Table of Contents
Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwi-ofisi kaRhulumente: Imigangatho nolindelo lwamagosa karhulumente
Imithetho yokuziphatha kwiofisi kawonke-wonke yenza isiseko solawulo-demokhrasi. Xa abemi bekholose ukuba iinkokeli zabo zisebenza ngengqibelelo, ngokucace, nangokuziphendulela, yonke inkqubo isebenza ngokunempumelelo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuphambuka kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunciphisa intembelo kawonke-wonke, kudodobala amaqumrhu, kwaye kusenokukhokelela ekukhohlakaleni, ukungafezeki, nokungazinzi kwezobupolitika. Olu khokelo lwandisiweyo luhlola imilinganiselo, amathemba, kunye nendlela yokuziphatha egqwethekileyo yamagosa karhulumente, idwelisa kwiinkqubo zezizwe ngezizwe, imizekelo yehlabathi, kunye nezenzo ezintle zokunikela ukuqonda okupheleleyo oko kuthethwa kuko kwicandelo likawonke wonke namhlanje.
Yintoni Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Kwiofisi Kawonke - wonke?
Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ibhekisela kwimigaqo yokuziphatha elawula ukuziphatha komntu okanye ihambo yakhe. Kwimeko yesikhundla sikawonke-wonke, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha iquka imilinganiselo esesikweni nengacwangciswanga ekhokela izenzo, izigqibo, nehambo yamagosa karhulumente. Le migaqo ayiyonto nje ijongelwa phantsi kwemithetho, ulawulo, okanye imigaqo yehambo. Imithetho esesikweni esemthethweni iqinisekisa ukuba amagosa asebenze ngomdla olungileyo woncedo lukawonke wonke, kunokuba asebenze ngenxa yenzuzo yobuqu, ulwalamano, okanye inzuzo yobuqu.
Imbopheleleko Ekhethekileyo Yamagosa Karhulumente
Ngokungafaniyo nabasebenzi bamahlelo abazimeleyo, amagosa karhulumente akwisikhundla sokuthemba uluntu. Asebenzisa igunya elinokuchaphazela ubomi bezigidi--(kusukela kwingeniso yerhafu ukubumba inkqubo yezonyango, imfundo, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Eli gunya linembopheleleko efanayo yokuyisebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo, ngokusesikweni, nangokuvumelana nomthetho. Ingcamango ye- “igosa” iphakathi: amagosa angabameli bezinto zikawonke-wonke kwaye amele abaphathe ngenkathalo, ukunyaniseka, nangokuqonda.
Amaqumrhu ehlabathi jikelele anjenge ECD agxininise ixesha elide ukuba izibonelelo zemilinganiselo elungele ulawulo olufanelekileyo. Isivumelwano seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo nxamnye norhwaphilizo (UNCAC), esivunyiwe ngamazwe ali-189, sikwamisela imilinganiselo yomhlaba wonke yokuthintela ukonakala nokukhuthaza ihambo entle phakathi kwamagosa karhulumente. Ezi zicwangciso zinika isiseko, kodwa ukuphumeza kuyahluka-hlukene kakhulu kwimimandla.
Ukubaluleka Okubalulekileyo Kwemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Kurhulumente
Imilinganiselo yendalo asingokuhombisa okuzikhethela; isebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo exhasa ukufaneleka nokusebenza kukarhulumente.
Ukuthemba Ukwakha Nonxibelelwano Lwentlalo
Isimilo sobugcisa sikhuthaza ukuthembana phakathi kwamagosa karhulumente noluntu ngokubanzi. Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba amagosa anyanisekile kwaye asesikweni, basengozini yokuthobela imithetho, bahlawule irhafu, babandakanyeke kubomi boluntu. Oku kukholosa yiglu yesivumelwano soluntu. Ngaphandle kwayo, ibutho labantu liyaqhekeka, kwaye i-populism okanye i-ousseastism ingachuma. ECD ibonisa ukuba ukukholo kurhulumente luye lwancipha kumazwe amaninzi [[, ngokufuthi kunxulunyaniswa nokungaphumeleli kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.
