Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho umi njengenye yemiqathango yebutho elilungelelanisiweyo, uchaza isimilo esivaliweyo kwaye ubeka iziphumo kwabo bawaphulayo. Imisebenzi yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho idlulela ngaphaya kwesohlwayo esilula; ibumba ulungelelwano lukawonke-wonke, ikhusela amalungelo abantu, kwaye icacisa amaxabiso afunwa kakhulu yingingqi yoluntu. Kwintliziyo yale nkqubo imisebenzi emibini elungelelanisiweyo: ukunyanzelisa, ukuqhutywa kwamaziko omthetho, kunye nokutshutshiswa, okuqhutywa ngabatshutshisi beli-Rhulumente. Ukuqonda le misebenzi ngokunzulu kubonisa indlela imigaqo ecacileyo eguqulela ekubeni ibe yimeko yehlabathi eliyinene. Eli nqaku linika uvavanyo olubanzi lwezigwebo, ukuvavanywa icandelo ngalinye lokuchola ngokuvavanywa nangaphaya kwetyala.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Wakwabelana: Imisebenzi Yamatyala Nenjongo Yabantu

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho yingqokelela yemithetho nemithetho echaza ihambo eyalelweyo ngurhulumente ngenxa yokuba isongela ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke, intlalo-ntle, okanye ukuziphatha. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, ocombulula iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela abantu, umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ubopha amandla okuzisa izityholo kurhulumente owenzela abantu. Imisebenzi ephambili yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho iquka:

  • [[Umthetho:0] I-Deterrence – ukudimaza umenzi womntu ngamnye (ukuthintelwa okungqalileyo) kunye noluntu ngokubanzi (ukuthintelwa) ekwenzeni ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokuseka izigwebo ezicacileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Unikezelo – ukubeka isohlwayo esilingana nengozi ebangelwe, ukwanelisa ingqiqo esesikweni.
  • Ulungiso-jiko – ukunikezela ngeenkqubo kunye nongenelelo olujolise ekuguquleni izaphuli-mthetho nokunciphisa ukuphinda kuncitshiswe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Icaparation – ukususa abantu abayingozi kwibutho labantu ngokuvalelwa okanye ukujongwa ukukhusela uluntu.
  • [[Ukuphumla:0] ukuphumla [ – kwamanye amagunya, kuquka izinto ezilungisa umonakalo kumaxhoba kunye noluntu, ngokufuthi ngolungiso lwezobulungisa.

Le misebenzi ayifani; inkqubo esebenza kakuhle yezobulungisa ilungelelanisa ngokwesimo solwaphulo-mthetho neemfuno zebutho labantu. Ukunyanzelisa nokutyhalelana iingalo zezomthetho zibubuchule obuphambili le misebenzi esetyenziswa ngabo.

Indima Yomthetho Onyanzeliswe Kumthetho Wakwabelana

Amasebe agunyazisa umthetho – ukusuka kumasebe asekuhlaleni ukuya kumaqumrhu asekuhlaleni anjengeFederal Bureau of Investigation okanye i-Enthorcement Administration – yingongoma yokuqala yokudibana kwenkqubo yezomthetho nezolwaphulo-mthetho noluntu.

Uphando Lolwaphulo - mthetho: Ukwakha Isiseko

Inkqubo yophando liziko lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Iqala ngokufunyanwa kolwaphulo-mthetho, mhlawumbi ngengxelo yommi, ngelifa lempatho, okanye ngokuhlanganisana kobuchule.

  • uqhubekeko lwemboniso – ukukhusela umboniso, uxwebhu lobungqina obuphathekayo, nokuqokelela iisampuli zebhayoloji, iminwe, okanye izinto ezenziwe ngamanani.
  • udliwano-ndlebe lwamaNgqina kunye namaxhoba – dibanisa iingxelo zogcino lwetyala lomntwana ngoxa ugcina umxokelelwano welungelo lokugcina inzala kwaye uphephe imibuzo ekhokelayo enokulalanisa.
  • Uhlalutyo lweFensic – ukusebenzisa iDNA efunxekayo, ibhola, unyango lwetyhefu, kunye nenkcubeko yamanani ukudibanisa ukrokrelo kulwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukungafaki ngaphandle kwabantu abamsulwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-univance kunye nezalathisi – uthumela imisebenzi engaphantsi kwesigqubuthelo okanye amangqina asebenzisanayo ukuqwalasela umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho oqhubekayo.

