phesheya kwe-United States, imithetho karhulumente isebenza njengesixhobo esiphambili sokubumba izenzo zamapolisa, ingakumbi kwimigudu yokwandisa umelo lwamagosa amancinane namabhinqa. Le mithetho nemimiselo yenzelwe ukuthetha ngembali engaphantsi komngeni, ukuphucula ukuthembana kwabantu, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba abameli bomthetho babonise ukulingana kwabemi abakhoyo. Ngoxa amalungelo oluntu asemthethweni amisela imigangatho engangeni mithetho-siseko, amazwe ngamanye amisele uludwe olubanzi lwemilinganiselo [1] ukusuka kwiinjongo zemithetho enyanzelekileyo yokuxhobisa abatshabhini abatshayo phantsi kwamaqela akhoyo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa izicwangciso ezingokwasemthethweni, imiqathango yemithetho, imiqathango yomthetho, kunye nemigaqo yexesha elizayo, ukuzoba ngokweenkcazelo kunye nomthetho wakutshanje.

Umhlaba wemithetho yokwahlukana kwemigangatho kaRhulumente

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ziye zasebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ezahlukileyo zokukhuthaza ukwahlukahlukana komsebenzi wokuqeshwa komthetho. Ezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo ziquka iinkqubo eziseluhlwini, izihlomelo zemali, ukugunyaziswa kolawulo lwamanani abantu, kunye nemigaqo yokuqeshwa. Le mithetho yahluka kakhulu ngokwendlela yokusebenza, ibonisa imozulu yezopolitiko kunye nokusingqongileyo okusemthethweni kweli lizwe ngalinye.

Iqela- Esibucala kunye neenkqubo zokucaphula

Liqela elincinane lamazwe eliphumele kwiinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo ezigcinela abaqeshwa abambalwa namabhinqa abatsha. Umzekelo, amanye amasebe amapolisa kamasipala eTexas naseIllinois asebenza phantsi kwemimiselo evumelanayo okanye imiyalelo karhulumente efuna umlinganiselo othile wamabhaptizo osuka kumaqela angaphantsi kwendawo. Ngelixesha amaqela anjalo esoloko ecelw'elwa enkundla, ahlala eyisixhobo kwimimandla enembali ebhaliweyo yembali yokuqesha. Noko ke, inkoliso yemithetho yangoku iphepha inani elicacileyo, endaweni yoko isebenzisa “i-toals nemithetho yexesha” ethambileyo, engahambisani.

Inkxaso-mali

Amaphondo amaninzi anikela inkxaso enkcitho yemali ngokuthe ngqo kumasebe ahlangabezana namanyathelo ahlukeneyo asetyenziswayo okanye iinkqubo zokukhupha. Icandelo leSebe lezeJaji leSigebelo soMphathi-mthetho waseNew York linika izibonelelo ezikhethekileyo zokufumana intsebenziswano yamagosa angaphantsi namabhinqa. IKhomishini yaseKhalifoniya eMasikweni eMigangatho yoXosa Uxolo kunye noThambelwano lwezibonelelo (POS) inikela imbuyekezo-mali kumasebe athabatha inxaxheba kwiinyathelo ahlukeneyo karhulumente. Le mali ingagubungela izibhengezo, izibhengezo zomsebenzi, izibonelelo zoqeqesho, kunye nokuvavanya iziqesha zeenkonzo zabasebenzi abangeni-mali abasuka kwiqela abangaphazaliswanga.

Ukunikezelwa kwengxelo ehlaziyiweyo kunye nokubonakala

Umzekelo, imiyalelo yobuhlanga ne-Scodian Profiling Act (RIPA) igunyazisa ukuba onke amaqumrhu agunyazisa ukugcinwa komthetho afumane iziphumo zomthetho zonyaka ukuchaza intelekelelo, ubuhlanga, ubuhlanga, kunye nokuqashwa kwamaqula amatsha, kunye namagosa akhoyo. Umthetho wobuhlanga nowokuchaza isalathisi saseKhalifoniya ugunyazise ukuba onke amaziko omthetho aqokelele aze apapashe amanani abantu ekuzinzeni, kodwa kwakhona kufuneka anikele ingxelo ngokubhaliswe nokuqeshwa. Ngokufanayo, amasebe ephondo eWashington angama-20211 omthetho wotshintsho lotshintsho (HB1267) ayanyanze ukuba anike inkcawawo yawo kwigqwethalo yezomthetho. Le nkcazelo ivumela abaqulurbi bemithetho kunye namaqela eencwadi achaza inkqubela-odvokisttivential athe phantsi kwe-odmignorentia.