Ukuziphendulela Nomthetho
Imilinganiselo ephakamileyo yokuziphatha iphakamisa amagosa ngezenzo zawo. Imigaqo yezomthetho iquka iindlela zokuxela ukuziphatha okubi, ukuphanda ukwaphulwa, nokuvunywa kwesigwebo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho gosa lingaphezulu komthetho kwaye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kuyathethwa. Iinkqubo ezinamandla zokuphendula zikwathintela ukwenza okubi ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke.
Ukubonakala Okucacileyo Nokuvuleka Korhulumente
Imigaqo yenzululwazi ikhuthaza ukubonakala kwengxelo kwimisebenzi karhulumente. Xa amagosa kufuneka atyhile izilangazelelo zemali, ayazithethelela kwiimfazwe, kwaye ayazimisela kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo zoxwebhu, uluntu lungawuqwalasela lula umsebenzi karhulumente. Ukubonakala gca kunciphisa isithuba soshishino lwegumbi lokusebenza langasemva kunye nezivumelwano zemfihlelo, kuyenza ibe nzima ngakumbi ukuze ukonakala kuphumelele.
Ukuthembana Koluntu Nokuzinziswa kwezentlalo
Imithetho yokuziphatha ikhulisa intembelo kawonke-wonke kumaqumrhu karhulumente. Amatyala, kwanalawo akwanti, angalonakalisa igama lombutho wonke okanye isebe likarhulumente. Ngokuchasene noko, amaziko aziwa ngemilinganiselo ephakamileyo yokuziphatha. "njengeenkonzo ezininzi zasekuhlaleni zasekuhlaleni" ulonwabo olunamandla lwenkxaso nolwempumelelo kawonke-wonke ngexesha leengxaki. Ukuthemba uluntu luyinto exabisekileyo ethatha iminyaka ukulwa nomzuzu wokuphulukana.
Ubuchule kunye nomsebenzi
Ihambo yezobugcisa ikwafak ’ isandla ekusebenzeni kakuhle kukarhulumente. Xa amagosa esebenza ngengqibelelo, awanakuchitha ubuncwane ekuhlaziyweni, ekuphandweni, okanye ekulawulweni kwemeko-ntle. Imithetho ecacileyo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha inciphisa, inceda abasebenzi benze izigqibo ezikhawulezileyo, kwaye benze imekobume entle. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukurhwebela ngaphandle kobuncwane, ukugqwetha iimarike, nokucotha kokuhambisa inkonzo.
Imigaqo engundoqo yamagosa karhulumente: Ukujongana
Nangona imigaqo ethile ingafani, imigaqo yokuziphatha yehlabathi lonke isebenza kuwo onke amagosa karhulumente. Le migaqo ayingoorhulumente kuphela, kodwa iyakhuthazana.
Ingqibelelo Nokunyaniseka
Ingqibelelo ithetha ukusebenza ngokungaguqukiyo kwimigaqo yokuziphatha, kwanaxa kungekho mntu ujongileyo. Amagosa karhulumente kufuneka anyaniseke kunxibelelwano, athembeke kwizinto azibopheleleyo, kwaye abonise ukubonakala kwizenzo zawo. Ukunyaniseka kukwayalela ekuvumeni iimpazamo nokulungisa izinto eziphosakeleyo.
Ukusesikweni Nokungakhethi Buso
Izigqibo kufuneka zenziwe ngokungakhethi buso, ngaphandle kocalucalulo, okanye ucalucalulo. Lo mgaqo ufuna ukuba amagosa abeke ecaleni ikhethe lobuqu, ukunyaniseka okungacaluli, okanye ulwalamano lobuqu xa esebenzisa igunya likawonke-wonke. Kwakhona ububele buthetha ukusebenzisa imithetho ngokuqhubekayo kubo bonke abemi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba batyebile, bakwisikhundla, okanye banxulumene njani na. Oku kusenokuthetha ukusebenzisa imigaqo ecacileyo yokuqesha, ukuthenga, okanye ukuphatha.