Uphando ngalunye kufuneka luvumelane nemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho esesikweni, ingakumbi malunga nokuphengululwa nokuphangwa, ukuncinwa kwabantwana, nelungelo lokunika isiluleko. Ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngokwaphulwa kwezi migaqo zokhuseleko bungakhutshwa phantsi komthetho wokuzikhulula, onokuthi uthintele ityala eliqinileyo. Umzekelo, ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT]] Mapp v. Ohio [1961])) yaqinisekisa ukuba ukuthatyathwa kobungqina obungekho mthethweni akunakusetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni ekumangalelweni, iqinisekisa unxulumano oluluvo olululo oluphakathi komthetho nokutshutshiswa okuphumelelayo.

Ukungakhathalelwa: IiNkcukacha zokubanjwa neMigangatho yoMgaqo-siseko

Xa abaphengululi besenokuba nonobangela wokukholelwa ukuba umntu uwenze ulwaphulo-mthetho, abanyanzeli bomthetho bayashukuma ukubamba ukukrokra. Ukubanjwa kunokwenzeka ngesiqinisekiso okanye ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, kuxhomekeke ekuchaneni kwemeko. Imigangatho engundoqo engundoqo iquka:

  • [ Unobangela ofanelekileyo [- – inkolelo esengqiqweni, esekelwe kwizibakala nakwimeko, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa kwaye orhanelwayo ubekek'ityala. Lo mgangatho uphezulu kunobukrokrela obusengqiqweni kodwa ungaphantsi kunobungqina obungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.
  • Ukwenziwa kwencwadi kunye noqhubekeko – emva kokuba ubanjwa, izikrokrele zithathwa, zifotwa, zikhutshelwa iminwe, kwaye zixelelwe ngamalungelo azo eMiranda. Ukungaphumeleli ukunikezela izilumkiso ze-Miranda zinganikezela iingxelo zelungelo le-arsimisting ezilandelayo.
  • Iinkqubo zeposi-ezangaphambili – izikrokrelo kufuneka zisiwe phambi komgwebi ngokukhawuleza (ngokoqobo phakathi kwama-48 eeyure) ngesizathu esinokwenzeka sokuzinza nokubonakala kokuqala, apho iimeko zebheyile kunye nezixazo ziphinda zibuyekezwe.

Indlela yoloyiko ikwaquka ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yonyanzeliso. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo Graham v. Connor (19989) yamisela umlinganiselo wolungelelwano ofanelekileyo wokuvavanya imikhosi egqithisileyo, efuna iinkundla ziqwalasele ubuqatha bolwaphulo-mthetho, isisongelo esivela kwabarhanelwayo, nokuba ngaba abakrokrele bayalwa kukuchasa ukubanjwa.

Ubungqina Bokuhlanganiswa Nobunkokeli Belungelo Lokugcina Inzala

Ubungqina bungundoqo. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kubhale ijelo lokugcinwa kwetyala – ingxelo yomhla wokulandelelana komntu owasingatha ubungqina, xa, phantsi kwazo naphantsi kweemeko – ukuqinisekisa ukuba bukho kwaye buthembekile. Iimida okanye ukonakalisa itsheyina kungakhokelela kwimiqathango ephumelelayo yokuzikhusela. Ubuchule bale mihla njengekhamera yomzimba kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki ziphucule ukubonakala ngokucacileyo, kodwa impazamo yomntu ihlala iyinkxalabo. Umzekelo, ukuchazwa kakubi kwemiboniso yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukungcoliswa kwemiboniso yolwaphulo-mthetho kusenokukhokelela kwimfezeko ephosakeleyo okanye ekuvalweni kwamaqela angenatyala.

