Ulwalamano phakathi kokwanda kwezoqoqosho kunye nemithetho yokukhusela abathengi yenye yezona nkqubo zingapheliyo nezichuliweyo ezijongene noqoqosho lwale mihla. Kwixesha lokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kobugcisa, ukuxhotyiswa kwempahla yomhlaba wonke, kunye nokuqwalaselwa koluntu ngokubanzi kokuziphendulela kwinkampani, uxinezeleko phakathi kokukhuthaza ulwando lweshishini nokukhusela abantu kwingozi. Abaphathi-maqhinga kufuneka bahambe kwindawo apho imithetho enzima inokuthi ithobe intengantengiso kunye nokunyusa iindleko-mali, ngelixa likho ukukhohlisela kwiimarike, iingxaki zempilo zikawonke, kunye nokukhuthuthwa kokholo. Eli nqaku lihlola ukuthengwa kwentengiso phakathi kwe-dymistism dynam kunye nezokuphatha, ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obuthelekisa ii-actrosol, kunye nophando lokwenene lwehlabathi lunika ulwano olulungelelwano olulungele

Ukuqonda Ukwanda Kwezoqoqosho

Ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwezoqoqosho kubhekisele ekuveliseni iimpahla neenkonzo, okudla ngokulinganiswa nokwanda kwemveliso yokwenene yasekhaya (GDP) ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ngaphaya koko, imicimbi ephambili, ngenxa yokuba ikhuthaza inkqubela kwimigangatho yokuphila, amathuba omsebenzi, ubuchule bokuveliswa kwemali kawonke-wonke, kunye nokuhamba-hamba kwentlalo-ntle. Umgangatho ophezulu wokunyusa abemi banokuphuma kubuhlwempu, ukubonelela ngemfundo kunye nobuchule bempilo, kwaye wenze iindawo eziphezulu zokulungisa iingxaki zoorhulumente.

Abaqhubi abaliqela bapheka ipetroli engakumbi:

  • [[NTLA] I-Capapatal ukuqokelelwa: Ungeniso kwisiseko esiphathekayo (iinqanawa, amazibuko, igridi zamandla) kunye nomatshini osebenzayo ukwandisa uqoqosho ̱ imveliso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlaziyo lwenzululwazi yezobugcisa: Inkqubela-phambili ekuqulunqeni amanani, ekuzisebenziseni, ekusebenziseni izinto, inzululwazi yemichiza, kunye nebhayoloji ivelisa imveliso entsha kunye neenkqubo, ukunyusa imveliso.
  • Inkqubela-phambili yoluntu: Abasebenzi abaphilileyo bavelisa imveliso kwaye babhetyebhetye.
  • Ubunjani obukwindawo ebanzi: ukwakhiwa okuzinzileyo okusemthethweni, amalungelo empahla, kunye nobuqhetseba obusezantsi bukhuthaza utyalo-mali lwasekhaya nolwamanye amazwe.
  • I-aupen transmittery nokhuphiswano: I-Access kwintengiso yehlabathi kunye nokhuphiswano lwamashishini asekhaya lunikezela ngempumelelo kwaye lukhuthaza ukuvela.

Noko ke, ulwando alupheli ngokwalo. Ulwandiso nolwabeko lomgangatho wolwandiso. Ulwandiso olungakhange lunqandwe lungavelisa izinto ezingentle ezifana nokuwohloka kwemekobume, ukungalingani kwengeniso, kunye nengozi yabathengi. Ingxoxo engokwasemthethweni idla ngokubhekiselele ekubeni iindleko ezifutshane zokukhusela abathengi zigwetyelwe ngeengenelo zexesha elide zoqoqosho olusempilweni, olunamandla.

Indima Yemithetho Yokukhusela Abathengi

Imimiselo yokukhusela abathengi yimithetho nemithetho eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimarike zisebenza kakuhle kwaye abathengi abaxhatshazwanga ngabathengisi. Iinjongo zabo eziphambili ziquka ukuthintela ubuqhophololo, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwemveliso, ukuqinisekisa inkcazelo ecacileyo, nokunika abathengi abangxwelerhekileyo ii-asethi zokukhusela abathengi abangxwelerhekileyo. Iinkqubo zokhuseleko zanamhlanje zisukela kwimvelaphi yazo zasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Ngokufana noMthetho we-1906 Ecocekileyo Food neDrugs eUnited States

