Inkqubo yemfundo eUnited States luluhlu olulungelelanisiweyo lweembopheleleko ezihamba-hambayo phakathi koorhulumente bengingqi, borhulumente, kunye norhulumente. Umgangatho ngamnye uqhelisela amandla ahlukileyo . ukusuka kumsebenzi wesikolo wemihla ngemihla ukuya kwiinkqubo zemali yelizwe lonke ./kodwa imisebenzi yawo kufuneka ilungelelaniswe ukwenza imeko-bume yokufunda. Ukuqonda indlela ezi zingqimba ezisebenzisana ngayo zombini amandla nemigca yemfundo yaseMelika. Eli nqaku lihlola imizekelo yokwenene yelizwe, imigaqo-siseko sorhulumente, kunye nemfundo yesebe elilawulayo, ukudwelisa kwizifundo zetyala elikonkciciso kunye nogcino-data ukuze kuboniswe iziphumo zesigqibo sazo.

Indima Karhulumente Wasekuhlaleni Kwimfundo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni `Izikolo neebhodi zemfundo-------inika imbopheleleko yokuqala yokusebenzisa imfundo. Baqesha othisha, bagcina izibonelelo, bacwangcise iinkqubo zesikolo phakathi kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, balawule noqingqo-mali. Ngenxa yokuba ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni luyisithethe esinesithethe esinzulu, umgangatho wemfundo ungahluka kakhulu ukusuka kummandla ukuya kummandla omnye.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwerhafu: Ukungalingani Okukhulu

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwisigqibo sasekuhlaleni yindlela yokuxhasa izikolo. Malunga nama-45% engeniso yesikolo sikarhulumente ivela kwimithombo yasekuhlaleni, irhafu yempahla, ngokutsho kweNational Center for Education Statistics. Oku kudala umahluko omkhulu: isithili esinezinto eziphezulu singachitha ii-$200,000 kumfundi ngamnye, ngoxa isithili esingummelwane esiphantsi kwemali eninzi sichitha ii-$8,000. Umzekelo, kwingingqi ye-Cook Cook County County County, i-Illinois, ichitha umfundi ngamnye ukusuka kwi-R30,000 ukuya kwi-R2000 (R1 000) ngonyaka wama-2022000). Oku kusithelelo kukhokelela ekumangalweni kuninzi kamazwe athi inkqubo yezomthetho yelizwe ithetha ukuba inkqubo yemithetho yemfundo engqinelaneyo. Amanye amazwe, njengaseNew Jersey, asabela ngenkqubo ebomvu, kodwa ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Izikolo zoLuntu neeNkonzo zoqhubekeko-magama

Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni baye bamkela inkqubo yesikolo sasekuhlaleni ukusingatha imiqobo engekhoyo ekufundeni. ECincinnati, eOhio, iZiko lokufundisa loMbutho ubandakanyeka kwizikolo ezinekliniki zempilo, izibonelelo zempilo, nasemva kweenkqubo ze-1969. Abafundi bafumana uvavanyo lwamazinyo, ukucebisa, kunye nokufundisa kwesi sinxulumani. Izifundo zoluntu ezingama-2020 zafumanisa ukuba izikolo zoluntu ezinezigqibo ziphucula inani lababezileyo kunye nomgangatho wokuphumelela kwemfundo, ingakumbi kwimimandla ephezulu yookliniki-mpilo, kunye neenkqubo zemfundo. Le ndlela ibonakalisa ukulungele ukubotshwa kweenkonzo zasekuhlaleni zifuna iimfuno zikarhulumente okanye imiyalelo esoloko ingekho.

Iibhodi Zesikolo: Ngaba Kusetyenziswa Idemokhrasi Okanye Kusetyenziswa Idemokhrasi?

