Ingxaki Yomgaqo - siseko: Ukuxhasa Imfundo Ngokuchasene Nerhafu

Inkqubo kawonke wonke isoloko inyanzelisa ukhetho olunzima phakathi kwezinto eziphambili ezikhuphisanayo. Zimbalwa iintengiso ezizingisileyo okanye ezingopolitiki ezibekwa ityala njengolwalamano oluphakathi kokuxhasa imfundo kawonke-wonke kunye nomthwalo werhafu obekwe kubemi nakumashishini. Imali nganye eyabelwe izikolo kufuneka ivele ndaweni ivela, kwaye umthombo oyintloko uhlala ikho ingeniso yerhafu kwindawo yasekuhlaleni, urhulumente, kunye nomgangatho wolawulo lwamaqumrhu. Umbuzo ongundoqo awukokuba ngaba imfundo ifanele ukuxhaswa ngemali, kodwa indlela yokuyixhasa ngendlela eyaneleyo yokuphumelela kwabafundi kunye nokuxhaswa kwemali ngabahlawulwa. Olu hlalutya olu lwandisiweyo luhlola iziphumo zokwenene zalo shishino, oovimba bokwakha ababumbane, kunye noolwazi olusekelwe kwizinto ezinokukhokelela ekubeni abakhiqikele kwinkqubo zobuxoki.

Isiseko: Isizathu Sokuba Imfundo Ixhase Imibandela

Imfundo iyaziwa ngokubanzi njengenzuzo kawonke-wonke eneengenelo ezifikelela kumntu ngamnye. Inkqubo yemfundo exhaswe kakuhle isebenza ngamandla ngengeniso ephezulu, imigangatho yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuthatha inxaxheba engakumbi kwezentlalo-ntle, kunye nemveliso engakumbi yezoqoqosho. Umgangatho wemfundo enikezelwa kumagumbi okufundela eK-12 kunye namaziko emfundo aphezulu uxhomekeke ngqo kwizinto ezikhoyo zokuqesha abafundisi-machule, ukugcina amaziko akhuselekileyo nawangoku, ukulungiselela ukunikezela ngeenkonzo zenkxaso kubafundi abaneemfuno ezahlukeneyo.

Impembelelo Engqalileyo Kwiziphumo Zabafundi

Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemfundo engakumbi, xa kukhokelwe kakuhle, kukhokelela kwinkqubela ecacileyo kwimpumelelo yabafundi. uphakamiso-mali lunxulumene nomlinganiselo omncinci wemali , umfundisi-lwazi olungcono, kwaye unikezelo olunyusiweyo kumsebenzi wemfundo ophambili. Umzekelo, ufundo olubalulekileyo lukaJackson, uJohnson, noPersco lufumaniswe ukuba ulwandiso lweshumi leshumi lesithathu lemali echithwe kuyo yonke iminyaka eli-12 yemfundo kawonke lukhokelela kunyuko lwemivuzo abadala kunye nonyuko lwe-3% kwiziphumo zonyaka zobuhlwempu. Ezi nzuzo zibhengezwa kakhulu kubantwana abasuka kwiingenelo eziphantsi, ukunyusa indima yemali ephambili.

Imiphumo Yokungakhathalelwanga

Xa intlawulo yemfundo isilela, imiphumo iyachaphazeleka. Ukunqongophala kootatomkhulu kuyakhawuleza njengoko imivuzo ingakwazi ukuhambisana nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nezinye iindlela zokusebenza. Ukuwohloka kwemivuzo, kunye nezikolo ezaluphalayo zijongene neengxaki ezinjengokungoneli, ukupholisa, okanye ukunxibelelana ne-intanethi. Iinkqubo zobugcisa, uqeqesho lwemisebenzi, kunye nemfundo yempatho yezonyango zidla ngokuba zeziqala ukunqandwa. Abafundi kwimimandla ephantsi kwemiqathango abakwazi ukufikelela kwiizifundo eziqhubela phambili, ukucebisa, kunye nemisebenzi yemfundo yemfundo yasemva ephezulu ekwakheni iquke isikhulu nesekholeji. Iindleko zoluntu ezide ziquka ukuhambela phambili kwezoqoqosho, ukuhambela phambili kwezoqoqosho, kunye nenkcisombululo.