Imimandla engundoqo yokhuseleko lwabathengi iquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ingqokelela yemilinganiselo yokhuseleko: Iimfuno ezifunekayo ezifana neenqwelo-mafutha, amayeza, kunye nezitonato zabantwana zifikelela kukhuseleko oluncinci phambi kokuba zifike emarikeni.
  • Truth-in-prevertising kunye nereyithisi: Imithetho ethintela urhwebo olukhohlisayo negunyazisa ulwakhiwo oluchanileyo, ukuzondla, okanye ulwazi lwemvelaphi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhuseleko lwabathengi olungokwasezimalini: Ukulawula imisebenzi yokubolekisa, ukubolekisa ngetyala, kunye neemveliso zotyalo-mali ukunqanda ukuziphatha kobutshaba.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho eyimfihlo ne-computer ekhuselekileyo: (umz., iEU’ i-General Data Protection Regation) elawula indlela iinkampani eziqokelela, ezigcina ngayo, zisebenzise ngayo ulwazi lobuqu.
  • Ikontrakta kunye nesiqinisekiso sokhuseleko: Levers ezinika abathengi ilungelo lokurhoxisa izivumelwano, ukufuna ii-revents, okanye ukunyanzelisa iziqinisekiso.

Ukhuseleko olucwangcisiweyo ludala isiseko sokuthemba. Xa abathengi beziva bekhuselekile ekuthengeni impahla neenkonzo, bachitha imali ngokukhululekileyo, nto leyo ebangela ukufunwa nokukhula okudibeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, umgaqo unganyanzela iinkampani kwimveliso yomgangatho ophezulu, ukunciphisa iindleko zetyala nomngcipheko odumileyo. Kodwa le mithetho inye inganyanzela imithwalo yokuthobela, ingakumbi kwiifemu ezincinane nakuqalwayo, iphakamisa umbuzo wokuba kuphi apho imigxuma elungileyo ilele khona.

Ukujongwa Kwamashishini Aphakathi Kweenqanawa

Uxinzelelo phakathi kokukhula nokhuseleko lwabathengi aluqhelekanga lungumdlalo we-zero-sum. Ucelomngeni lokwenene kukwazi ukuba umgaqo uluncedo xa ungenamnatha kwaye xa ungenangeniso. Ngeli nqaku sihlola imilinganiso emine enzima yentengiso.

Inkcitho yomnikelo nomphumela wayo ekungeniseni

Umthetho ngamnye umisela ixabiso lokuthobela. Kumaziko amakhulu awezomthetho nomthetho, la maxabiso angalawuleka. Kushishino oluncinane noluphakathi, lunokuthintelwa. Ufundo oluvela U.S.Federal Trade Commission [[FLD:1] ithelekelelwa ukuba iindleko ezilawulwayo zichaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nakancinane iifekthammentes ezincinci, ezisenokungabinazo oovimba bokuqhuba iimfuno ezintsonkothile. Oku kungathintela amatsha, ikomkhulu elicothayo, ukuthunyelwa kweshishini, kwaye kunciphise izinga lokwenziwa koshishino oluneno oluneenkqubela-omatshini.

Ngoko, amaxabiso okuthobela awasoloko eyilahleko yobunzima bomthwalo wenqanawa. Ukusebenzisa imali ekuvavanyeni ukhuseleko, umzekelo, kungakhusela iingozi ezibiza imali eninzi kunye nokumangalelwa emazantsi elayinini. Ngaphezu koko, imithetho elungelelanisa ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi inokunciphisa ukwenziwa kunye nokudideka. Isitshixo kukuyila imithetho efikelela iinjongo zabo zokuzikhusela ngaphandle kokubangela ukhuphiswano olungeyo lwezolawulo.

Izithintelo Zokungena Kurhwebo Nokhuphiswano

Imithetho esemthethweni yokukhusela abathengi inganyusa ibhari yokungena emarikeni, ingakumbi kushishino olunolawulo olufana namayeza, iinkonzo zemali, kunye nemveliso yokutya. Ukufumana iyeza elitsha elivunywa yi- U.S. Food kunye neDrug Administration ithatha iminyaka nezigidi zeerandi, ngelixa oku kuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, kukwathetha unyango olutsha olunokufikelela kwizigulana. Ngokufanayo, imimiselo yokubhankisa i-a esungulwe emva kwengxaki yemali yowama-Dodd-Frad `Imkin' Act /''''' njengemfuno-ko yekomkhulu elidityanisiweyo, eyenza ukuba iqine kakhulu kwiimfuno zoluntu kwi-crigingsss zoluntu ukuba zikhuphisana neziqaliselane.