Iibhodi zesikolo ezinyulwe ngokwendawo zimisela iinkqubo ezisukela kulwazi oluqulethweyo lokufundisa ukuya kwizivumelwano zabasebenzi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iintlanganiso zabo ziye zaba ziindawo zokulwa nenkcaso yohlanga, izikhuseli zemaski, neencwadi zethala leencwadi. INational Boards Association inikela ingxelo yokuba amalungu ebhodi ajongene nokuhlaselwa nokusongelwa okukhulayo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba angakwazi ukulawula. Kodwa iibhodi zisesona sixhobo solawulo lwedemokhrasi kubazali nakubemi balapho ukuphembelela imfundo. Umzekelo, iLos Angeles Aunitylet School Board ivote ukuthatha inxaxheba kumaziko emfundo, ukuthumela imali kwiinkonzo zempilo yengqondo .

Imigaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente: Umgangatho nobulungisa

Amazwe amisela inkqubo esemthethweni yemfundo: achaza iintsuku ezincinci zesikolo, iimfuno zokuphumelela, kunye nesiqinisekiso sokufundisa. Akwanikela iinkcazo ezifanelekileyo kwaye asasaza inkxaso eninzi ukuze alwe nezono zasekuhlaleni. Kumashumi amabini eminyaka adluleyo, oorhulumente belizwe baye bazifaka ngokukhula kwiingxoxo zoludwe lweenkqubo zokuphendula.

Ukuvavanywa Okusezantsi Njengomgaqo-nkqubo

Phantse lonke iphondo lifuna abafundi ukuba bathathe iimviwo zonyaka ekufundeni nasekwezibalo, ngokwesiqhelo bekwibanga lama-388 kwaye bakwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Olu vavanyo lubonisa imilinganiselo yesikolo, ukuphembelela umfundisi- ntsapho, kwaye, kwamanye amazwe, luchaphazela ukuphumelela kokuphumelela. Phantsi korhulumente wonke uMfundi Wokuqala Wemfundo Ephambili (ESA), uchaza indlela abayila ngayo iinkqubo zokuvavanya nokuphendula. Umzekelo, iTexas usebenzisa iLizwe laseTexassion of Acracy Asmic Reacy (STAR), eliye lagxeka ukuvavanywa okunciphileyo. Ngokuphikisana noko, i-New Hampre yazimisela inkqubo ekhuphikizayo.

Imithetho Exhasa Ukungaguquguquki Kweenkqubo Zelizwe: Phakathi Kwezobulungisa Nezobupolitika

Ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni, inkoliso yamaphondo isebenzisa iindlela ezisetyenziswayo ezixhasa ngemali eyongezelelekileyo ekwabiweni kwemimandla eneemfuno eziphezulu okanye ezikhethekileyo. i-Local Control Funding Formula (LCF), eziye zasetyenziswa ngo-2013, ngumzekelo obalaseleyo. Ithumela imali eyongezelekayo kwiphondo elinemali ephezulu ekwiphondo elinabafundi abangamaNgesi, ephantsi kwemfundo yabafundi, kunye nokukhulisa ulutsha. Imimandla ye-Ofiliti kufuneka ive i-Local Control kunye nePlatementability Plan (LCAP) iinkcukacha ezikusetyenziswa kuqala. Uphando lwangaphambili lufumaniswe ukuba iLFFFPPrial kwiphondo ngalinye liphela ngomlinganiselo ophezulu kunye nomlinganiselo ophakathi kwe-10% kwi-mgadimilliyo-69%, ngokomgalelo olusezantsi. Nokuba ngabahlalushi bemishinye imimandla bambalwa abambalwa kakhulu, ngoko ke ngoko bambalwa abambalwa abambalwa abambalwa, ngoko baphawula iimeko

Uqinisekiso kunye nendlela yomendo

Ama-Arizona amisela izimfaneleko ezincinane kubafundisi- ntsapho, kuquka amaqondo olwazi, ukugqitywa kwenkqubo evunyiweyo, nokugqithisa iingxelo ezininzi kwiimviwo zokunika imvume. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kweengxelo, amaphondo amaninzi aye adala ezinye iindlela zokuqinisekisa. Umzekelo, i-Arizona ivumela abantu abanomjikelo weqondo eliphezulu kunye nobude obudlulayo kuvavanyo lwemfundo lwe-88 ulwazi ukuba bafundise ngaphandle kokugqiba inkqubo yemfundo yesithethe. Ingxelo yama-2021 evela kwiKhomishini yemfundo yamazwe ase-United States ifumanisethi 39 ngoku inika uhlobo oluthile lwe-clicy. Ngoxa oku kwandisa idipopu elungiselelweyo kunye ne-enke imibuzo. Uphengululo luphakamisa imibuzo ekwiSiko seSwe se-Learning Coligictiomittery Institutes icebisa ukuba abafundisi abangena kwiindlela ezichasene-5 zendlela bashiye i-Exportactive (isy)