Ingeniso: Irhafu njenge-injini yeMali yezemfundo

EUnited States, imfundo kawonke-wonke ixhaswa ngemali edityaniswe ngeerhafu zengingqi, zelizwe nezorhulumente. Ukuthembela kwirhafu nganye kuyahluka kakhulu ngokohlobo lwephondo nesithili, kudala umgangatho wemali odityanisiweyo odla ngokubonakalisa ubutyebi basekuhlaleni ngaphezu kokuba umfundi efuna.

Irhafu Esisiseko

  • [ Irhafu ezi- ihlala ingowona mthombo mninzi wengeniso yasekuhlaleni kwizikolo. Ngenxa yokuba amaxabiso empahla ayahluka-hluka kakhulu, isithili kwimimandla enobutyebi singanyusa ingeniso eninzi kakhulu kumfundi ngamnye ngexabiso elinikiweyo lerhafu kunakumaphondo akwimimandla ehlwempuzekileyo.
  • [[NTLA:0] Irhafu isetyenziswa ngumazwe amaninzi ukongeza imali yemfundo, kodwa abuyela phambili, afumana ingeniso eninzi evela kumakhaya afumana imali ephantsi naphakathi.
  • Irhafu ezifunyenweyo kumgangatho wombuso zidla ngokuhambela phambili kwaye zinika umsinga wengeniso ozinzileyo, nangona zijongene nokuchasana kwezobupolitika ukuze zinyuke.
  • [[NTLA] Imali ePhakamileyo ityala lokusebenzisa i-8-10% yemali yemfundo yeK-12, ukujolisa kwiinkqubo ezithile ezinjengeSihloko I (abafundi abafumana uncedo) kunye nabantu abanoMthetho wemfundo (IDEA).

Ucelomngeni Lwezobupolitika Lokwandisa Irhafu

Unyuko lwerhafu kwimfundo lusoloko ludibana nenkcaso enamandla. Izivumelwano ezichasene nerhafu ephezulu ziquka ityala lokuba banciphisa ingeniso elahlwayo, badibanise utyalo-mali lwezoshishino, kwaye babangele ukwanda kwezoqoqosho. Ngaphezu koko, abahlawuleli bangakuthemba ukukwazi korhulumente ukuchitha imali eninzi ngobulumko, ukoyika ukulahlwa okanye ukukhuselwa kwemali. Amanyathelo esikolo kunye nelevy resendicenda asoloko engaphumeleli, ingakumbi kumaqela amakhulu apho umlinganiselo wabavoti abangenayo abantwana abafundayo. Olu xinelo oluphakathi kobu bunzima bengeniso nokuchasana ekuhlawuleni irhafuthensiswa kwemishoni.

Ukuhlolisisa Ishishini: Ubunzulu Ne - Nuance

Ingxoxo ephakathi kwemali yemfundo nerhafu asiyonto ilula. Ibandakanya imiba emininzi, kuquka ukuphumelela kwezoqoqosho, ukulingana kwemiba kunye nokusasazwa kobuncwane. Ukuqonda le miQumbu kuyimfuneko ukuze kushukunyiswe ngaphaya kobuchule bokuthetha obungalinganiyo.

Ukuphumelela kwezoqoqosho kunye

Abachasi berhafu ephezulu basoloko bebhekisela kwingcamango yokulahlekelwa ngumthwalo onzima womthwalo wenqanawe: unciphiso lwezoqoqosho olwenziwa xa irhafu idimaza ukusebenza, ukugcina okanye ukuveliswa kwemali. Ngoxa le miphumo iyinyaniso, ubukhulu bayo buhluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwerhafu nendlela ingeniso esetyenziswa ngayo. Ukukhutshwa kwemfundo [ kuboniswe ukuvelisa umlinganiselo ophezulu wendlela yokubuya. Uqikelezo lwezentengiselwano zemali ezifana no-Eric Hanushek lucebisa ukuba unyuko olusemgangathweni lwe-mali olungu-0 kwi-0% yolwando lwe-GDP. Xa iindleko zerhafu yonyaka lunyuka, iziphumo zemali ezikhuthayo, iziphumo zezoqoqosho ezinika ingeniso, kwaneeziphumo ezintle, ukutshintsha kweziphumo zerhafuyo.