Ukulawula nokuphendula kwiNkcubeko

Ukusebenza komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kuxhomekeke ekuthembekeni kwabantu. Iinkqubo zokujongana noorhulumente, iiyunithi zemicimbi yangaphakathi, kunye nezigwebo zenkundla ezingabufaki bungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Utshintsho lwakutshanje lujolise ekuqeqesheni ukucutha, ekuncitshisweni kwekhethe, nasekusetyenzisweni kwenkcazelo yokuchaza iipatroli eziziphethe kakubi. Ngaphandle kokuziphendulela ngokungqongqo, ukunyanzelisa, ukuthoba ityala kusenokuba yimpazamo okanye ukubeka ityala, kucuthel

Umsebenzi Wokumangalela: Ukusuka ekumangaleleni ukuya ekuvavanyeni

Ukumangalelwa yinkqubo esemthethweni apho urhulumente etyhola umntu ngetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho aze afune ukuqinisekiswa. Ngoxa abaqeqeshi bomthetho beqokelela izibakala, abatshutshisi baqikelela ukuba ezo zibakala ziyazixhasa izityholo, yaye ukuba kunjalo, ziziphi izono ezichaziweyo ezibhaliweyo. Lo msebenzi unengqiqo nembopheleleko enkulu yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Isigqibo Esingunobangela: Ubulumko Nemilinganiselo

Abatshutshisi bahlola ubungqina obuye banikwa ngababenzi bomthetho ukuqwalasela ukuba kukho kusini na unobangela ogxekiweyo [ ukukholelwa ukuba ityala lenzekile nokuba ubungqina banele kusini na ukungqina ukuba ityala lingaphaya kokungaqiniseki okufanelekileyo. Bakwaqwalasela:

  • Ukungaphumeleli kobungqina – bubungqina obufunyenwe ngokusemthethweni kwaye obunokwenzeka ukuba buvunywe? Ubungqina obubuthathaka okanye obunetyhefu bungakhokelela kwisigqibo sokungafaki fayile yetyala.
  • Ityala lenzala yembuyiselo – ubunzulu betyala, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho yommangalelwa, ifuthe kumaxhoba, kunye nokufumaneka kweempawu ezizezinye ezifana neenkqubo zokuzihlaziya okanye iinkundla zeziyobisi.
  • [[UMTL:0] umthombo wemiqathango - uqingqo-mali olusikelwe umda kunye nokuthwaliswa kwetyala kunyanzelisa abatshutshisi ukuba bamisele amatyala abangela esona sisongelo sikhulu kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.

Ubulumko bomthetho sesinye sezixhobo ezinamandla kwinkqubo yobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho. Ingakhokelela kulwahluko, njengokuba abanye abahlalutyi bephikisa ngelithi uhlanga, imeko yentlalo, okanye impembelelo yelizwe elijongene nelizwe elijongene nemeko-bume. I-American Bar Association’s IMigangatho yobuSekela-mthetho obuPhakamileyo [ ibiza ukuba kusetyenziswe eli qhinga licacileyo, elingaguquguqukiyo, nelingangeni gqwetha igalelo.

Iinkungu ezikhulu kunye nokuveliswa kwaphambi

Kwimimandla emininzi, phambi kokuba ityala letyala liqhubekele phambili ekuchotshelweni, ityala kufuneka limisele isizathu esinokwenzeka ngokugweba ityala elikhulu labachopheli-tyala okanye ukuchophela kwangaphambili. Iqela labachopheli-tyala elikhulu liba liqela labemi abalivayo ubungqina ngasese kwaye ligqibele ukuba ingaba linikela na ityala. Ityala lokuqala liyinkundla evulekileyo apho umgwebi ahlola khona ubungqina. Zombini zisebenza njengovavanyo kumandla angenawo umtshutshisi, nangona abagxeki bephawula ukuba amagosa amakhulu ejaji asoloko ephelelwa lityala.

Inkqubo Yokuvavanywa Kwetyala: Ukugwetywa Kwetyala

Ukumangalelwa kwetyala kungunobangela ophambili wokumangalelwa. Ityala lithwele umthwalo wokungqina zonke izinto zetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ityala liqukunjelwa ngokwamanqanaba:

