Ukuchaza imisebenzi yesakhelo solawulo kurhwebo lwale mihla

Ulawulo luyisiseko senkqubo yezoqoqosho yale mihla. Le yimimiselo yemithetho, imithetho, kunye nemigaqo yolawulo emiselwe ziqumrhu zikarhulumente kunye nabalawuli abazimeleyo bokujonga indlela amashishini asebenza ngayo nendlela abakhuseleke ngayo. Ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezinjalo, iimarike ziya kuba sengozini yokuxhatshazwa, isimilo sobupolitika obubodwa, kunye nemveliso ezingakhuselekanga. Injongo engundoqo yayo nayiphi na inkqubo yolawulo ibangela ukuba urhwebo luphumelele ngelinye ixesha lokukhusela izilangazelelo zikawonke wonke.

Imbali Yokuguquka Kwezinto

Ingcamango yokulawula umsebenzi weshishini ayinto intsha. Imizekelo yangaphambili iquka imibutho yamaxesha aphakathi emisela imilinganiselo yomgangatho kunye nemithetho yolawulo lwentengiso yeRoma yamandulo. Noko ke, kwavela inkqubo yokulawula yale mihla ebudeni beNguquko yezoshishino, xa ukuvela ngokukhawuleza kwezixeko kunye nemveliso yemizi - mveliso kubhenca abasebenzi kunye nabathengi kwiingozi ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili. Inkqubela-mali ephakathi kwe-U.S.Fod neDrugS, eyaseka i-Fod neDrugracture Administration (FDA), kunye nokudalwa kweSibonelelo sobuGenesa ne-Exchange Commission (SEC) yonyaka wama-1929.

Kwinkulungwane yama-20, ulawulo oluya lukhula phantse lube licandelo ngalinye(ukuxhotyiswa kwemijelo, amandla, unxibelelwano, unyango, kunye nokusebenza. Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ubugcisa bezobugcisa bemichiza buye badala ubuntsonkothile obutsha, bubangela abalawuli ukuba bathethe ngezolwazi, ngobulungisa, nangobuchule be-algamente. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kunceda amashishini alindele ukutshintsha-tshintsha kwexesha elizayo aze alungise icebo lawo lokuthobela.

Kutheni Ibalulekile Imisebenzi Yokulawula: Izinto Ezinokwenziwa

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo lusebenza kwimisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo esisiseko sentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho nentlalo-ntle:

  • Imithetho yoKhuselo lweNkcubeko: Iqinisekisa ukuba imveliso neenkonzo zihlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko encinci, ukuba izibhengezo zinyani, nokuba abathengi bafumana uncedo xa bengxwelerhekile. Umzekelo, Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) ikhumbula iimveliso eziyingozi kunye nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko.
  • [[NTL:0] Iphawut Fairness kunye nokhuphiswano: imithetho elwa nokuthembeka, enjenge-Sherman Act eUnited States kunye noMgaqo wokhuphiswano kwiEuropean Union, ithintela ukusetyenziswa koomatshini kunye nokungqubana, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abatsha abanokukhuphisana kwaye amaxabiso ahlale elungile.
  • Ubuchule bemeko: imimiselo yemali, iimfuno zoxinzelelo, kunye novavanyo loxinzelelo kunye nokufaka i-inshorensi ye-inshorensi./ibhanki ye-prevent iyabaleka kwaye ikhokelelwa, njengoko kubonwa kunyibiliko lwemali lwehlabathi lonke lowawawa kowama-2008.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Impilo nemeko- bume:[ imithetho eqingqiweyo yongcoliso, ukulawula ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, kwaye kufuna uhlolo lwemekobume. I-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) inyanzelisa imilinganiselo ekhusela umgangatho womoya namanzi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuthemba nokuthembana: Xa abathengi nabatyali-mali bethemba ukuba amashishini alandela imithetho, bakulungele ngakumbi ukubandakanyeka kwintengiselwano, nto leyo enika unyuko lwezoqoqosho.

Iintlobo zesakhelo somthetho esisetyenziswa ngapha nangapha kwamahlelo

Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo zoshishino kunceda amashishini akwazi ukunika abantu oovimba abathobelayo.