Ukhuphiswano oluncitshisiweyo lungakhokelela kumaxabiso aphezulu, ukhetho oluncinci, kunye nokuncitshiswa, konke okuyingozi kubathengi kwixesha elide. Kwicala elimnyama, ukungabikho kwemiqobo yokungena kungakhokelela kugqatso, apho iifemu zinqumla iimbombo kukhuseleko kumaxabiso asezantsi, ekugqibeleni aphulukana nabathengi. Indlela elungileyo yokuzilungisa ibandakanya ukubekwa kwemiqathango okanye imithetho elungelelanisiweyo ekhulula abadlali abancinane kwimisebenzi enzima esetyenziwayo ngoxa isakhusela uluntu.

Ulungiso nolawulo

Imimiselo esetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo yokuqengqeleka ingathintela ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ecwangcisiweyo ngokunyanzela iinkampani ukuba zinamathele kwimilinganiselo ephelelwe lixesha okanye ngokukwenza okungekho mthethweni ukulinga ngemodeli entsha yeshishini. Unyuko lokwabelana ngezoqoqosho /ukuqeshana kweqonga, iiplatfomu ezimfutshane zokuqesha, ii-endings, i-oksingxwe yokuboleka i-"ukubolekisa /ukukhanyisa okukhoyo okuziiiisiseko sokhuseleko ezicelelwe amaziko emveli. Kwezinye iimeko, abalawuli abasebenzi abalwayo baye bazivalwe okanye babeke imiqathango enzima, inciphisa ukukhutshwa kwemisebenzi ekhoyo ekwaziyo ukuphumelelayo.

Kanti umthetho ungakhuthaza uhlaziyo. I-European Union’ i-GDPR, umzekelo, idala igandla lezixhobo ze-software ezijolisekileyo zobuqu kunye neenkonzo zokuhlola, ukudala iimarike ezintsha. Izandiso zemilinganiselo yezoqoqosho zinyanzela abenzi be-auto ukuba bafake imali kwiinqwelo-moto zombane. Xa imithetho i-technic-neathoric kunye neziphumo ezisekelwe kwi-menu esekelwe (umz., “kufumana umgangatho othile wokhuseleko” kunokukhuthaza“ ukusebenzisa esi sixhobo sithile sokhuseleko”, banokukhuthaza izicombululo zokwakha ezinceda abathengi nabavelisi.

Ukhuseleko Lwabaguli Njengomqhubi Wokholoso Nolwando

Imo yemali engahoywanga kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu yeyokuba imithetho yokukhusela abathengi inokuba nokukhula ngokukhuthaza ukuthembana. Xa iimarike zithathwa njengezikhuselekileyo, abathengi bathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo (ukuthenga izinto, ukusebenzisa ityala, nokutyala imali. Unyaka wama 2007-20088 ubonakalisa oko kwenzekayo xa abathengi bephelelwa ngukhuseleko: ukuthembana, ukusetyenziswa kwemali, kunye neGDP kuwe ngendlela ephawulekayo. Ngokuchasene noko, amazwe anezothengo ezinamandla asoloko enandipha imigangatho ephezulu yokuthengwa njengesabelo se-GDP ngenxa yokuba abantu bavakalelwa kukuba bayathemba ukuba izinto abazithengayo aziyi kuba yingozi kwaye baya kubenza bafumane uncedo ukuba into ethile ayihambi.

IBhanki yehlabathi ’ iingxelo zeshishini ezithi ziyenze ngokwembali zabonisa ukuba ukhuseleko lwabathengi oluthembekileyo lunendawo yentengiso ehambele phambili kunye nenani eliphezulu lokuyila amashishini amancinane. Ucelomngeni kukuphepha umgibe wokulumka kakhulu, apho imithetho ithintela umngcipheko oyingozi kangangokuba ithintela umsebenzi wezoqoqosho oluncedo. Umlinganiselo onamandla uyafuneka.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Olwenziwe Ehlabathini Lonke

Ukuhlolisisa indlela amagunya ahlukeneyo alawula ngayo ezi zixhobo zokurhweba kunikela ingqiqo ecacileyo.