Intlonelo Nesidima
Amagosa kufuneka abaphathe bonke abantu, abemi, nabasemagunyeni ngentlonelo nangesidima. Oku kuquka ukulondoloza isimilo sobugcisa, ukuphepha ukukhathazwa okanye ukungcungcuthekiswa, nokukhusela imfihlo yenkcazelo echukumis'. Intlonelo ikwathetha ukuphulaphula iimbono eziphikisanayo nokusebenzisana ngokufanelekileyo nabagxeki. Inkonzo kawonke-wonke ehloniphekileyo imisela indlela yokuphatha ibutho labantu.
Imbopheleleko Nobugosa
Amagosa kufuneka abe nembopheleleko ngezenzo nezigqibo zawo, ngokobuqu nangeqela. Lo mgaqo uquka ityala elingokwasemthethweni lokuphatha iziphumo. Abaphathi-mikhosi babandakanya ukulawula ubuncwane bukawonke-wonke (imali, ixesha, ugcino-lwazi, kunye negunya (ngononophelo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.) Umzekelo, igosa elinoxanduva aliyichithi imali yomhlawuli werhafu kwimirhumo okanye kwimisebenzi engeyomfuneko.
Inkonzo kunye nomdla
Umsebenzi oyintloko wamagosa karhulumente kukukhonza izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke, kungekhona ezobuqu, idipozial, okanye i-apochrial. Oku kuthetha ukubeka phambili okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo ngaphezu kwenzuzo yangasese, ukufuna ukuhambisela phambili intlalo-ntle yabo bonke abemi. Imbonakaliso yenkonzo ikwafuna ukusabela kwiimfuno nenkxalabo zoluntu, ngoxa kuthelekiswa neemfuno zokhuphiswano ngokufanelekileyo.
Ihambo Elawulayo Engokwasemthethweni
Kumazwe amaninzi, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ekwisikhundla sikawonke-wonke ayishiyelwanga ekuthandweni kuphela, kodwa igunyaziswa kwimithetho, imimiselo, kunye nemithetho yolawulo.
Imithetho Yendlela yokuziphatha
Oorhulumente abaninzi bamkela iKhowudi esesikweni yeMithetho elawula imigaqo ebanzi (umz., ingqibelelo, ukunyaniseka, ukungakhethi) kunye nemithetho yokuziphatha enika imithetho ethile (umz., ukwamkela izipho, umsebenzi wangaphandle, imisebenzi yezopolitiko). Umzekelo, i-UKSTIAnce Codentical [ imisela izindululo kumalungu equmrhu, ngelixa i-US Office of Government Ethics ilawula iMigangatho yeQotal yeQota Abasebenzi beSebe. La maxwebhu asoloko exhaswa luqeqesho kunye neenkonzo zobuGcisa.
Ingquzulano - Yeyona Mithetho Ingenamsebenzi
Imithetho elwayo ithintela amagosa ekwenzeni izigqibo ezinokuba yingenelo ngokwemali okanye ngokobuqu. Amalungiselelo omzekelo aquka iimfuno zokuzithethelela kwizigqibo ezichaphazela izinto zobuqu, amalungu entsapho, okanye abaqeshi bangaphambili. Amanye amagunya abeka imigaqo ekwakheni amaxesha okupholisa amagosa angaphambili ekuthinteleni ukufikelela amasebe awo amadala kwixesha elithile elimisiweyo emva kokuphuma kweofisi. Le mithetho ibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zenziwe ngexabiso elithile, kungekhona ngenxa yenzuzo yangawabo.
Isibonelelo semali kunye nokubonakala ngaphaya
Imfuno yokukhutshwa kwemali igunyazisa ukuba amagosa anikele ingxelo entle ebonelelwayo, kuquka iimpahla, ingeniso, amatyala, kunye nezipho. Ezi zihlomelo zivumela iziqu zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye namajelo eendaba ukuba zibonise iimfazwe ezinokwenzeka. Iinkqubo zokutyhila indalo zikho kumazwe anjenge-United States (iingxelo zemali ezingentla) nakumazwe amaninzi aseMzantsi Merika. Noko ke, ukunyanzeleka komthetho kuyahluka; amanye amazwe afuna ukutyhilwa okuncinane kuphela kwaye awakho ekuhleni.