Ukulingana nokuphindaphindeka kweNgxowa-mali yasekuhlaleni

Enye yezona milinganiselo ibalulekileyo ye-croff kukungalingani. Ukuxhomekeka kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni kuthetha ukuba abantwana kwimimandla efumileyo bafumana izikolo ezifumileyo ngeli xesha abo bakwimimandla engamahlwempu betsala nzima ngobuncwane obumbalwa. Oku kwenza umlinganiselo wezinto ezingalinganiyo[[[FLT:]1]: amaxabiso ezinto eziphantsi akhokelela kwizikolo eziphantsi, ezivelisa iziphumo eziphantsi zemfundo, ezithi ngokujika zifumaneke kancinci amathuba nexabiso lempahla kwixesha elizayo. EUnited States eziye zafudukela kwimiboniso yemali ephakathi, njengangoko kusetyenziswa kwemitshini elinganayo okanye uncedo olukhutshweyo, ithe yayingxaki, kodwa ishiyeke kakhulu. Ingxelo yesizwe esuka kwi [FFOLD:2] Iziko lemfundo zemfundo yemali ephezulu [FT]

Ukulingana Kwesizukulwana

Irhafu yemfundo iphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuba ngubani ohlawulayo nokuba ngubani ongenelwayo. Abantu abadala abangenabantwana bangakuthandi ukuhlawula irhafu ephezulu kwizikolo abazigqala njengezingabancediyo ngqo. Noko ke, iingenelo zabantu abafundileyo . Ngokufana nemveliso ephezulu, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphantsi, kunye nabavoti abanolwazi olungakumbi (acclueus kumntu wonke, nokuba banabantwana esikolweni na. Le yinkcaso ephambili kawonke-wonke. Ngaphezu koko, imfundo encinane namhlanje ibeka iindleko zexesha elizayo kwisizukulwana esiza kuthwalwa yimfuno yerhafu.

Ukuphanda Nocelomngeni Lolawulo

I-trandoff ikwadlala ngokwahlukileyo kwiindawo zomhlaba. Imimandla yasemaphandleni isoloko ijongene neendleko eziphezulu kwixabiso ngalinye lezithuthi kunye nokungahlawulwa kwemali ngesikali, kodwa inesiseko esincinane serhafu. Imimandla yase-Orthovin isenokuba noovimba abangaphezulu kwi-aggreat kodwa ikwajongene namaxabiso aphezulu emfundo ekhethekileyo, abafundi besiNgesi, kunye nokhuseleko. Amaphondo asezantsi esurban anesiseko serhafu yempahla anganikela ngaphandle kokunyusa irhafuzelo-mali. Nasiphi na isisombululo sokurhwebela-mali-mali kufuneka siphendule ngezi ndawo zidityalwayo ezi zinto zidityanisweyo ukuze kupheliswe abafundi abasebenzisa ingxubeko esekelwe kwindawo abahlala kuyo.

Ngaphaya KweziBini: Iimodeli Zemali Ezintsha

Ukuqonda imida yokungena kwerhafu nenkozo, ulawulo oluninzi luhlola ezinye iindlela zenkxaso-mali ezinokudibanisa okanye zilungise ingeniso yemfundo. Le mifuziselo izama ukunciphisa ukukhuphisana kwerhafu kwezobupolitika ngoxa inika ubuncwane obaneleyo.

Umanyano

Uthelekelelo phakathi kwezikolo kunye namaqumrhu azimeleyo angazisa ubuncwane obungakumbi ngaphandle konyuko oluthe ngqo lwerhafu. Iinkampani zingaxhasa amanyathelo obugcisa, zibonelele ngobuchule kwiinkqubo zomsebenzi, okanye izibonelelo zemfundo ngeminikelo yoncedo. umanyano olucwangcisiweyo lunganyusa umnikelo wemfundo, kodwa zikwanyusa inkxalabo ngempembelelo yequmrhu kunye nokungabikho xa imali yabucala iphuma ngokutshayelela kwizikolo eziluncedo.

Ukugcinwa kwe-akhawunti yemfundo kunye nabagcini-mali

Amanye amaphondo aye asebenzisa iinkqubo zokugcina imali yemfundo (ES) okanye ezivumela iimali zikawonke-wonke ukuba zilandele abafundi kwizikolo zabucala okanye zomrhumo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi oku kungenisa ukhuphiswano kwaye kunokuphucula impumelelo, lo gama abahlalutyi bephikisa ngelithi kuphazamisa imali kwinkqubo yesikolo sikawonke-wonke kwaye kusenokunyusa ukwandiswa kobuhlanga. Ubungqina obuvela kwiinkqubo ezikwimimandla efana neFlorida kunye neWisconsian bubonisa iziphumo ezizizo zomsebenzi woluntu lonke, kunye nezinye izifundo ezibonisa inzuzo ezifanelekileyo kumamkeli-mali kunye nabanye ababonisa iiziphumo ezingalunganga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke.