Inkxalabo karhulumente woManyano: Impembelelo Engenalawulo

Urhulumente wesizwe unikela ngaphantsi kwe-10% yemali kawonke-wonke yeKûtu kodwa unempembelelo enkulu kwiimeko ezinxulumene nemali. Imithetho yoManyano ikwakhusela amalungelo abafundi abaneziphene namalungelo anyanzelisayo abantu. ISebe lemfundo lase-U.S. limisela le mimiselo, lo gama uMongameli neBhunga libeka izinto eziza kuqala kusetyenziswa ngumthetho.

Ukungashiywa Mntwana Kuze Kuphumelele Bonke Abafundi

I-No Child Led Behind Act (NCLB) yowama-2002 kwakufuneka ukuba kubekho ulawulo lokuvavanya bonke abafundi minyaka le, ukupapasha i-data yeqela elisezantsi, nokungenelela kwizikolo ezisezantsi ezisebenza kakuhle. Ngoxa kwakucetyelwe ukuvala izithuba zokuphumelela, kwagxekwa ngamanyathelo okuzimisela iiprojekthi ezimxinwayo zeklasi. Ngonyaka wama 2015, [[FLL:] Wonke umfundi uFilista uNempumelelo (ESSA) [[FLL:1] uthabathela indawo ye-NCLB, unika ubuchule obungakumbi: banokuyila iinkqubo zabo zokuziphendulela, bamisela usukelo lwabo, kwaye bakhetha ukungenelela. Umzekelo, uVirginia wasebenzisa umbambo lwezikolo ukuze aquke nemilinganiselo yemozulu kunye novavanyo lwe-ethekhrasi ecaleni. Umthetho wakwalela urhulumente ukusuka kwimigangatho ethile okanye ulawulo loburhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Isihloko I: Ukusamkela Abafundi Abaneempazamo

Sihlomelo I soMthetho weElementary and Secondary Education Act inika inkxaso eyongezelelekileyo kwizikolo ezineepesenti eziphezulu zabafundi abasuka kwiiintsapho eziphantsi ezifumanayo. Ngonyaka wama-2023, inkqubo yokusasazwa kwemali emalunga nee-R26 zezigidi zezigidi zeerandi. Izikolo zisebenzisa le mali kwiiklasi ezincinane, inkxaso efundisayo, nasemva kweenkqubo ze-696996999999 yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo. Noko ke, ingxelo ka-2021 kaRhulumente Izikolo ezininzi zisazama ukutsala abafundisi abanelisayo ngenxa yendawo nemisebenzi ekhoyo. Iirhafumenti zempahla zasekuhlaleni zifumaneka kuphela ngoncedo olunolawulo oluncinane, olungakhange lube lukhulu ngokwaneleyo ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo ekusebenziseni imali kunqamle kwemihlathi.

Imfundo Ephakamileyo: Abathandi Bemali Noncedo Lwabafundi

Uqhagamshelwano lomanyano lwandisa ngaphaya kwe KÍ12. uPell Grants , osungulwe ngo1972, unika uncedo olusekelwe kwi-injiko yomgangatho ophantsi kubafundi basekholeji. Ngo-202223, eyona intlawulo iphezulu yayingu $6,895 kuphela yendleko kawonke-wonke yemali kawonke-wonke yeminyaka engamashumi amane anesithandathu. Urhulumente ukwalawula iimali ezibolekisiweyo zabafundi, ngoku i-$ 1,7,000 yezigidi zemali yemarikethengi. Ngoku utshintsho lwakutshanje lusetyenziswa kumsebenzi kawonke Loan Reconsotion , kodwa imali ihlala iyingxaki yesizwe. Umsebenzi karhulumente kwimfundo ephezulu yoonke, iyafuneka kwaye iyathanda ukudibaniselana ikamva lemali.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Indlela Unxibelelwano Olusetyenziswa Ngayo

Imizekelo yehlabathi yenyani ibonisa indlela imigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni, karhulumente neyamazwana (okanye) edityaniswa ngayo (ukuze ivelise iziphumo zemfundo.