Ukukhusela Abavuthuzi Beentaka
Ukhuseleko lwemibhobho ye-Whistlepulter yimithetho ekhusela abasebenzi abathi baziphatha kakubi okanye ngokungekho mthethweni kwimpindezelo `njengendlela yokudubula, yokuthoba okanye yokukhathaza. Ukhuseleko olunamandla lukhuthaza abangaphakathi ukuba baphume phambili, okusoloko kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokutyhila ukuziphatha okubi. i-OSCE kunye neminye imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe igxininisa ukuba ukuvuthela impempe enzima kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yengqibelelo yenkqubo. Ngelishwa, amazwe amaninzi akakabi naso isikhuseli esibanzi.
Ukunyanzeliswa nokulawulwa kwemizimba
Imithetho yokuziphatha isebenza nje ngokusemthethweni. Oorhulumente abaninzi baseka iinkqubo zokuzimela geqe, iiofisi zezemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, okanye amaziko achasene nokunganyaniseki ukuphanda izikhalazo, ukuphicotha, nokumisela izivumo. Umzekelo, iKhomishoni ye-Iceland Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) ijongwa ngokubanzi njengemodeli, iguqule inkqubo eyonakeleyo ibe yeyona icocekileyo e-Asia. Kwi-UK, i- Independent Office yemithetho yamapolisa isingatha izikhalazo ezibucala ngokuchasene namapolisa.
Ucelomngeni Lokulondoloza Ihambo Entle Kwiofisi Kawonke - wonke
Nangona kukho imilinganiselo ecacileyo nemigaqo esemthethweni, amagosa karhulumente ajamelana neengxaki ezingapheliyo ekulondolozeni imilinganiselo yokuziphatha.
Ingcinezelo Yezobupolitika Nokwahlukana
Amagosa asenokujamelana nengcinezelo ekrakra evela kwiinkokeli zobupolitika, kwiqela labantu abasebenza kunye okanye kumaqela abantu anomdla athatha inyathelo elichasene nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Oku kunokuquka ukubhaliswa kwezivumelwano eziya kubanikeli beqela, ukucinezela iingxelo ezingezizo ezonwabisayo, okanye ukuxhasa abantu abafuna inzuzo yezopolitiko. Kwimeko-bume ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukuchasana kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kusenokubekwa njengesizathu esifanelekileyo “sokulunga okukhulu” kweqela okanye unobangela.
Izilangazelelo Neengxaki Zobuqu
Ingxabano phakathi kwemfuno yobuqu yemali kunye nomsebenzi kawonke-wonke ziphakathi kwezona zenzo zokwaphulwa kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Amagosa angoorhulumente asenokuba neemali kwiinkampani ezichaphazelekayo ngezigqibo zabo, amkele izipho ezivela kubantu abafuna inkxaso-mali, okanye aqeshe izalamane (ukuxhasa izikhundla). Ngaphandle kokuvunywa ngamandla nenkqubo yokuzithethelela, ezi ngxabano zingangakhutshwa. Umgca phakathi kwamaqhina asemthethweni entlalo kunye nempembelelo engafanelekanga unokuba buthathaka, ingakumbi kuluntu olusondeleleneyo.
Ukungaqeqeshwa
Amagosa amaninzi afumana uqeqesho oluncinane kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ewashiya engaziyo imfuneko ezithile okanye indlela yokuphatha iindawo ezimandundu. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukodwa kubaqeshwa abakwimigangatho esezantsi okanye abo basezikhundleni ezitsha ezidaliweyo. Ingxelo i-2022 ehamba phambili ``````Ingxelo'' yehlabathi lonke' ifumanise ukuba liqaqobana lamazwe agunyazisa ukuqeqesha imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kuwo onke amagosa karhulumente. Ngaphandle kwemfundo eqhubekayo, amagosa anokungqubana ngempazamo nemithetho okanye angakwazi ukuqaphela iingxaki zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.
Uphando Loluntu Nengcinezelo Yamajelo
Ukusoloko kuhlolwa kwezentlalo-ntle kunye nemijikelo yeeyure ezingama-24 yeendaba kungenza imeko-bume enzima apho amagosa enza izigqibo zobuchule eziphazamisana nemigaqo yokuziphatha. Ukoyika ukudutyulwa koluntu kungakhokelela ekugqumeni okanye ekuzikhuseleni. Ngokuchasene noko, amagosa asenokuphazanyiswe luloyiko lokwenza impazamo, ukuthoba ulungelelwano phakathi kokhuseleko lwengqondo nolwengqondo lulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.
