ukuba iziphumo ezingalindelekanga zivela, isiziko sinokufuna intekonxalathi yokhuseleko, unxibelelwano lokhuseleko, okanye, kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, ukurhoxa imvume.

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sabalaselisa indima yeFDA ekusetyenzisweni kwezamkeli zongxamiseko (EUA), ivumela ukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kwemichiza kunye nonyango lonyango lokondla imigangatho yokhuseleko. IFDA ikwalawula amayeza ajongwa ngamanani, izongezo zokutya, kunye nemveliso ye-homepathy, nangona ezidityanisiweyo ezimbini zijongene nohlolo oluncinci oluphakathi kwangaphambi komthengi.

Izixhobo zonyango kunye nemveliso yokukhupha imitha

Ukusuka kubenzi besantya ukuya kwi-MRI ukudibanisa iilensi, iFDA idibanisa izixhobo zonyango kwiindidi ezintathu ezisekelwe kumngcipheko. Udidi Izixhobo (njengezicinezeli zoxinzelelo) zijongene nolawulo jikelele, ngelixa izixhobo zodidi III (njengezifakelweyo iidefibrillators) zifuna imvume yangaphambi kophawu lolwazi ngobungqina bekliniki. Isebe likwalawula nemveliso zemitha efana nemicrovewahov, icell phone, kunye neekhombiso ze-laser, ukumisela imilinganiselo yokwenza izinto ukuze kubekwe umgangatho wokuchachachacha nokukhusela ukulimala.

I-arhente yoKhuselo lokusingqongileyo (EPA)

I-EPA's ifikelela kwimithetho esekelwe kwimithetho edluliswa yiKhontrala. Ilawula umoya namanzi, ukuvelisa imichiza, ukulahla inkunkuma, kunye nezinto ezingcolisa imozulu. Xa ujika impompo, inyathelo ngaphandle ngomhla we-Smoggbo, okanye ulahla imichiza yekhaya, imigangatho ye-EPA iyasebenza.

Imigangatho yobunjani bomoya

Ngaphantsi koMthetho wococeko woBunjani bemoyezo we-EPA imisela iMigangatho ye-Amoyer yeSizwe (NAAQS) kwimiqathango emithandathu engcolisayo: i-ozone, i-carbon monoxide, isulfure dioxide, i-nitrogen diokside kunye nesikhokelo. Kufuneka ukuba amazwe aphuhlise ucwangciso lokuzalisekisa imigangatho yokuzalisekisa le migangatho. Xa ubona i-Air Ubunjani be-AI) i-ANX mentment (AQI) ifunda kwi-app okanye kwindawo ye-ograph, umlinganiselo obalwa usebenzisa imigaqo ye-EPA.

Amanzi Acocekileyo Namanzi Okusela Akhuselekileyo

I-EPA inyanzela ukuba kunyanzeliswe uMthetho we-Chrease Water Act, olawula ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezingcolisa amanzi emanzini angaphezulu, kunye noMthetho wokuKhuselwa Kwamanzi Akhuselekileyo, omisela imilinganiselo yokubonelela ngamanzi okusela kawonke-wonke. Umbutho umisela amanqanaba aphezulu ezinto ezifana nelothe, i-arsenic, ii-nitrate, kunye ne-microbial parobials. Xa isibonelelo sakho samanzi sasekuhlaleni sithumela ingxelo yeConsuer Conficidence, sihamba kunye neemfuno ze-EPA. Isethi ye-ooooo ilawula umgangatho wamanzi ahambayo ehambayo, i-weterland, i-wetland, i-tratetic tratemsssss trans trans trans trans systmitte.

Ukhuseleko lwemichiza kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma

Nge-Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), i-EPA ivavanya imichiza emitsha nekhoyo ukwenzela umngcipheko kwimpilo yomntu nakwimekobume. Ingafuna ukuvavanywa, ukuvalwa, okanye ukuvalwa kwezinto eziyingozi. Le nkqubo ikwalawula inkunkuma enobungozi phantsi koMthetho weSisombululo kunye noLawulo lweResombululo (RCRA), ukusuka ekwindawo yokuzalwa ukuya emangcwabeni, kwaye ijonge ukuhlanjululwa kweengingqi ezingcolisweyo kwinkqubo yeSuperefefed. Xa isibonelelo sokwenza izinto zokunyibilisa iimboni okanye indawo emdaka emdaka ilungiswa ngokutsha, imimiselo ye-EPA ikhokela inkqubo.