Izikolo zikawonke-wonke zeChicago: Ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni luhambelana noRhulumente noNgqongqo

Ibhodi yesikolo saseChicago ityunjwe ngusodolophu (ngoxa ibhodi enyuliweyo iqalisile). Esi sithili siye sasebenzisa amaqabane oluntu e-666ekie, sandiswa imfundo yabantwana bangaphambili, saphakamisa namanani okuphumelela ukusuka kuma- 56% ngowama-2010 ukuya kuma-80% ngowama-2022. Kodwa ihlala phantsi komlindo weBhodi yemfundo yephondo ye-Illinois, ethi inike imiyalelo yokujika iplani yesikolo esiphantsi kwe-1992. Imali yeSikolo sokuxhasa izikolo eziphezulu ze-1992 petroli. Le ngxoxo ibonisa indlela imithetho yokuziphendulela imimandla yasekuhlaleni ekwizimo , ngezorhwebo ezifanelekileyo kodwa ezingenelanga.

INgxowa - mali Yokulawula YaseKhalifoniya: Ulingelo Lwesizwe Lokulawula Imeko

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, iLCFF inika ubushushu besithili kodwa ifuna i-LCAP emele ivunywe yibhodi yesikolo yasekuhlaleni. Urhulumente ukwajonga ukuba imali eyongezelelekileyo ifikelela kubafundi abazimiseleyo. Uvavanyo lowe-2023 lweZiko lophando lwaseMelika lufumanise ukuba iLCFF iphucule inani labafundi abahambayo basekholejini nge-8%. Noko ke, ukuphunyezwa komsebenzi kuyahluka: ezinye imimandla zanika unyuko kubo bonke abafundisi-zikolo ngaphandle kokuhlasela izikolo eziphezulu ze-36 ongaphezulu, ukuhlahlela iziphumo ze-actly. Le meko ibonisa ukuba ulwandolo lwesizwe lungaphumelela kuphela ukuba ulawulo lwangaphakathi lulungelenenjongo yalo.

AmaGrant: Uncedo loManyano noMasipala

UPell Grants uphenjelelwa yiSebe lemfundo yase-U.S. kodwa impembelelo yawo ixhomekeke kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente. Umzekelo, inkqubo yeCal Grant yaseKhalifoniya i-Pell yomvuzo ophantsi wabafundi, lo gama amaphondo afana neFlorida ne Texas enikela uncedo oluncinane kakhulu kurhulumente. Umfundi waseMiamia angafumana iPel Grant kunye nesongezo esincinane sikarhulumente, eshiya amawaka eswele imfuneko. Imithetho yesizwe inxulumene neemfuno zobuhlaziyo kunye neepetro zemali. Le nkqubo ingqikelelo ithetha ukuba abafundi ababini abanengeniso yentsapho efanayo isenokubonana nemali eninzi kakhulu ekholejini exhomekeke kwiinkqubo zabo.

Iingxaki Ezingapheliyo Kwiimeko Zaseburhulumenteni

Phezu kwazo nje iinguquko, iingxaki eziliqela zesakhiwo zithwaxa inkqubo yemfundo yaseMerika, ezininzi zibangelwa kukungavisisani kolawulo.