  • Ukhetho olungaqhelekanga - amagqwetha abuza ukuba abachopheli bejaji abanokuba ngabalawuli bendlu yolawulo bakhethe iprofile yobulungisa nengakhethi. Ucelomngeni lonobangela nocelomngeni lokuzikhulula luyasetyenziswa ukubumba abachopheli-tyala.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] iingxelo ezivulayo – ingcaciso ichaza ubungqina ezabunikelayo; ukhuseleko lunganikela ingcamango yalo yemeko.
  • ukunikezelwa kobungqina – ukuxelelwa kwamangqina, ukuchaza, nokukhupha ubungqina. Ingqwalaselo ye-aximine nganye. Emva kokuba ingtshutshiso irhoxile, ukhuseleko lungabiza amangqina alo okanye lukhethe ukunganikezi bungqina.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano ezicacileyo - kwicala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina kwaye liphikisa isigqibo. Ityala lithetha kuqala kwaye linganika uphicotho-zincwadi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imiyalelo ecacileyo kunye nengcebiso – ijaji iyalela abachopheli-mthetho ngomthetho onxulumeneyo nangomgangatho wokungqina. Abachopheli bejaji ngasese babuyisela isigqibo sokuba netyala okanye abanatyala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Igunyaziso – ukuba isigqibo sinetyala, ijaji inyanzelisa isivakalisi phakathi kwemigaqo yemithetho, iqwalasela izinto ezinyusayo nezilinganisayo.

Ityala lilawulwa yimithetho engqongqo yobungqina nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kufanelekile. IsiHlanzi soHlaziyo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza nakuluntu, ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, nelungelo lokululekwa.

Plea Barganing: Indlela yeDominitant yesigqibo somzekelo

Ngaphezu kwama-90 ekhulwini amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States asombululwa ngokucengana kunokuba agwetywe. Kwisibongozo, ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela ngetyala eliphantsi, ngokufuthi kwityala elincinane okanye ngokuncomela, ukutshintshiselana ngemvume esuntswana. Ngoxa isicelo sokucenga sixhasa ugcino-lwazi lwezomthetho kwaye siphakamisa intelekelelo enyanisweni kuwo omabini amacala, ingakumbi xa abamangalelwa bejongene nendima ephantsi enyanzelekileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo, Brady v. United States, ixhasa ukunyanzeliswa kwezibongozo ezithile, kodwa iimeko ezilandelayo ziye zahlola indima esebenzayo yoncedo lweziluleko lwezicelo.

Ukudibana konyanzeliso notshutshiso: Ukwakha ityala elidibeneyo

Ityala elinempumelelo lixhomekeke ekuncediseni ngamandla nokugcinwa komthetho. Lo mbutho uqala ngexesha lophando, xa abatshutshisi besenokunika ukhokelo olusemthethweni emapoliseni malunga neemvume zokufuna ingcebiso okanye udliwano-ndlebe olubonisa ukuchonga. Emva kokuba kufakwe izityholo, iqela labatshutshisi lisebenza nabacuphi:

  • Ukufumana intelekelelo [ – ityala kufuneka lityhile ubungqina bobumpoxo (inkcazelo elungileyo kukhuselo) phantsi Brady v. Maryland [1963]. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza njalo kungaphumela ekugxothweni okanye ekuguquleni ekubheceni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amangqina acwangcisileyo – akhuthaza amaxhoba kunye namangqina obuchule ukuze anikele ubungqina ngoxa ephepha impembelelo engafanelekanga.
  • [[FLT: 0] Gcina itsheyina le lungelo [[FLT: 1] – bhala ubungqina bokuphatha ukunqanda intshukumo zonyanzelo.

Ukuqhekeka konxibelelwano phakathi kwamapolisa nabatshutshisi kusenokukhokelela ekucimeni amatyala okugxothwa, iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo, okanye ukusilela ukwenza abophula umthetho baphendule. Amazwe amaninzi aye amkela iimodeli ezithe nkqo zamatyala, apho umtshutshisi omnye elisingatha ityala ngenxa yokumangalelwa ngokugqitha kwisimilo, ukhuthaza ukulungelelaniswa okusondeleyo nabaphandi.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Notshintsho Kwimisebenzi Yomthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

Ukunyanzeliswa kwetyala nokubekwa kwetyala kujongene neengcinezelo ezingapheliyo, kuquka ukuphangwa ngokugqithiseleyo, ukuhambela phambili kwezobugcisa, nokunyanzeliswa kokusesikweni kweentlanga nezoqoqosho.

Ukuzinkcinkca Ngolwaphulo - mthetho Notshintsho Lwamapolisa

Abahlalutyi bathi isimilo sininzi kakhulu sisenziwa silwaphulo-mthetho, sithwaliswa umthwalo onzima kumthetho kunye nabatshutshisi ngetyala elincinane elinokusingathwa ngezinye iindlela. Oku kukhokelela ekuboshweni kwabantu abaninzi kwaye ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kuchaphazela abantu abachaphazelekayo. Utshintsho luquka ukuhlaziywa kolwaphulo-mthetho ezithile, ukwanda kweenkqubo zokuzinzisa, kunye namanyathelo okulungisa asusa izaphuli-mthetho ezisemgangathweni eziphantsi kwinkqubo yesithethe.