Iinkqubo zokukhupha nombhobho woluntu

Amaphondo amaninzi aneemfuno ezidityanisiweyo zokufikelela kuluntu oluncinane nakumaqumrhu emfundo. Imithetho isenokuyalela ukuba amasebe aqhube iziganeko kwimimandla ekwimbali emnyama okanye eLatino, amaqabane eekholeji zoluntu ezinamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo abafundi, okanye ayile iindlela zokukhupha iikholeji ukusuka kwiimvelaphi ezingaphantsi. IMithetho yoMthetho kaMaryland icebisa ukuba (kwaye eminye imithetho yasekuhlaleni ifuna) ukuba oorhulumente banike iiprojekthi kunye noncedo lwamaqumrhu kwimiqathango yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imithetho Engundoqo Karhulumente

Nangona amaphondo amaninzi enendlela ethile yomthetho onxulumene nokubhaliswa, ambalwa aphawuleka ngobungakanani nokuhlaziywa kwemigaqo yawo.

EKhalifoniya

Ngokunokwenzeka iKhalifoniya yeyona nto inzima ekusebenziseni umthetho karhulumente ukubumba iinguqu zamapolisa. IKhomishini yeli lizwe yePOST ifuna ukuba onke amasebe afumane icebo elibhaliweyo eliquka iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokutsala amabhinqa namancinane. Phantsi kwe-SB 960 (2020), amaqumrhu kufuneka abhale imisebenzi yawo yokufumana inkxaso kunye neziphumo, ngokusilela ukunikezela ukulahlekelwa yimali karhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, iKhalifoniya iyakwalela ukusetyenziswa kohlanga njengekuphela kwemigaqo yokuqesha, kodwa ivumela “ukufumana nokufumana imigaqo ecacileyo ejolise ekujoliseni ixhoba. I-RIPA BB ibone iziphumo zonyaka zokuqesha ezinika igalelo loluntu ngentlalo, ukulungiselela ukulungiselela ulawulo lukawonke.

New York

INew York ibisoloko ixhasa intlukwano yeemfuno zenkxaso-mali kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. Umthetho wephondo wamaPolisa wonyaka wama-202020 waquka amalungiselelo “oMsebenzi Wobunyani kunye naMasipala-okanye aMasipala akwindawo ephezulu” kwinkqubo yokufumana uqikelelo lomthetho, kwaye iofisi yerhuluneli inika ingxelo enikezelweyo yokunikezela ngemigudu yokubhalisa. Isixeko leNew York, phantsi koxinzelelo lwezwe, samkela umbatho “we-Hiringtialtification” otheza abathathi bemibhiyo ngolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nokuthengwa kwamapolisa. Phezu kwayo nje le migudu, ingxelo evela kwiphondo, 2023 yafumanisa ukuba umelo lwabambalwa kwiminyango oluphezulu lwezikomganga, ugxininiso kucelomngeni lokuguqulela umthetho.

I-Texas

Umthetho waseTexas ukuvumela ngokucacileyo ukuvuma ukuthatha inyathelo kumsebenzi kawonke-wonke, kuquka ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, phantsi kweemeko ezithile. IKhomishini yaseTexas engoMthetho i-Encorcement (TCOLE) ifuna ukuba onke amasebe agcine “inkqubo yokuqesha i-" kwaye angaqwalasela ukunqongophala kwemibutho yabantu abasebenzayo njengefekta enika izigunyaziso ezinzima. Ezinye izixeko, ezinjenge Houston neDallas, zifumene“ umelo lwe-commony" izalathi yemigracs ezidweli yexhoba lokuqesha abambalwa abaqeqeshiweyo ngenxa yobalo. Kodwa ke, inkcaso yezopolitiko yeTexas ijongenelo “ukuchaza ii-ncomotea.