Imithetho yemali

Iinkqubo zolawulo lwemali zolawulo lweebhanki, iifekta zotyalo-mali, iinkampani zeinshorensi, kunye neemarike zamakomkhulu. Amalungu angundoqo aquka iimfuno ezingundoqo zokungafundi (isiseko II), imithetho echasene nemali yokugawulwa (AML), kunye nemithetho yokukhusela imali. I-Dodd-Frank Act eUnited States kunye neMarike in Financial Actives Directive (MID II) eYurophu ichaza izicwangciso ezibanzi ezifuna ukunciphisa ubungozi benkqubo kunye nokukhusela abaxhasi.

Imithetho yokusingqongileyo

Umthetho wokulawula indalo umisela imida ekukhutshweni kwenkunkuma, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, kunye nokufuna uhlolo lwemekobume ukwenzela imisebenzi emikhulu. UMthetho we-oyile kunye noGaqo-okanye noGaqo-moya Ococekileyo lwamanzi eUnited States, kunye nomthetho we-European Union weMichiza elungele ukubekwa kwesiseko. Amashishini akwinkqubo yokwakha, amandla, kunye nezolimo ajongene neemfuno zokuvumela nokunika ingxelo yeemfuno. Ngokuqhubekayo, izakhiwo zikwanendlela yokutshintsha imozulu, kunye neemfuno zokukhupha igesi eshushu.

Imithetho Yokhuseleko

Le mithetho iquka uludwe olubanzi lwezikhuseli: iimfanelo zemveliso, isiqinisekiso, imiqathango yokuzikhohlisa, kunye nokuphola kwexesha lokuthengisa okuthile. Le mithetho yeFederal Trade Commission (FTC) eUnited States inyanzela ukuba abathengi bafune inyaniso, ii-refrection, okanye ibohlwaye imicimbi yoshishino engekho semthethweni. I-European Union’s General Product Safety Recute Directive ifuna zonke iimveliso zokhuseleko oluphezulu ngaphambi kokuba zifikelele emarikeni. Le mithetho inika abathengi amandla okufuna ii-refrends, ii-ocessing, okanye ukohlwaya xa iziphumo zingaphumeleli okanye zibangela umonakalo.

Imithetho yomsebenzi

Ulawulo lwemigaqo-nkqubo yemisebenzi lulawula imivuzo, iiyure zokusebenza, ukhuseleko lomsebenzi, ukulwa nongquzulwano, kunye nokuthelekisa amalungelo. I-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) imisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko emsebenzini, ngelixa i-Fair Labor Special Special Act imisela iimfuno ezincinci zomvuzo nezongezelelweyo. Iinkqubo zangoku zithetha ngokuqhubekayo nabasebenzi bezoqoqosho, izikhuseli zezomsebenzi ezikude, kunye nempilo yengqondo emsebenzini.

Imithetho yonyango

Kukho iinkqubo zolawulo zezonyango ezintsokothileyo, ezigquma imvume yeziyobisi, ukhuseleko lwezixhobo zezamayeza, ukukhuselwa kwesibhedlele, kunye nokuzimela izigulana. I-FDA ijongela amalinge e-cliniki kunye nemvume yokuthengiswa kwezonyango. I-Imfirensi yogcino-lwazi kunye noMthetho we-Accounting Act (HIPAA) ikhusela ugcino-lwazi lwesigulana. Iindikimba zamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe angaphandle njenge-European Mediciners Agency (EMA) ziyavumelana kwimilinganiselo elungelelaseko yempilo kufuneka uxwebhu, ulawulo lomgangatho kunye nolawulo lwendlela efanelekileyo.

Imithetho yobuxhakaxhaka kunye nemithetho yemfihlo yogcino-lwazi

Iminyaka yemiqathango ivelise imiqathango emitsha ngokupheleleyo. I-General Data Proteção de Posourage (GDPR) imisela imithetho engqongqo yokuqokelela, yokulungiselela, nokugcina i-data yobuqu. IConsumerholity Infinsity Act (CPA) kunye neLei Geral de Proteão de Potoos (LGPD) iphendla imigaqo efanayo. Imithetho ilawula ubuchule obuyiliweyo, kunye ne-Umthetho we-UDIA Act efaka imfunobungozi kunye neemfuno zokukhanya. Ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela i-Lei Geral de Proteão de Potheros (LPD) kukhokelela ekuhlawuleni i-4% yemali yonyaka phantsi kwe-GDP.