IKhomishini yoKhuseleko lweZibonelelo zoMngeni (CPSC)

IConsumer Product Safety Commission ezimeleyo yesizwe esebenzela ukukhusela uluntu kwingozi engekho ngqiqweni yokwenzakala okanye ukufa enxulumene namawaka eentlobo zeemveliso zabathengi. Ukugquma kwayo imveliso ezisetyenziswa nakumakhaya, kwizikolo, nakukuzonwabisa, ngokuhluthwa okukhulu kokutya, iziyobisi, izithuthi, kunye nemipu. Xa ubopha umntwana kwisihlalo senqwelo-mafutha, kwisixhobo sokudlala, okanye uvumela umntwana adlale ngesixhobo sokudlala, imigangatho yokhuseleko lweCPSCCC isemva.

Inkumbulo Yemveliso Nengxelo Eyingozi

ICPSC isebenzisa enye yezona nkqubo zibonakalayo zokukhumbula kurhulumente. Xa abenzi okanye abameli bechaza iziphene zokhuseleko . Njenge bheribhi eneziporo eziwileyo, i-oyile yesithuba ethambeka ngokugqithisileyo, okanye itoyi enomtsalane omncinci onokuthi uginywe. ICPSC ithetha inkumbulo kwaye iyenza ibalaselise ngewebhsayithi yayo kunye nezilumkiso zokulumkisa.

Imisebenzi yepropati yeCPSC yakutshanje iquka inkumbulo yezinto zokulala ezinxulumene nokukhupha ibhetri, imililo yebhethri yeentsana, kunye nezixhobo zekharbon monoxide ezingasebenzi kakuhle. Le nkampani isebenza nezinxulumani zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe ukucombulula iingxaki zokhuseleko kwimixokelelwano yonikezelo lwehlabathi lonke.

Uphuhliso lwemigangatho yokhuseleko

ICPSC inika imilinganiselo yokhuseleko enyanzelekileyo yeemveliso ezithile kwaye ikhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwemigangatho yokuzithandela ngemibutho enjenge-ASTM International. Le migangatho igquma yonke into ukusuka kwimpahla eqinileyo ekhuselweyo ukuya kulungiso lweyunithi yempahla. Isebe liqhuba uphando ngeengozi zokuvela, ezifana nomngcipheko onxulumene nelithium-injini kwizixhobo zomntu ngamnye. Xa umenzi evavanya imveliso yalo kwilebhu ye-CPSC-dered.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yomgaqo-siseko wemali

Inkqubo yemali ikhokelwa luluhlu lwamaziko karhulumente norhulumente alungiselelwe ukugcina ingqibelelo yentengiso, ukukhusela abatyali-mali, nokukhusela ubungozi benkqubo. Ngoxa okuqulethweyo kuqulunqwe yi-SEC, umhlaba ubanzi kwaye udityaniswe kakhulu nezigqibo zemali zemihla ngemihla.

IKomishini yoTshintshiso (SEC)

I-SEC inyanzelisa imithetho ye-SAC yokwabiwa kwezibambi-mali, ilawula ukutshintshiselwana kwezimali, abaxhasi borhwebo, abacebisi bemali kunye nemali yobabini, kwaye ijonge inkqubo yokupapashwa kwenkampani. Xa uthenga okanye uthengisa izabelo zenkampani etshintshiweyo nge-akhawunti ethengisayo, i-SEC iqinisekisa ukuba inkampani inikela ingxelo echanileyo yemali nokuba urhwebo lungafezeki kakuhle. Isebe lihlola ukurhwebelana, ukuqhatha, kunye nokurhweba. Izenzo zolawulo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho ophezulu ziquke izigwebo ezichasene nabaqhubi bemishina neenkampani ezilahlekisayo ezilahlekisayo ngempilo yabo yemali.