Abathathi-nxaxheba abasekelwe kuluntu

Uluntu lwasekuhlaleni luye lwabhenela ngakumbi kumanyathelo okufaka irhafu ekhethekileyo yemfundo, njengerhafu yepasile okanye irhafu yerhafu. La manyathelo asoloko equka iirejista ezithe tyaba kunye neemfuno zokuphendula ngokungqongqo ukuze kufumane imvume yabavoti. Umzekelo, isithili ezininzi zesikolo saseKhalifoniya ziye zagqithisa irhafu ngemiqathango emibini enesithathu, zinika ingeniso eninzi yasekuhlaleni ngoxa zinika ababuthi berhafu intengiso ngokuthe ngqo indlela esetyenziswa ngayo. Ukunika ingxelo ecacileyo nangemiphumelezelo ecacileyo inganceda kwakha kwaye igcine ukuthenjwa kwabantu kwimiqathango yerhafu efuna irhafu.

Utshintsho Lwerhafu Oluxhasa Imfundo

Kunokuba baphakamise nje irhafu, abenzi benkqubo bangayitshintsha inkqubo yerhafu ukuze ilungele ukuphunyezwa kwengeniso yemfundo. Iindlela zokukhetha ziquka ukuchaza ukurhoxa kwerhafu yenkampani ngethuba lokunciphisa iindleko zerhafu zerhafu zengeniso ejolise kwingeniso ephezulu, kwaye ukwenza umgangatho wemali karhulumente okanye irhafu epheleleyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuhlawula irhafu yeminikelo kwiinkqubo zemfundo okanye kwiziseko zesikolo kunganyusa ukunikezelwa kobucala ngelixanduva lombane. Ukulawulwa kwerhafuthe kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zerhafuzo zerhafu.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe: Oko Kwenziwa Ngamanye Amazwe

Uhlalutyo lwemfundo exhaswayo kwamanye amazwe ahambele phambili lubonelela ngenkxaso-mali eluncedo. Amazwe anjenge Finland, iJamani, neKhanada achitha imali eninzi kwimfundo, inkcitho kawonke-wonke njengepesenti ye-GDP isoloko igqitha kweyo yase-United States. iFinland, esoloko ikwintlu ephezulu kwiingqino zehlabathi lonke, inika inkxaso-mali elinganayo kuzo zonke izikolo , isebenzisa ulwakhiwo lwesizwe, kunye nemali yerhafuthelo yerhafu kawonke, kunokuba irhafuthelwe irhafuthe yasekuhlaleni. Le nkqubo inciphisa intengiso epheleleyo kwaye ivumela ubunjani obungaguquguquyo bemithetho yemfundo yabantwana. IKhanadayo ixhasa kakhulu imali eninzi kakhulu kwimali yephondo, kunye nerhafuwo edlala indima encinane kwi-U. [FTS][2]

Ukulungelelana: Imigaqo Esebenzisekayo

Xa kuqwalaselwa ukuntsonkotha kwentengiso, akukho sisombululo sinye esiya kusebenza kulo lonke uluntu. Noko ke, iindlela eziliqela ezikubungqina ezivunyiweyo zinganceda abenzi benkqubo basebenzise uxinzelelo phakathi kwemali eyaneleyo yemfundo kunye nerhafu exhasiweyo.

Ukunxulumanisa iNgxowa-mali kwiiNtlanganiso

Abanikeli-rhafu bakulungele kakhulu ukuxhasa inkxaso-mali yemfundo xa bebona iziphumo ezibonakalayo. Ama-odolo kunye nesithili kufuneka amkele iinkqubo ezicace gca zokuchaza ukuba ukuchitha ingeniso kumfundi ngamnye, ukuphumelela komfundi, amanqanaba okuphumelela, kunye nezinye iziqu ezingundoqo. Imali eqinisekisiweyo exhasa iiprojekthi zemali [ ezinikezela ngemali eninzi kubafundi abaneemfuno ezithe kratya kakhulu (ezinjalo njengengeniso ephantsi, amaNgesi, okanye imfundo ekhethekileyo) zingaphucula zombini ukulingana nobuchule kunye nokuphumelela. Xa uvotiotesi ebona ukuba imali eyongezelekayo ikhokelelwa apho zifuneka khona kwaye zivelisa unyukelo olufanelekileyo, ukuchasana kunyuselo oluthe rhoqo kwirhafu.