Indlela Imisebenzi yezoshishino ephembelela ngayo ulawulo

Imithetho iphembelela phantse zonke iinkalo zemisebenzi yeshishini. Iinkampani kufuneka zithobele iqhinga lazo, ukusuka kwimveliso ukuya kurhwebo ukuya kulawulo lwetsheyina. Impembelelo engundoqo iquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Iindleko ezingqukuva kunye nezibonelelo: Amashishini kufuneka afake ingeniso kumaqela asemthethweni, i-software yokuthobela, ii-adics, kunye noqeqesho. La maxabiso anokuba ngumthwalo ongakumbi kumashishini amancinci naphakathi. Noko ke, ukuthobela inkqubo kusoloko kunciphisa iindleko zexesha elide kunye neendleko zokuzinyibilikis-mali ezinokwenzeka.
  • [[NTL:0] Ulungiso lotshintsho oluzenzekelayo: imithetho ingafuna utshintsho kwinkqubo yokwenza (umz., ukukhupha izinto eziyingozi), iinkqubo zokuphatha ugcino-lwazi, okanye imijikelo yokunika ingxelo. Iinkampani zisenokufuna ukuhlaziya imveliso yesayina ukuhlangabezana nokhuseleko okanye imilinganiselo yemekobume.
  • Izininzi ezitshintshayo: imimiselo ecwangcisiweyo kakuhle ingavuselela ulwakhiwo ngokumisela imilinganiselo ecacileyo yomsebenzi ekhuthaza ukutshintsha kwengxaki yokudala. Umzekelo, imilinganiselo yempumelelo yepetroli ekhuthaza inkqubela-phambili kubugcisa be-auto. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukubhalwa kwamagama okanye imimiselo ephelelwe lixesha ingakuthintela ukuvavanywa nokulibazisela ukungena kwentengiso.
  • Ireputial kunye noxinzelelo lwe-Stakerence: Abanikeli, abanikeli, kunye namaqela akhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemali athe ngqo athe ahlolwa ngokuqhubekayo. Irekhodi eyomeleleyo yokumamela ulawulo lunganyusa ukunyaniseka komzi wogcino-lwazi kwaye itsale ikomkhulu elijoliswe kwi-ESG. Ukungadibani, nokuba ngempazamo, kungabangela ugcino-lwazi oluhlebayo noluncitshiswe luthemba.
  • [[NTLA] Ukucwangcisa kobuKhawuphi kunye noLawulo loMngcipheko: ukungaqiniseki kokulawula (njengemithetho edityanisiweyo yerhafu yekharbon okanye ukwenziwa kogcino-lwazi lommandla-mhlaba). Amashishini abandakanyeka ekuhlolweni kolawulo kunye nohlalutyo lwemiboniso akulungele ukutshintsha.

Amalungelo Omthengi Axhotyiswe Kwimisebenzi Yesakhelo

Ulawulo lwale mihla lubonisa ukuba amalungelo asisiseko athengwayo. La malungelo akangomnqweno nje; anyanzeleka ngeenkundla nangamaziko okukhusela abathengi.