Ukuphendula kwetyala nokubonisa ngaphaya

Izenzo zokunganyaniseki ezibandakanya ukubekwa ityala kumalungu eejaji, ukugatya ubungqina obungachananga, okanye ukusebenzisa imingeni yokuzikhulula ekuvaleni abagwebi abasekelwe kuhlanga – kusenzakalisa okusesikweni. Imigudu yokwandisa ukuthembeka kwamaqela, uqeqesho olusemgangathweni, nokusetyenziswa kweebhodi zenkcazelo ukuqwalasela ukujongwa nokuncedwa. Amanye amaphondo ngoku afuna ujongelwano oluzimeleyo ngabatshutshisi.

Utshintsho Lobugcisa Nobungqina Bamanani

Unyuko lobungqina beminxeba-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono ezikhokeleyo ezinika uvavanyo olufihlakeleyo uxanduva olutsha. Abanyanzeli bomthetho kufuneka bahambe ngemigangatho entsokothileyo ukufumana i-data yamanani (bona [[FLT]] Riley v. California, 2014, ifuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla icell phoneymfoneyss). Abatshutshisi kufuneka bazifundise ngemicricrics ukunikeza ubungqina obu ngokuphumelelayoyo ngempumelelo xa bethetha ngamalungelo obuqu.

Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nenkululeko Yabemi

Uxinzeleleko phakathi kokunyanzeliswa komthetho nokukhusela inkululeko yabemi luhlala luhleli. Amatyala aphezulu abandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwamapolisa, ukuqhathwa, kunye nokuchana kwemiqathango yemithetho echaphazelekayo, kuquka utshintsho kwiinkqubo zebheyile, imigaqo yokufumana kunye nemigaqo yokugweba. Iprojekthi yeInnocence iye yasetyenziswa ekubalaseleni kwemiqathango exhobisayo kunye nokukhuthaza utshintsho olufana notshintsho olubonelwa ngamehlo kunye nokubhalwa kwemibuzo.

Imbono Ethelekisayo Kunyanzelo Nokutshutshiswa

Ngoxa ukunyanzeliswa nokuchotshelwa kwetyala kungumthetho oqhelekileyo, imo yabo iyahluka kwizithethe ezisemthethweni. Kwinkqubo zomthetho ezifana ne-United States kunye no-United Kingdom, abanyanzeli bomthetho bahlola ngokwabo, kwaye abatshutshisi bathethelela urhulumente phambi kwejaji nejaji elingoondilele. Kwinkqubo zamatyala eziqhelekileyo kwilizwekazi leYurophu, ukuhlolisisa iijaji zophando kunye nokutshutshiswa kwazo zombini, ukunciphisa indima ye-adversarial advocacy. Ukuqonda oku kucacisa indlela ezi ziphumo zokhetho lwe-projekthi. Umzekelo, i-Eupain Union Union ye-Unionstial Cooperation (Eurocelvement)[FURT] i-mnqamlezelo-mnqamlethi phakathi kwezithethe zomthetho ezahlukeneyo.

Isiphelo

Imisebenzi yokunyanzelisa nokutshutshiswa yi-injini eqhuba umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ukusuka kumthetho ongekho ngqiqweni ukuya kubulungisa obuqhelekileyo. Amasebe agunyazisa umthetho ahlola, abamba, aqokelele ubungqina, amisela iqonga labatshutshisi abahlola ubungqina obu, abathatha izigqibo, nabameli bokuphendula kwinkundla. Ukuthembeka kwale nkqubo kuxhomekeke ekunamatheleni kwimigaqo engokwasemthethweni, ukubonakala, nokuhlonela amalungelo abo basematyaleni. Njengokuba ibutho liguquka, ngoko limele liphucule imigaqo yokunyanzelisa nokutshutshisa – ukuhlaziywa, kugcinekeka ubulungisa njengosukelo olukhulu. Ukuqonda le misebenzi kunika abemi amandla okuqhubana nenkqubo yobulungisa nokuxhasa okusesikweni nokuxhasa inkqubo esebenzela ngokwenene okusesikweni.