Inkcubeko nokungahambelani
Kwamanye amazwe, ubuqhetseba okanye ukunganyaniseki kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kusekelwe kakhulu kwizithethe zezobupolitika, kunye nezithethe zokunika izipho, ukuxhasa, okanye “ukuhlawula iinkonzo” ezamkelekileyo njengesiqhelo. Ukutshintsha le migaqo kufuna imigudu emide yexesha elide, kuquka imfundo, uluntu olusebenza ngokusemthethweni, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho okungaguquguqukiyo. Xa isohlwayo siphezulu, okungafane kohlwaywe ngokukhawuleza.
Ukukhuthaza Ukuziphatha Okufanelekileyo: Imigaqo-nkqubo nezenzo ezifanelekileyo
Ukudala inkonzo kawonke-wonke yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha asingomzamo wexesha elinye kodwa yinkqubo eqhubekayo efuna uphando olubanzi. Ngezantsi ziingcinga ezingundoqo ezinemizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene.
Uqeqesho lwemithetho esesikweni eqhubekayo
Uqeqesho lwendlela yokuziphatha kufuneka lube lunyanzelekile kubo bonke abasebenzi abatsha kwaye luphindaphindwa ngamaxesha athile, kuquka iinkokeli eziphezulu. Uqeqesho kufuneka lugqubuthele kungekuphela nje imithetho kodwa kwanezifundo zomzekelo, ukudlala indima, nendlela yokusebenzisa iinkonzo zobugcisa. Umzekelo, i-Ofisi yemithetho yoRhulumente inika izifundo ze-intanethi kunye neenkampani zomsebenzi wabasebenzi abasemthethweni. Amanye amazwe, njengo-Estonia, adibanisa imigaqo yokuziphatha kwizifundo zomziko-siseko. Uqeqesho kufuneka lusebenze, hayi nje inkqaqobe.
Ukhokelo Olunamandla Olusuka Emantla
Iinkokeli kumgangatho ngamnye kufuneka zifuzisele isimilo sokuziphatha kwaye zenze ingqibelelo ibe yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Oku kuquka ukuvuma ekuhleni iingxaki zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ukuvuma iimpazamo, nokuthabatha inyathelo elikhawulezayo nxamnye nabaphula umthetho. Xa umphathi-nkulu okanye unobhala-makha-khabhathi elandela imithetho ngokungaguqukiyo, qha, kwanaxa kuxabisa irente yezobupolitika, imisela umzekelo onamandla. Ngokuchasene noko, xa iinkokeli zibonwa njengezingaphezulu komthetho, ijongela phantsi inkqubo yonke.
Iziqhagamshelanisi Ezivulekileyo Nezixeko Ezikhuselekileyo
Ukukhuthaza incoko evulekileyo ngeengxaki zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kungakhuthaza impucuko yokubonisana. Amagosa kufuneka azive ekhululekile ukufuna icebiso kubaphathi bemithetho ngaphandle kokoyika ukuphindezela. Ngaphezu koko, amajelo okubika (ii-ombli ezishushu ezingqinelanayo, ii-ofisi zoodoli, ii-ofisi ze-intanethi, ii-chweba ze-intanethi) kufuneka afumaneke xa kurhanelwa ukuba kukho ihambo ephosakeleyo. Ukuzikhusela ekungekho mthethweni kubalulekile kubavumisi-mlo. Amazwe anjenge-New Zealand anenkqubo yokuvula imigaqo yemilinganiselo yezokuziphatha.
Iinkqubo zokuxhasa kunye neziBonakaliso
Ukunika amagosa ubuncwane bokufuna amacebiso kwimibandela yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunokunciphisa iingozi. Oorhulumente abaninzi banabacebisi bemilinganiselo yokuziphatha okanye amagosa amiselweyo anokunikela ukhokelo olubophayo okanye olungabopheleliyo. Umzekelo, i-UK inomphathi ozimeleyo kwimilinganiselo yolungiselelo ophanda izikhalazo. Ukuba nomntu othembekileyo ukuba abuze “Ngaba oku kuvumelekile?” Ngaphambi kokuba enze into ethintela ukwaphulwa.