  • Ilungelo lokhuseleko: Imveliso neenkonzo kufuneka zingabuzi umngcipheko ongekho ngqiqweni. Amaqumrhu alawulayo angawayalela ukuba akhumbule, avale izinto eziyingozi, kwaye abeke iifatyi zokwaphulwa kokhuseleko. Imizekelo iquka inkumbulo yezithuthi zebhatyi engalunganga yomoya kunye nokutya okukhumbula ukungcoliswa.
  • Ilungelo kulwazi: Amathengiselwano kufuneka anikwe ngokuchanekileyo, okucacileyo, kunye nokupheleleyo ulwazi ngemveliso(iimveliso, imiyalelo yokusebenzisa, iingozi, i-prigrafi, kunye nemvume. Imithetho yokubhaliweyo (iinkcukacha zolwazi, iirelasi zamandla, izilumkiso ze-allergen) zinika amandla okhetho olunolwazi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ilungelo lokukhetha: Iimarike ze Computive stative zifuna ukuba abathengi bafumane iinketho ezahlukeneyo. Ukugcinwa komthetho kuthintela ukudityaniswa okunganciphisa ukhuphiswano, kwaye imimiselo ithintela ukwenziwa kwamalungiselelo okusebenza okuthengwa okuqingqwa kwentengo.
  • Ilungelo lokuviwa: Izixhobo zokusebenzisa umbane ezifana nokukhalaza kwabathengi, iinkonzo ze-ombudsman, kunye nokumangalelwa kwezenzo zodidi kuqinisekisa ukuba abathengi bangathetha izikhalazo baze bafune izinto ezitsha. Amaziko alawulayo asoloko equka ingxelo yabathengi xa evelisa imithetho emitsha.
  • Ilungelo lokuTsibela: Xa imveliso ingaphumeleli okanye inkonzo ingekho, abathengi banelungelo lokufumana unyango($repair, indawo, okanye uvuselelo. Imithetho yemfazwe kunye nesiseko setyala lemveliso zinika iindlela ezisemthethweni zembuyiselo.

La malungelo axhomekeke kulwazi. Ngaphandle kwamalungelo olwazi, abathengi abanakulisebenzisa ngokunentsingiselo ilungelo lokuzikhethela. Ngaphandle kokunyanzelisa ukhuseleko, ilungelo lokukhusela liyaphupha. Imigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka ilinganisele la malungelo nezinto ezikhoyo zoshishino, ithintele ukugqithisa okunciphisa ukhetho okanye amaxabiso athe chithi.

Ucelomngeni lokuyila nokulungisa izakhiwo

Phezu kwayo nje indima yazo ebalulekileyo, iinkqubo zokulawula zijamelana nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo olunokuzenza buthathaka.

Ukuntsonkotha Nobunzima

Ucwangciso lwemithetho-siseko luye lwakhula kangangamashumi eminyaka, lugquma imithetho emitsha phezulu kweyakudala. Isiphumo sisoloko singumqukumbelo weemfuno ezidityanisiweyo ezididanisa kwanabaphathi-mikhosi abanobuchule. Umzekelo, ibhanki yamazwe ngamazwe ingafuna ukuqhuba imithetho yekomkhulu esuka kwiBasel, echasene nemali ekhutshwayo imiyalelo evela kwiFATF, imithetho ye-data eyimfihlo evela kwi-EU, kunye neemfuno zasekuhlaleni ezifunekayo kwilizwe ngalinye apho isebenza khona.

Ukungaguquki ngaphaya kwezityholo

Amashishini asebenza ngaphaya kwelizwe okanye imida yesizwe kufuneka adibane nemithetho engqubanayo. Imveliso evunyiweyo kwelinye ilizwe ingafuna utshintsho kwelinye. Imithetho yogcino-lwazi yohluka-hlukene kakhulu: I-GDPR imisela iimfuno ezinyanzelekileyo zolwamkelo, lo gama ezinye imikhosi zisenokungalufumani ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi olubanzi. Oku kungaguquguquki kudala ungquzulwano kurhwebo lwehlabathi lonke kwaye kukhuthaza ukutshintsha kwemithetho elawulayo kulawulo olunemithetho egabadeleyo.

Imida Yokunyanzelisa

Kwaneyona mithetho yenziwe kakuhle ayisebenzi ngaphandle kokunyanzelisa okunamandla. Amasebe alawulayo aphantsi kolawulo, ukungenelela kwezobupolitika, kunye nezigwebo ezingenele zingakhokelela ekungahambelani nemithetho ebanzi. Umzekelo, ukuchanabeka kokhuseleko emsebenzini kuyaqhubeka kwimizi-mveliso apho uhlolo lunqabileyo okanye imali ehlawulwayo iphantsi kakhulu ukuba ingathintela ukungaziphathi kakuhle. Amathuluzi okuqinisekisa ukunyanzelisa, afana nokugada okuzenzekelayo kunye nogcino-lwazi, anokunceda ukuvaleka kwebhulorho kodwa aphakamise imibandela ye-mfihlo.