EUnited States: Imodeli YeHybrid Eneentlobo Ezingafaniyo

I-United States isebenzisa umsebenzi onzima wemithetho yokhuseleko yasekuhlaleni neyabathengi. IKhomishini yeFederal Trade (FTC) inyanzelisa ukuba igunya elinamandla linyanzeliswe kwiinkqubo ezingekho ngqiqweni okanye ezikhohlisayo, ngelixa abameli abafana ne-Consumer Product Safety Secute Commission kunye ne-Food and Drug Ad Administration bengamela amacandelo athile. I-Dodd-Frank-Frank Act yadala i-Inter Lecutection Burectory (CFPB) i-aunce negunya elinamandla kwimveliso yemali. Abachazi bephikisa ukuba ukukhuliswa komthetho weCFPB kunyuswe ukutheliswa kwemali, ukuncitshiswa kwemali ebhankisweni kwemali ebhankiswe kwimiba (iiiiingeniso ephantsi kwemali). Abaxhasi betyala betyala kakhulu. Ukupheka i-mali ngo-200ttonton.

Umanyano lwaseYurophu: Imigangatho ephezulu, Iindleko eziphezulu

I-European Union yaziwa ngokuya kwayo kwimibutho ekhuselayo, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nokuzimela kogcino-lwazi, ukhuseleko lwemichiza (RAF), kunye netyala lemveliso. I-General Data Protection Reggation (GDPR), ephunyezwe ngo-2018, yanika abemi ulawulo olomelele ngakumbi kugcino-lwazi lwabo kodwa yabeka iimbopheleleko ezibalulekileyo kuyo yonke imibutho elawula ugcino-lwazi lwe-EU. [[FLT: 0]] Isifundo se-ECD [[FLT] [FL:1] ifumanise ukuba iindleko ze-GDPR zinzima kakhulu kwiifektha ezincinci, ezisenokuba zinegalelo ekunciphiseni ukuphuhliswa kwe-apption kunye nokuqalisa kwe-data eYurophu ngokuthelekiswa neUnited States. Noko ke, i-EUS inandiswa yemigangatho ephezulu neyokhuseleko lokhuseleko lwe-yonke, kwaye inceda ushishino lwemibutho yemali ethembekileyo.

Izixhobo Ezikhulayo: Ukuhamba Kwintsontela Elwayo

Amazwe amaninzi asakhasayo ajongene nengxaki: kufuneka akhule ngamandla ukunciphisa ubuhlwempu, kodwa amaziko abuthathaka kunye nobuchule obulinganiselweyo bokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabathengi benza kube nzima. EIndiya, i-2019 Consumer Protection Act yazisa ityala elingqongqo kwiziphene zemveliso kunye nemimiselo ye-ecommerce, kodwa ukuzalisekisa kuhlala kungalingani. Amanye amazwe aseAfrika aye awuphepha ummiselo onzima wokutsala utyalo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhuleni ngokukhawuleza kodwa kwakhona kwiziganeko zokutya okungcoliswe yile okanye amayeza angakhuselekanga. Isifundo esingundoqo sikukuba umqeshwa ophezulu oza kusondela kunyaka nokwenyuka njengemivuzo yengeniso kunye nomthamo karhulumente ongaphezulu.

Iindlela Zokuphumeza Ulungelelwano Oluluqilima

Abenzi benkqubo abagwetyelwanga ukukhetha phakathi kokukhula nokhuseleko. Izixhobo ezininzi zinokuncedisa ekulungelelaniseni iinjongo ezimbini.

Umgaqo-nkqubo osekelwe kwingozi kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo

Kunokuba basebenzise imilinganiselo elingana nobukhulu obunye, abalawuli bangamisela imilinganiselo kumgangatho womngcipheko. Imveliso ephezulu yomngcipheko (umz., izixhobo zezamayeza, inqwelo-moya) ifuna uhlolo olungqongqo lwangaphambi kophawu. Izinto eziphantsi (umz., iincwadi, iimpahla) zingabekwa phantsi ngobuchule bokuqwalasela intelekelelo emva kokundululwa. Le ndlela inciphisa imithwalo engafunekiyo yonikezelo ngexa igcina ukhuseleko apho ininzi khona.