Ulawulo lwemisebenzi
Ihambo yezobunzululwazi kufuneka iqukwe ngokucacileyo kuhlolo lomsebenzi kunye nemigaqo yonyuselo. Abasemagunyeni ababonisa ingqibelelo ephezulu bangaqwalaselwa baze bavunwe, ngeli xesha abo baphula imithetho bejamelene neziphumo ezicacileyo. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa “amaxwebhu athembekileyo” kwimisebenzi emikhulu yokufumana iprojekthi, apho amagosa kunye nezindlu zivuma ukuhlonela imithetho esesikweni. Iincentive ziyakwazi ukuthobela ukuziphatha okunemilinganiselo.
Ukulawula nokuzibophelela koluntu
Amaqumrhu eenkqubo zokuziphatha kufuneka azimele ngokwawo kwigunya elilawulayo kwaye abe noovimba abaneleyo bokuphanda nokunyanzelisa imithetho. Imibutho yabemi, imithombo-ndaba, kunye nabaphandi abafundayo badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhloleni imigaqo yokuziphatha kawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, i-Transparency International’s Rudol Perceptions Index nezinye iingxelo zinceda oorhulumente ukuba baphendule. Umanyano oluqinileyo phakathi korhulumente nabadlali abangengorhulumente lungazenza i-equmrhu lokhuseleko.
Izenzo ezilunge kakhulu nengqiqo yokuthelekisa
Ukuhlolisisa le mifanekiso kunokubonisa iindlela ezisebenzayo zokuyilungisa.
Imodeli YaseNordic: Isithethe Sokuthembana
Amazwe anjenge-Denmark, Finland, Sweden, neNorway ahlala ekwisikhundla esincinci njengokonakala kwehlabathi. Impumelelo yawo ivela kwisithethe eside sokubona ngaphaya (umz., ukufumaneka koluntu kumaxwebhu karhulumente ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-18), ulawulo olunamandla lomthetho, umgama ophantsi kagesi, kunye nokuthembana okuphezulu kwebutho labantu. Imigaqo yabo yokuziphatha ayibhalwanga kakuhle kwaye isekelwe kwimigaqo esekelwe kakhulu, njengoko inkcubeko sele ixhasa ingqibelelo. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ayixhomekekanga nje kwimithetho kodwa ixhomekeke kwimilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo.
Imodeli yase-US: Umthetho kunye neHeavy
I-United States ixhomekeke kwiimfuno eziziinkcukacha, ukutyhilwa okunzulu kwemali, kunye nombutho wolawulo olusembindini (i-Ofisi ye-Ofisi yoLuntu). Le nkqubo ingqongqo kakhulu, ingqongqo engqongqo, ingqongqo ekubekeni izipho, kwingeniso engaphandle, nakumsebenzi wezopolitiko. Nangona iye yaphumelela ngeendlela ezininzi, abahlalutyi bayiphikisa kakhulu kwaye basayithintela ukuthotywa kwemithetho ephakamileyo. Imodeli igxininisa ukuthotyelwa okusesikweni kunokuhlakulela isithethe semilinganiselo yokuziphatha.
Singapore neHong Kong: Zero-Tolercence forcement
I-ICACC e-Conatic Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) ne-ICAC yaseHong Kong zaziwa ngokunyanzelisa, ngokukhupha izigwebo eziphezulu, nangokuzimela ngokwamagunya ezobupolitika. La masebe aye anciphisa ukunganyaniseki ngokuphawulekayo ngokudibanisa ukuthintelwa, imfundo, nokunyanzeliswa okungqongqo. Noko ke, kufuneka ukuba kwenziwe ukuthanda okunamandla kwezobupolitika yaye kunokucelw ’ umngeni xa oorhulumente besenza buthathaka ukuzimela kwabo.