Ukuziqhelanisa Notshintsho Lobugcisa

Ucwangciso lolawulo lusoloko lusilela emva kophuhliso lobugcisa. Ngexesha imithetho emitsha ibhaliwe kwaye imiswa, ubugcisa busenokuba buye bavela okanye buphelelwe lixesha. Unyuko lwe-spocturation, umzekelo, lushiye abalawuli bemida besenza ulwahlulo lokwahlula izinto zamanani kwaye bathintele ukuqhatha. Ngokufanayo, izithuthi ezizimeleyo zivavanya iinqwelo-mafutha ezikhoyo kunye nemithetho yetyala. Ukukhangela phambili kwesakhiwo sesantili evumela ukulawulwa yinkqubo yokuhlola ikhompyutha /accances help-eting khawuntang ngaphandle kokunikezela ngokhuseleko lwabathengi.

Iingcinezelo Zezobupolitika Nezoqoqosho

Izigqibo zolawulo aziqhelekanga ngobuchule; ziphantsi kokuphembelela, uluvo lukawonke-wonke, kunye nemijikelo yezobupolitika. Izambuku zinganyanzela ukuba ukunciphisa iindleko zincitshiswe, ngelixa abaxhasi bemali befuna iinqobo zokhuseleko olungqongqo. Ukutshintshatshintsha kwemijikelo okubangelwa kukutshintshatshintsha kwesantya kwenza amashishini angaqiniseki kwaye kungenza uzinzo lwexesha elide. Ukwenziwa kwemigaqo esekelwe kubungqina, ukucebisana kwabaxhasi abafaka isiphakamiso, kunye namaziko azimeleyo azimeleyo anokunciphisa ezi ngcinezelo kodwa awazikhuselanga kwimpembelelo yezobupolitika.

Umhlaba wonke Wemisebenzi Yesakhelo

Amazwe nemimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo asebenzisa iindlela ezingafaniyo zokulawula, ebonisa izithethe zawo ezisemthethweni, imilinganiselo yesithethe nezoqoqosho.

  • United States: I-U.S. isebenzisa indlela elawula amacandelo, namaqumrhu amaninzi (FDA, SEC, EPA, FTC, njl.njl.) ngalinye elinemiyalelo ekhethekileyo. Imithetho isoloko ichaza kunye nokubhalwa kwemibhalo kwangaphambili, ngogxininiso olunamandla ekunyanzeliseni ukugcinwa komthetho ngokucaciswa.
  • I-EU-EU ithanda ukwamkela iisiseko ezibanzi, eziyanyaniswayo ezifana ne-GDPR, RACH, kunye noMthetho we-II. Le mithetho isekelwe kumgaqo kwaye igxininise ukulumka, ifuna amashishini ukubonisa ukuthobela okuqhubekayo.
  • ICHINA: imeko-bume elawulayo yaseTshayina ijikeleza ngokukhawuleza, ngokugxininisa okukhulayo kukhuseleko logcino-lwazi, ukungathembani, kunye nozinzo lwemali. Imithetho isoloko isebenza kwiinjongo ezibanzi zikarhulumente, kwaye ukunyanzelisa ingacacanga.
  • Ii-Economical ezidityanisiweyo: amazwe anjenge-Indiya, Brazil, kunye ne-Indonesia avelisa iinkqubo zolawulo ezinenjongo yokulinganisa ulwando nokhuseleko lwabathengi. Noko ke, ukunqandwa kwamandla nokonakala kungathintela ukuphunyezwa okunempumelelo.

Kubantu beshishini bamazwe ngamazwe, ukuqonda le mahluko kubalulekile ukuze kusetyenziswe ulawulo lwengozi. Iinkampani ezininzi zisebenzisa eyona milinganiselo yehlabathi ingqongqo njengesiseko sokwenza kube lula ukuthobela nokuthembana kwiimarike.