Illinois

Illinois yadlulisa uKhuseleko, ukuQaphela i-Akhawunti, i-Fairnes and Equity- Today (SAFE-T) Act ngo-2021, eyayiquka imfuneko yokuba onke amasebe alawula umthetho amkele “ubuchule kunye nesicwangciso sokufakwa". Esibekwe kuMthetho we-Illinois woKhuselo loMkhosi neBhodi yeMigangatho. Isicwangciso kufuneka sichaze amacebo athile okubhalisa amabhinqa nabantu abanombala. Umthetho ukwayalela ukuqeqeshwa ngokunekhethelo kubo bonke abaphathi kunye nabaqeshi. Ugcino-lwazi lokuqala olusuka kwibhodi lubonisa ukuba malunga nama-80% e-ofisi yesebe ayathobela, kodwa ukugcinwa kuhlala kuhamba ngendlela etshintshayo.

I-Maryland

UMthetho waMaryland Wamapolisa ongowama-2021 wabangela “Imali yokuhlawulela kunye neNgxowa-mali yokuBophelela” ephawulwe ngokukhethekileyo ukuba intlukwano iyakhula. IiGrant zikho kubameli abasebenzisana neekholeji kunye neeyunivesithi (HBCUS) kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Esi senzo sikwamisela usukelo lokuqinisekisa ukuba ukwenziwa kwamaqela amatsha eklasi akwilizwe lawo ngeminyaka emihlanu. Ngoxa zingadibanisi, ezi ziqhubele imibutho kwimibango yokwenene kwizibhengezo kunye neziganeko zokufumana inzala.

Ucelomngeni LomGaqo-siseko Nomthetho

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yokufumana uhlanga-luhlanga kunye nobufanasini kujongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo esemthethweni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ijongene nezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. [19989] kunye [ii- nabakhi bomsebenzi abaphezulu, i-I-I-ANT.I-P. i-Peña [195] imisele ukuba nayiphi inkqubo karhulumente kufuneka iqhubeke ihlola ngokungqongqo i-ekhohlolo kwaye isetyenziswe ngokucutheneyo. Amapolisa asoloko aphikisa ukuba umdla unyango olusebenzayo luye lwadlula okanye lusebenza ngokusebenza ngohlobo oluthile. Noko ke, iinkundla ezisekwenziwa phantsi ziye zabe zisekwe iinkqubo zokungakuxhasa ucaluko oluthe ngqo.

Kutshanje, ulawulo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo lwama-2023 lwamatyala eFair Adgicts v. IHarvard (eye yaphelisa ukuvunywa kwemiqathango ye-lekholeji engaqondakaliyo ye-grid yohlanga) ivuselele ucelomngeni kuzo zonke iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezisekelwe kuhlanga. Umthetho oninzi ubekwe ngoku ngokuchasene neenyathelo zamapolisa eTexas kunye neColorado. Ngenxa yoko, amagqwetha amaninzi karhulumente ngoku acebisa amaziko ukuba amisele imigudu eyahlukeneyo njenge-itwele-''kufikelela "kuqeshwa-' komdla wohlanga. Umzekelo, ukhokelo lwe-Cliforniast luthetha ngokucacileyo ukuba iinkqubo zokufumana iiprojectives kwaye angakwazi ukusebenzisa njengemeko ye-''''''''.

Izinto ezikhethwayo ezisekelwe kwi- Gender zijongene nomgangatho omncinci kakhulu ``uvavanyo olusezantsi) kodwa kusafuneka ubungqina bokuba amabhinqa athenjiwe ngenxa yocalulo oludlulileyo. Amazwana amaninzi aye axhasa ngempumelelo iinkqubo ezithi zijoliswe kumabhinqa ngokubonisa ukususwa kwamabhinqa embalini kumsebenzi wobupolisa nokuphanda okubonisa ukuba amagosa amabhinqa asenokungasebenzisi mandla agqithisileyo kwaye athenjiwe kakhulu ngamabhinqa kwiindawo ezihlala zikho. Noko ke, ulawulo olusemthethweni luhlala lululwelwe, kwaye abameli kufuneka babhale ngenyameko indlela asebenza ngayo.