Ukutshintsha Kwerhafu Ngokuthe Ngcembe

Ngokukhawuleza, ukwanda kwerhafu enkulu kudla ngokubangela ukonakalisana kwemiqathango. Abenzi bemithetho banganciphisa ukhuphiswano lwezopolitiko ngokunyusa ingeniso kwiminyaka emininzi, beyidibanisa ngotshintsho oluhambelana nokusetyenziswa kwerhafu okanye isihlawulelo serhafu kwenye indawo. Umzekelo, urhulumente anganyusa irhafu yerhafu ngentwana yepesenti unyaka ngamnye iminyaka emihlanu ngexesha elinye xa ukwandisa ityala lerhafu efunyenweyo kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi. Oku kwandisa umthwalo kunye nempembelelo kwirhafumrhuthi yerhafu.

Ugunyaziso lokwenza isigqibo sasekuhlaleni ngaphakathi komsebenzi wesakhelo

Ukulungelelanisa ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni nokulingana nokungalingani komsebenzi kufuneka ulwahlulo olucingisisiweyo loxanduva. Ama-Massachusetts, angamisela imigangatho encinane yemali kunye nokubonelela ngezabelo kwimimandla ephantsi yelizwe ngeli lixa evumela uluntu olutyebileyo ukuba longezelele ngerhafu yasekuhlaleni ukuba lukhetha. Oku kulondoloza ukuzimela kwasekuhlaleni kwabo bafuna ukulawulwa kwesiseko sobuqhetseba kuyo yonke indawo. Ngokomzekelo, iMassachusetts, isebenzisa indlela yoqingqo-mali elungelelanisiweyo kwiempawu zabafundi kunye nombilini, okuphumela ekuthelekeleni iimali eziphezulu nezilinganayo kwimimandla yonke.

Ukuveliswa Kwemali Ekuqaleni Kobuntwana Nasemva Kwesekondali

Abenzi benkqubo kufuneka baphephe ukuphatha iK-12 yemali ngokwahlukeneyo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba imfundo yabantwana yasekuqaleni iphakathi kwezibuyelo eziphezulu ekutyaleni, kunye neengenelo kwingeniso zamva kwesikolo, ingeniso, kunye nexabiso elicuthiweyo lentlalo-ntle. Ngokufanayo, inkxaso eyaneleyo kwikholeji yoluntu kunye neeyunivesithi zesizwe iqinisekisa ukuba umbhobho osuka kwi K-12 ukuya kwimfundo ephezulu uhlala uqinile. Indlela ebanzi ejonga imfundo njenge-droam inganceda ukuthethelela ingeniso yerhafunxa efunekayo ukuyixhasa, njengoko iimali ezifunekayo kwixesha elide loqoqo kunye neembuyiselo zoluntu zibonakala ngakumbi.

Isiphelo

Ukurhweba phakathi kwemali yemfundo nerhafu asiyomidlalo ye-0-sum. Ngokuyila ngenyameko inkqubo, kunokwenzeka ukwandisa ubuncwane bezikolo ngeli xesha kugcinwa inkqubo yerhafu elungileyo, esebenzayo, nengaxhaswayo kwezobupolitika. Impumelelo ifuna ukushenxisa ngaphaya kwengxoxo elula ngokuphakamisa okanye ukusika irhafu endaweni yokugxila kwindlela ingeniso ephakanyiswa ngayo, indlela esasazwa ngayo, nendlela elinganiswa ngayo. Ukukhuselwa kwemfundo kungenisa kwizoqoqosho nakwimpilo yentlalo-ntle yelizwe kwixesha elizayo. Ucelomngeni lwabenzi bemiqathango lubonisa ukuxhaswa kwemali nokuthengwa kwemali. Ngokugcina ukubonakala komdla, ukubonakala, ukubonakala, ukuphakama, nokukhula, nokuhlala kobugxakeka, ukujikeleza okuhlala kule nkqubo yenkcubeko kunye nokwenziwa yinkqubo yemfundo. [FFoctive]