Icala lexesha elizayo ukwenzela imisebenzi yesakhelo sokulawula

Ulungiso lobume bolawulo alumi ngamenzi. Izimo eziliqela ziza kubumba indaleko yalo kwishumi leminyaka elizayo:

  • Ummiselo we-Digital: Ulindele ukuba imithetho ebanzi elawula ubukrelekrele obungeyo yabunyani, ukuvela kwemithetho-manani, ukubonakala kwamanani, kunye nomlinganiselo we-intanethi yomxholo. UMthetho weNkonzo zamanani ne-Maginic Act e-EU imisela umzekelo wokugcina amaqonga obugcisa efuna ukuphendula.
  • [[NTL:0] I-Clitation kunye ne-ESG: ulawulo luyakugunyazisa ngokukhulayo ukutyhilwa kwemozulu okunxulumene nenkcazo yemali, unikezelo oluzinzileyo lwetsheyina, kunye nezibophelelo zenethi. Ibhodi yeMigangatho yokuZinzisa iNgxelo yoMntu (ISB) isebenzela ukuhambisa imigangatho yokunika ingxelo emhlabeni wonke.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ulawulo lwe-Data: uthutho logcino-lwazi lomda womnqamlezo luza kujongana nemiqathango eqinileyo, kunye namalungelo amatsha "ezifana nokufumaneka kogcino-lwazi kunye nelungelo lokucacisa izigqibo ezizenzekelayo," luza kuba luxhaphakile.
  • Ulungiso oludityanisiweyo noluNxulu-hlenga-hlengiso: Abalawuli bazama iziphumo zemithetho esekelwe kwiziphumo, iibhokisi zolawulo, kunye nemodeli ezibandakanya ulawulo loshishino lobuqu phantsi kolawulo. Ezi ndlela zijolise ekugcineni isantya kunye nophuhliso lolwakhiwo lokhuseleko.
  • Intsebenziswano yehlabathi lonke: Imingeni yomhlaba wonke efana nezifo ezimandundu, imozulu, kunye nemfuno ye-inthambi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi. Izenzo ezifana neKomiti yesiseko sokuSebeka kweNqanawa ePhakamileyo nesiseko se-EECD ye-Religion and Implificity Shifting (EPS) ibonakalisa indlela amazwe angazidibanisa ngayo iiprojekthi ngaphandle kokunikezela ngolawulo.

Amashishini asebenza ngokuzibhokoxa ekunxibeleleni incoko, afake ingeniso kubugcisa obuchanekileyo, akha izakhiwo ezilungele ukulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo aza kumiselwa ukuba aphumelele kule ndawo ijikelezayo. Abathengi baza kungenelwa kwizinto ezizinzileyo zokukhusela ezinamandla kunye neemarike ezicace ngakumbi.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Izilangazelelo Ngokuzimisela

Imigaqo yolawulo ayiyomiqathango nje ekwaneleni ukufikelela iinjongo zazo kodwa zisekelwe kwisiseko sesiseko sezoshishino oluthembekileyo. Xa zimiselwe kakuhle kwaye zinyanzeliswa, zikhusela abathengi ekonakalisweni, ziqinisekisa ukhuphiswano olufanelekileyo, zinika uzinzo olubangela utyalo lwexesha elide. Ucelomngeni lusekufakeni ulungelelwaniso: imimiselo mayibe yomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuze ifezekise iinjongo zazo kodwa ithambe ngokwaneleyo ngokwaneleyo ukuze ilungele iinguquko neenguqu-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo. Xa iinkokeli zeshishini, ukuthobela imithetho-mthetho kufuneka zijongwe njengezinto eziyimfuneko kunokuba zijonge umthwalo. Kubathengi, ukuqonda ulawulo lweendawo ezihlala zisebenzisa amalungelo abo kunye neenkampani ezihlala zithembekile. Njengokuba ubugcisa kunye noluntu luqhubeka luphuculokna ukuvelisa, ukukhuthaza iprojeko, ukukhusela, nokuchuma kwentengo yentengiso.

Imigaqo-nkqubo: Kwizifundo ezibhekele phaya kwimimiselo, jonga i-OECD yenkqubo yolawulo ye-data ye-, i- iKhomishini yorhwebo lwabathengi izibonelelo zokhuseleko [[[FLT:]], kunye neKhomishini yogcino-lwazi ye-data ye-EUPTB]. Ukuqonda okungephindiweyo kwiprojekthi yehlabathi kufumaneka ukusuka kulawulo lwehlabathi lonke [[FLT][FLT]][FLT]