I-ofisi yoKhuselo lweMali ye-ECD

Idalwe emva kwengxaki yemali yowama-2008, i-CFPB ilawula iimveliso zemali kunye neenkonzo, kuquka ityala lemali, amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala, iimali zomfundi, kunye nokuboleka ngemali yosuku lokuhlawula. Inyanzelisa imithetho echasene nokungalungi, ukuqhatha, okanye uqheliso lokuxhaphaza. Xa ufumana inkcazelo ecacileyo yenzala yekhadi lakho letyala kunye nenkcitho, okanye xa umbolekisi eqinisekisa ukuba uyakwazi ukuhlawula imali ebolekisiweyo, imithetho ye-CFPB idlala. Kwakhona eli qumrhu lisebenzisa isiseko sokuthelekelela apho abathengi banokuhambisa izikhalazo kunye neziphumo zemikhondo.

Ezinye izilawuli ezingundoqo zemali

I-ofisi yeKhomishini ye-Inshorensi ye-Foderal Deposit (FDIC) i-factorss commentations (FIC) scess ebhankini kunye ne-oftft, inika intembelo yokuba imali yakho ikhuselwe kumda osemthethweni. I-ofisi yeKhompathiswano ye-Lionpolator (OCC) yenza umnatha wokukhusela imicimbi yemali kunye noooooovimba belizwe. I-Finantality I-Regatoria Aguement Regatoriation Aguemplity (FINRA) ilawula abasebenzi abasebenza kunye neefemfemsme zokuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho esemthethweni.

Ezinye Iinkqubo Zolawulo Ezilawula Umhla Wakho

Ngapha koko, kukho namaziko aphambili achazwe ngasentla, amanye aliqela ajoliswe kuwo kodwa aluncedo ekulawuleni iimveliso, iinkonzo neemeko odibana nazo rhoqo.

Ukhuseleko noLawulo lwempilo (OSHA)

I-OSHA, inxalenye yeSebe leMisebenzi, imisela kwaye inyanzelisa imilinganiselo yokhuseleko emsebenzini. Ifuna abaqeshi ukuba banike indawo yomsebenzi ngaphandle kweengozi ezinokubonwa, ezifana nokuwa komngcipheko, ukuchanabeka kwemichiza, kunye nomatshini ongakhuselekanga. Ukuba usebenza eofisini, kumzi - mveliso, okanye kwindawo yokwakha, i-OSHA ilawula yonke into ukusuka ekuphumeni komlilo ukuya kunxibelelwano oluyingozi.

Ulawulo lokhuseleko loshishino lwezoshishino lweNHTSA (NHSA)

I-Arhente ngaphakathi kweSebe lezothutho, i-NHTSA imisela imilinganiselo yoqoqosho lwepetroli, iimfuno zovavanyo longquzulwano, kunye neempawu zokhuseleko lwemoto. Ikwalawula inkumbulo yezithuthi nezihlalo zemoto zabantwana. Xa umenzi wenqwelo-mafutha ebeka ingqwalaselo yokhuseleko lwe-asemoyeni ephoxekileyo okanye iinkqubo zokufaka ii-brakets, i-NHTTA ijonge inkqubo. Umlinganiselo wokhuseleko lweziko lwezikhuseli ezihlanu, opapashwa kwiifestile nakulayini, unceda abathengi bathelekise ukubontswa kwenqwelo-mafutha.

IKhomishini yoNxibelelwano oluManyano (FCC)

I-FCC ilawula uthungelwano phakathi komhlaba kunye nezizwe ngezizwe ngonomathotholo, umabonwakude, ucingo, itellite, kunye nentsontelo yentsimbi. Imisela imilinganiselo yobuchule yezixhobo zokusasaza, ilawula umgama wonomathotholo, kwaye inyanzelisa imithetho ekwindlela engahambelaniyo neyokufikelela. Xa uqukuqela ividiyo, yenza umnxeba, okanye uphulaphule unomathotholo, ulwabeko lwe-FC lwemibhobho neemithetho zayo ze-nethi (eye yaguquka ngexesha elithile) iphembele ubunjani nokulula kolu nxibelelwano.

ISebe lezeLimo laseUnited States (USDA)

I-USDA ijonge ukukhuseleka kwenyama, kwenkukhu, kunye nemveliso yamaqanda elungelelanisiweyo nge-Foood Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). Ikwalawula ukuthengiswa kwezolimo, ukubekwa komchako wokutya kwimveliso yezityalo, kwaye ilawula iinkqubo zoncedo lokuxhasa ukutya. Xa uthenga isiqwenga senyama yenkomo okanye ikhatoni yamaqanda abhalwe nge-USDA uphawu, unokuba nentembelo yokuba ihlolwe.