Iibhokisi zentlabathi ezilawulwayo kunye novavanyo

Amandla okulawula ukuqulunqwa kobuhlobo azise iinkampani ezilawula inkqubo yokulawula ezivumela iinkampani ukuba zivavanye imveliso entsha okanye iinkonzo ezinabathengi bokwenene phantsi kwemithetho epholileyo, phantsi kokuzikhusela. UK I-Antrification Seader [ i-UK] iyayiphucula le ngcamango, inceda iinkampani ezisebenza ngemibhobho yokulungisa iinguqu ezintsha ngaphandle kokudibana ngoko nangoko zonke iimfuno zomthetho. I-Sandboxkes ivelisa ugcino-data olwazisa ukwenziwa komthetho wexesha elizayo nokuvumela abalawuli ukuba baqonde iziphumo zentelekelelo ezintsha zezoshishino phambi kokubhala imithetho ehlala.

Uhlalutyo-kuko okukongahleliswayo kunye nohlolo lwamaxa athile

Umthetho wonke ongundoqo wokhuselo lwabathengi kufuneka uthathe inkcazo enzima exabisa imali eninzi ebangela iziphumo ezithe ngqo zokuthobela indleko kunye neziphumo ezingangqalanga kukhuphiswano, ukhetho lwabathengi. Ucwangco lwemimiselo kunye nojongo olusemgceni lungaqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo ihlala ifanelekile kwaye ayigcinwa isebenza ixesha elide emva kokuba ingasebenzi kwayo incitshisiwe. Le ndlela isebenzayo ithintela i-evelsestee, apho ukuqokelelwa kwemithetho ephumele kakuhle inqanda uqoqosho ngokuthe ngcembe.

Ukuthatha indawo nokubonisa ngaphaya

Imithetho eyaphuhliswa ekudibaneni nabathengi, amaqela, izifundiswa, nabanye abangenisi-mali basengozini yokuba ngabasebenzayo nabaluncedo. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho okucace gca, ukukhuthaza imithetho yedrafti, ukutsala amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, nokunika iimpendulo ezicacisiweyo . "Ukwakha ngokomthetho" nokunciphisa ubungozi beziphumo ezingalindelekileyo. Xa abagcini-mathiriyeli beqonda ingqiqo esemva komthetho, basengozini yokuthobela ngokuzithandela, intlawulo olucuthekileyo.

Umanyano lwehlabathi kunye nophawu

Kuqoqosho lwehlabathi oludityanisiweyo, imithetho yokukhusela abathengi abangakhange bafumane nto ingadala ukhupho. Izivumelwano zorhwebo zisoloko ziquka ukuqwalaselwa komgangatho okanye amalungiselelo okulungelelaniswa. Imizimba emininzi njenge Nhlangano yezizwe ngezizwe yeConsumer Union neG20 ingakulungela ukwabelana ngcono. Ukurhwebelana nxamnye namazwe ontanga kunceda ukuchaza imithetho enzima kakhulu kunye nokubalaselisa iindawo apho ukhuseleko olomeleleyo lufuneka khona ukuze kuqhubeke nenkqubela phambili yezoqoqosho.

Isiphelo

Ukurhweba phakathi kokwanda kwezoqoqosho nemithetho yokukhusela abathengi asingomthetho olawulayo kodwa inkqubo eguquguqukayo enokulawulwa ngenkathalo nangobulumko. Ukulawula kungaphelisa ukusungulwa, ukunyusa amaxabiso, kunye nokunciphisa amathuba ezoqoqosho. Ukulawula kungakhokelela ekungaphumelelini kwemarike, ukuphazamisana noluntu, nokulahlekelwa yintelekelelo enokuthi ekugqibeleni ikhubazeke ngokwayo. Injongo ayifanele ibe kukubonakalisa omnye ngendleko yomnye kodwa ukuyila umgaqo olungelelanisa ukutshintsha kweemeko, kusetyenziswa ubungqina bokulungisa ukungenelela kwazo, kwaye kuhlale kuvuleke ekulungiseni ukuhambelana kwazo. Ngokusebenzisa ukulungele ukulingana, uvavanyo, kunye nokubophelela okugcina umqathango, abasebenzi benkqubo, abanokwenza ubuchule bokuzinziswa kwemeko, inkqubo ayimele ibangele indawo apho zombini ii-dmistrune proficedsssss provemental al.