Impembelelo Nempumelelo: Oko Kuboniswa Ngulo Mxholo

Ukulinganisa isiphumo esingesonyani semithetho karhulumente entlupheko yamapolisa kuxakeko. Ingxelo yama-2022 yeSiko loBulungiseleli ifumanise ukuba ngokwahluka-hlukeneyo okugunyazisiweyo kwabona ulwando lwabathathi-nxaxheba abalishumi elinamashumi amabini eepesenti kwabathathi-nxaxheba kwiminyaka emihlanu, xa kuthelekiswa nolwandiso kumazwe ngaphandle kwemithetho enjalo. Noko ke, le ngxelo inye yaphawulwa ukuba umelo lwamabhinqa kwi-ofisi yamapolisa alutshintshanga kangako lelizwe lonke.

Umbhobho kunye neenkqubo zophatho zibonakala zithembisa kakhulu. Amazwe anika inkxaso-mali yokuqeqesha nokuncedisa i-cadet (umz., Maryland kunye neNew York) aye abona amanani esicelo aphezulu avela kwabambalwa abathathi-nxaxheba. Umzekelo, i-New York State Police’s “Udweliso lwenkqubo ye-Trooper Kadet” yamaqela angaphantsi apho aphumela ekwandeni kwama-40% kwi-inani labafaki-zicelo kwiminyaka emithathu yokuqala. Kodwa, uku-moveva kuhlala kukho ingxaki: iqaqobana namagosa amabhinqa asoloko ejongeneemeko-bume zemisebenzi elwayo, nto leyo ikhokelela ekujikeni okuphezulu. Imithetho yephondo ebizwa kwakhona njengenkqubo yoqeqesho kunye neenkqubo zokulwa nolwanozala-arasethisoluyaluvo olufunekayo njengokufuneka ngokokusetyenziswa koomatiswa.

Abahlalutyi bakwabonisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente ingenza iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. Amanye amasebe, exhalabele ukuchanabeka okusemthethweni, angakuthatha lula ukufaneleka kokufikelela kumaxhoba okufumana ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, mhlawumbi asenokulalanisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Abanye basenokuchasa ngokubandakanyeka ngokuthobela iingxelo ezincinane /ukungatshintshi nyani. Uphando lweUrban Institute lufumanise ukuba amaqumrhu akwiziko elichaza iimfuno ezinamandla ngokufuthi ahlangabezana neengcaciso ezisemgangathweni ezintsha kodwa angakwazi ukukhuthaza amaqela amaqela asekuhlaleni ukuba abe ziinkonzo zokhokelo, nto leyo eshiya abasebenzi bemhlophe namadoda bebonke.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Okuqheliselwayo

Ngapha koko, imingeni emininzi esebenzayo iyaqhubekeka. Okokuqala, imibutho emininzi yamapolisa ichasa izindululo ezahlukahlukeneyo, iphikisa ukuba ithobanisa iinkqubo eziphezulu nezifanelekileyo. Kwamanye amazwe, izivumelwano ezidibeneyo ziluthintele ufikeleleko lwemithetho yokuqeshwa. Okwesibini, idipozithi yokugcinwa komthetho iye yancipha yonke into, ikwenza kube nzima ukutsala nabani na ofanelekayo, ingasaphathwayo kumaqela afuna ukujongwa. Okwesithathu, imiqobo yezoqoqosho (yeendleko eziphezulu zoqeqesho lwamapolisa) ngokulingana nokungalinganisingelwa kwemiqathango yesikolo namabhinqa.

Ukungaqiniseki okunendima ephambili. Kwimimandla ekwimbali exhatshazwa ngokwembali yamapolisa, abemi abambalwa basenokungabi nako ukusebenzisa kwisebe elinye elinedume lokuziphethe kakubi. Amanye amazwe aye aphendula ngokubandakanya ulawulo loluntu kwiinkqubo zokufumana intsebenziswano, ezifana nokuvumela amaqela asekuhlaleni ukuba ahlole iimfuno zokuqeshwa. Okokugqibela, utshintsho lwezopolitiko kwindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye irhuluneli lungakhokelela ekupheliseni iinkqubo zokwahlukana kweenkqubo, njengoko kuboniwe e-Arizona naseTennessee kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

Ulwalathiso Notshintsho Oluzayo

Ekubeni behambela phambili, abamisi-mthetho bacinga ngotshintsho oluninzi ukuze kuphucuke ukuphumelela kwemithetho yokubhalisa ngoxa behlala bephakathi kwemida yomgaqo - siseko.