Ukungalingani kwemali kunye neMida

Ukuxhomekeka kwerhafu yepropati yasekuhlaleni kuseyeyona nto ingundoqo yokungalingani. Kwanangokuba kukho intlawulo elinganayo kunye nezongezo zesizwe, iziqithi ezityebileyo ezithe zachitha malunga nemali ephindwe kabini kumfundi ngamnye njengabangamahlwempu, ngokwengxelo yama-2022 esuka kuEd Builda. Oku kuguqula iinguqu kwimiba engafaniyo kwimivuzo yootitshala, imigangatho yeklasi, ubugcisa, kunye nezixhobo. Umzekelo, ePennsylvania, inkundla ephakamileyo yesizwe yayalela inkqubo entsha yemali ngo-2023, ilawula loo mimiselo yangoku echasene nomgaqo-siseko sorhulumente. Kodwa i-Inshogentiventsty inaction iyaqhubeka, ishiya imimandla yasekuhlaleni ukuba ime ithwele umthwalo.

Ukungahambelani nomgaqo-nkqubo nokuqokelelwa

Izikolo kufuneka zisebenzise imimiselo emininzi ukusuka kuwo onke amanqanaba amathathu. Uhlolisiso lwama-2021 lwe-Kaiser Family Foundation lwafumanisa ukuba iinkokeli zesikolo zichitha i-20% yexesha lazo kumaphepha okuthobela,(ixesha elinokusetyenziswa ukuqeqesha. utshintsho lolawulo lwamaqumrhu kaninzi (umz., NCLB ukuya ku-ESSA) kunye nokutshintsha kwenkqubo karhulumente kudala ukungazinzi. Umzekelo, xa amaphondo emkela imigangatho emitsha yenzululwazi, iphondo kufuneka athenge iincwadi ezintsha kunye nabafundisi abaqeqeshiweyo, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwemali epheleleyo. Le ngxaki isoloko inciphisa amanyathelo akudala e-12termind.

Imfundo yoMngxuma-phantsi

Uvavanyo oluphantsi kwegunya nomthetho karhulumente nolugunyaziso lukazwelonke luvumela ukuba kubekho uvavanyo lokufundisa. Uhlolisiso lwama-2019 oluvela kwiSiko lezemfundo yeNational Policy lufumanise ukuba izikolo ezikwinkqubo zokuphendula ngokuphezulu zinciphisa ixesha lobugcisa, lomculo, kunye nelokuthatha indawo yokuhlala. Ngoxa amalungiselelo akutshanje e-ESSA evumela amazwe ukuba aquke amanyathelo angeyo-196acadic, anjengemozulu yesikolo kunye nemeko-yokusebenza, uninzi lwamazwe ebengacothanga ukuwamkela. Abafundisi-onkonko basoloko bevakalelwa kukuba nemfuneko yokunyusa iziphumo zovavanyo kunye nemfuneko yokukhuthaza inkqubela-mali kunye nempilo yengqondo.

Isiphelo: Ukuya Kwindlela Ebanzi

Imizekelo exutyushweyo ibonisa ukuba akukho mgangatho mnye karhulumente onokulungisa imfundo kuphela. Imimandla yasekuhlaleni iyazi kakuhle ingingqi yayo kodwa ayinazo izibonelelo zemali ezilinganayo. Ama-odolo angadala iimodeli zemali ezilinganayo kodwa angazimisela ngolu hlobo olungqongqo. Urhulumente wengingqi ungazimisela umgangatho wamalungelo oluntu kwaye anikezele uncedo olujolise kulo, kodwa akanakukwazi ukulawula izikolo zeklasi. Utshintsho olunempumelelo lufuna ulungelelwaniso: lwemali exhasa imigaqo enciphisa iiyantluko-ntle yasekuhlaleni, uncedo lwasekuhlaleni oluthi lunciphise iiyadi ezikhoyo kunokuba ludibanise, kwaye lungavumelaniseki iimfuno zoko lwemiqatha yemeko yokwenene. Iziphumo eziphumelelayo zemfundo yeCalcoffnia, kunye nePel Grants Grent lubonisa isithembiso xa onke amaqondo olwazi enyukayo. Ukuhamba phambili kwemiqatha, ukukhuthaza ukulwa kwemiqatha yolawulo lwamandlalo lwamanyuko lwesizwe, ukulwa kweUnited States.