Indlela Imigaqo Echaphazela Ngayo Ulwalamano Lwakho Nemeko Yamihla Le

Ukuze kwenziwe impembelelo ecacileyo kwisebe elilawulayo, qwalasela usuku olunye:

  • [[NTL:0] Umjikelo: Uvuka ujonge imozulu engaphambili equka i-AQI i-data evela kwi-EPA. Utya i-flool yesidlo sakusasa elawulwa yiFDA. Uqhuba i-injini ukuya kumsebenzi okanye kwisikolo esidibana nemigangatho yokhuseleko lwe-NHTSA kunye neemfuno ze-EPA.
  • day: Usebenzisa amayeza agunyazisiweyo agqitha iFDA. Usebenzisa ikhadi letyala elinamagama akhiwe ngemithetho yeCFPB. Utya isidlo sasemini kwivenkileni enefriji neziqheliselo zokuphatha ukutya zihlolwa lisebe lempilo lasekuhlaleni elilandela iikhowudi zemodeli ze-FDA.
  • [[NTL:0] Uthengela umntwana wakho into yokudlala entsha edibana nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko lweCPSC. Ujonga utyalo lwakho lokutyalwa kwemali ngomzi - mveliso ophantsi kolawulo lwe-SEC kunye ne-FINRA. Ulahla imveliso yokucoca, kwaye umninimzi ulandela izikhokelo ze-EPA kulawulo lwenkunkuma.

Oku kusebenza kwemigaqo yemihla ngemihla kungabonakali kakuhle ngenxa yokuba inkqubo iyasebenza. Xa abameli besebenza kakuhle, abathengi nabemi banokuthemba ukuba iinkqubo ezibangqongileyo zikhuselekile, zilungile yaye zithembekile.

Indlela Yokwahlula Indlela

Asingomasebe omanyano kuphela alawulayo. Amaziko ombane karhulumente oncedo lwezibonelelo ajonge umbane, igesi yendalo, kunye nexabiso lonxibelelwano. Amasebe karhulumente e-inshorensi alawula iinkampani ze-inshorensi. Le nkqubo yokwakha yoluntu inyanzelisa ukwakhiwa nokhuseleko lomlilo. Le ndlela igqunywe ngomaleko ithetha ukuba umthetho uchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi banamhlanje, ngokufuthi ngemithetho eyahlukeneyo eyenzelwe ukuthatha imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yomngcipheko.

Abahlalutyi bathi imithetho egqithisileyo ingathintela ukusungulwa kwemithetho nokunyanzelisa iindleko ezidluliselwa kubathengi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukungabikho komthetho ngokwembali kuye kwakhokelela kwiziphumo ezimanyumnyezi, ukususela ekuqhambukeni kwezifo ezibangelwa kukutya ukuya ekuweni kwemali. Ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kolawulo nenkululeko kusengumbandela wengxoxo eqhubekayo yemigaqo, kodwa ukubakho kwamaziko alawulayo kubonisa isigqibo esidibeneyo sokuba ukhuseleko oluthile lufanele ukuthengwa.

Isiphelo

Amaqumrhu alawulayo athe cwaka athe athe cwaka abenza ukhuseleko, umgangatho, nobulungisa kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Enoba uyatya, uyasela, uyaqhuba, uyafaka imali, okanye uphefumla nje, umsebenzi wemibutho efana ne FDA, i-EPA, i-CPSC, i-SEC, kunye namaqabane ayo akhoyo. Ukuqonda iindima zabo akuthethi nje ukuba ucebise urhulumente kodwa kukwakuxhobisa ukwenza izigqibo zolwazi njengomthengi nommi. Ixesha elilandelayo ufunda inteli yemveliso, ujonge umgangatho womoya, okanye ufumane isaziso sokukhumbula, uza kuqonda iinkqubo zokulungisa izinto ezisebenza kuwe.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya ngendlela ezi zibonelelo ezisebenza ngayo kunye nokuguquka, khangela i- i-FDA i-metacity ye-, hlola i-[[FLT:]]. Ezi zinto zinika uluvo olunzulu kwisiseko solawulo , okanye zikhangela i-[FLT] iimigangatho zezibuko ze-CPSCP.