Ukuqinisa ugcino-lwazi nokuphendula

Enye into ephambili kukungafuni nje ukunikela ingxelo kodwa kwaneempawu ezisebenzayo ezineziphumo zokungahambelani. IKhalifoniya iqwalasela isibheno esiza kudibanisa inkxaso karhulumente kwinkxaso-mali yokudibana namaxhoba ahlukahlukeneyo, efana nendlela isigqeba seSihloko se-IX esisebenza ngayo kumaziko emfundo. Amanye amaphondo ahlola ukusetyenziswa “kwezikhephe zokunqamleza iibhodi zomgangatho” ezenza ugcino-lwazi lweziko lomgangatho olukhoyo ekuhlaleni, luvumela amaqela oluntu ukuba abe netyala.

Indisa Iinkqubo Zombhobho

Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziya zisanda ukuxhasa iinkqubo zoqeqesho lwangaphambi kolwaphulo-mthetho kubafundi basezikolweni eziphakamileyo nakukholeji abasuka kwiimvelaphi ezingaphantsi. Umzekelo, i-I-940 (edlulileyo ngo-2018) yabela “i-irandi ezizizigidi ze-$5 zenkqubo yoqeqesho lwamapolisa. Inkqubo yokujolisa ulutsha kuluntu olunolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu. Iziphumo zokuqala zibonisa ukuba iinkqubo ezinjalo zandisa amanani okucela nokuphucula inkqumrhu ngokwakha ingqiqo yokuba ngamalungu phambi komsebenzi osemthethweni.

Ukuqeqesha Nokufihla Utshintsho

Amaphondo aliqela abonisa uqeqesho olucacileyo olujongene nabo bonke abasebenzi ababandakanyekileyo ekubhaliseni nasekuqeshweni. Injongo kukunciphisa ucalucalulo olungekho mthethweni kumacandelo odliwano-ndlebe, iimvavanyo zobuqeqeshi, kunye novavanyo lwesiqalo. Iinguquko zobupolisa zonyaka wama-2020 zeVirginia zifuna ukuba ubuncinane ilungu elinye leqela labaqeshi lithathwe kwicandelo elijongene nobuchule bomzimba obungatshintshiyo kunye novavanyo lwengqondo oluthi lungawafanelanga ngokungenakuwafanela amabhinqa afuna umsebenzi, kunokuba litshintshele kwiimvavanyo eziqhelekileyo zomzingelo zomkhosi.

Ukukhuselwa Ngokusemthethweni Kwamanyathelo Okuqalisa Ahlukahlukeneyo

Ukuphendula kwiphulo eliqhubekayo, amazwana akhuthaza amaziko ukuba alandele ugcino-lwazi kunye nomthetho ogunyazisa ngokucacileyo “ukufikelela nokufumana” ngaphandle kokusebenzisa uhlanga okanye ubufanasini njengefekta yokwenza izigqibo. Umzekelo, umthetho wemodeli osungulwe yiNgqungquthela yeSizwe yoMgaqo-siseko (NCSL) ukhuthaza amaziko ukuba alandele ugcino-lwazi lwamanani amaqela abantu kwaye amisele usukelo kodwa athintele unyango olukhethekayo kwizigqibo zokugqibela zokuqesha. Le ndlela ijolise ekudluliseni uphando olungqongqo lokwenza izigqibo ngexanduva.

Isiphelo

Imithetho yolawulo lwamapolisa elawula ukufakwa kwamapolisa asekuhlaleni acuphiweyo namabhinqa imela isixhaso esiphambili sokunyanzelisa umthetho ongakumbi. Ukusuka kwiimfuno ezithe rhoqo zokuxela i-HBCU zobudlelane be-Maryland kunye neenkqubo ze-New York ezinika ingcebiso, umgaqo-bume womthetho uyahluka kwaye uyatshintsha. Ngoxa imiqobo esemthethweni kunye nemiqobo esebenzayo iqhubeka, ubungqina bubonisa ukuba inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yesizwe / ngokuyinxenye edityanisiweyo /iiiinkqubo edibaniselanayo ukubonakala, inkxaso, kunye nenkqubela-emitha-enjini. Iinguqulelo zexesha elizayo ziya kujoliswe kwinkqubela-mali, ukuqulungelana kwenkundla. Njengoko abantu beqhubeka befuna ulawulo olubonisa nokuzihlonela, imicimbi ehlala imicimbi enzima kunye nemeko-ooma.