Ucelomngeni Nezicombululo Zamazwe Akhulayo
Amazwe amaninzi asakhasayo atsalana namaziko abuthathaka, imivuzo ephantsi yabasebenzi basekuhlaleni, kunye neenkqubo zokhuselo ezisemgangathweni. Noko ke, iindlela ezintsha ziquka iinkqubo zobuchule ezinciphisa ubuchule bomntu (ukugcinwa, ukugcinwa komhlaba ngamanani), ukujongwa koluntu (umz., ii-pications zoluntu eIndiya), kunye neengxelo zabemi. World Bank [[FLT: 1]] ixhasa inyathelo elininzi elinjalo. Kwananobuncwane obulinganiselweyo, ubugcisa kunye nokubophelela koluntu kuphucula imilinganiselo yokuziphatha.
Ikamva Lemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha KwiOfisi Kawonke - wonke
Njengoko ubugcisa nebutho labantu ziguquka, kuvela iingxaki ezintsha kumagosa karhulumente.
Ubuntlola noLawulo lwemithetho
I-AI isetyenziswa ngokukhulayo ekwenzeni izigqibo zikawonke-wonke,(ukusuka ekufumaneni intsabelo kwisigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezi mithetho-mthetho zilungile, zicace, kwaye azinakhethe ngumda omtsha wemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kawonke-wonke. Amagosa kufuneka aqonde iziphumo zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ye-IAI kwaye aqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo ziyachazwa kwaye ziphantsi kolawulo.
Izixhobo zobugcisa zamanani
Izixhobo zokunxibelelana zamajelo eendaba zibeka amagosa, asenokungaqondi ukuba ayazichaza inkcazelo evakalayo, ahlasele abanqolobi, okanye amkele izipho. Ngoku oorhulumente abaninzi banemigaqo yokusebenzisa amajelo eendaba asemthethweni. Umahluko phakathi kweengxelo zobuqu nezobugcisa udla ngokufihlwa. Ngaphezu koko, iziphumo ze-mipu ze-athom zidala i-inverlassings okanye iingxabano ezinika umdla.
Imithetho yehlabathi neyomda-mda
Amagosa karhulumente aya eqhubana namaqela asemzini, imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe. Imithetho yokuSifumbathiso (njengokuba iUS Foreign Cormoc Practics Act ne-UK Porkry Act) ifikeleleka kakhulu, oko kuthetha ukuba amagosa anokugwetywa ngezenzo zamazwe asemzini. Oku kufuna ukuba amagosa aqaphele imilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezithethe ngokwahlukahlukana kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.
Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke Nogcino - lwazi Oluvulekileyo
Iqumrhu logcino-lwazi elivulekileyo likhuthaza oorhulumente ukuba bapapashe inkcazelo engoqingqo-mali, izivumelwano, nezigqibo. Oku kunyusa ukubonakala kodwa kwakhona kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha engokokuziphatha ngokuphathelele ukuzifihla, ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi, nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwenkcazelo. Amagosa kufuneka alungelelanise ukutyhilwa kweminye imilinganiselo efana neyokugcina imfihlo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo.
Isiphelo
Imigaqo yokuziphatha kwiofisi kawonke-wonke asiloluhlu oluthe ngqo kodwa luzibopheleleko olusebenzayo nolubalulekileyo. Ngaphandle kwengqibelelo, akukho mithetho, nkxaso, okanye ubuchule bobugcisa obungakhupha ulawulo olusebenzayo. Ukukholosa ukuba abemi babeka kwinkokeli zabo kubuthathaka . Kufuneka kusetyenziselwe yonke imihla ngehambo engqineke imigaqo-mthetho, iinkqubo ezicacileyo, kunye nenkcubeko exabisa inkonzo yokuzixhasa ngaphezu kokwanelisa.
Amagosa karhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba . "a" asuka kuomabhalane abaphambili ukuya kubaphathi-makhabhathi-style. Ngokunamathela kwimigaqo yokuziphatha, ngokubambelela kwimfundo eqhubekayo, nangokuxhasa iindlela zolawulo ezinamandla, anganceda abantu babo ngembeko nangempumelelo. Ucelomngeni luhlala lukho, kodwa imivuzo `a ngokusesikweni, ezinzileyo, kwaye iphucuke." Linganikela ekwakheni inkonzo kawonke-wonke abantu abathembayo, intlonelo, kwaye ixhomekeke kuyo.