Ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente bakarhulumente norhulumente worhulumente wesizwe luphawu oluchaza inkqubo yezomGaqo-siseko wase-United States. Ibhalwe kuMgaqo-siseko weSihlalo seshumi, onegunya elingagunyaziswanga kurhulumente karhulumente wesizwe kumaphondo okanye kubantu, le misebenzi inamandla idlala indima ekhawulezileyo kwinkqubo yokubumba phantse yonke imiba yobomi baseMelika. Ukuqonda indlela la magunya asebenza ngayo. Eli nqaku lihlola imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene yempilo, imfundo, umgaqo wokusingqongileyo, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kunye namanye amazwe, qhatha abalulekile ekuqondeni amandla olawulo lwangoku kunye nokuqhubeka kwegunya phakathi kweWashington, D.C.

Unyango: UMthetho weNkxaso oKhathalelayo

Mhlawumbi akukho nxalenye yomthetho efana kakuhle noxinzeleleko kunye nobume boburhulumente baseMelika obulungelelanisiweyo kunoMthetho we-Affordal Care (ACA), otyikityelwe kumthetho ngo-2010. I-ACA yamela ulwandiso oluyintloko lwegunya lesizwe kwiimarike ze-inshorensi zezempilo, ukanti ukuzalisekisa kwayo kwaxhomekeke kakhulu kwizigqibo zikarhulumente. Isiphumo sisixhobo esidityanisiweyo esiye sahluka-hlukene kakhulu ukusuka kumazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe.

Ulwandiso lwe-Medicaid: Ukwahlula-hlula kwesizwe

Embindini woxanduva lwemfazwe ye-ACA karhulumente ngu-Medicaid. Umthetho ofunekayo ekuqaleni ukwandisa uMazwe eMedicaid elphawonke abantu abadala abafumana ingeniso ukuya ku-88% kumgangatho wobuhlwempu obumanyeneyo, norhulumente wesizwe egquma intabalala yamaxabiso. Noko ke, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-2012 sesizwe se-Entelligence v. USebelius wazenza ngokufanelekileyo ukuba kwandiswe ngokusesikweni ngokulawula ukuba urhulumente wesizwe akanakusongela ukurhoxisa yonke iMediaid xhasa izimali ezivela kumazwe awalayo. Oku kwabangela ulwahlulo oluhlalayo: njengophakathi-25, 41, ulawulo lwe-pitile, lo gama alikhange liye lamkele naliphi naliphi naliphi naliphi na inani eliyi-10, elithelekelelwayo elingaphantsi.

Iziphumo zibhabha. Kumazwe angengokunyuka anjengeTexas, Mississippi, ne-Alabama, amawaka abahlali awela kwisithuba esisisitshebelezo """.

IParamente Waivers kunye nokuHlakulwa

IACA ikwanika iimeko ubhetyebhetye kulwazi lwecandelo 1332, ivumela ukuba bazame ezinye iindlela zonyango lohlobo lobuzwe lobuzwe lolwaluko. Amanye amazwe, anjenge-Alaska ne-Oregon, aye asebenzisa izixhasi zokwenza iinkqubo zokubuyisela ezisekelwe kurhulumente ezisezintluphekweni ezisezantsi. Ezinye, njengamaMassachusetts, zakhiwe kwisakhiwo se-ACA ngeenquements zazo zokuphucula impilo. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba amandla orhulumente angahlala kunye nophuhliso lorhulumente------------

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwimivavanyo yomgangatho wonyango lukarhulumente, bona imaphu yeNtsapho esebenzisanayo ye-Medicaid Foundation yolwando lwe-Medicaid kunye ne CMS Icandelo 1332-icandelo lengcaciso yolwazi .

Imfundo: Imigangatho yomanyano noLawulo lwasekuhlaleni

Imfundo ibiyindawo yemfazwe kade yesizwe negunya likarhulumente, nemithetho karhulumente emisela imigangatho ebanzi ngeli xesha amaphondo kunye nezikolo zilawula ngokubalulekileyo izifundo, inkxaso-mali, kunye nokuphendula kombuzo. Ukuguqulwa koMntwana Osekhohlo (NCLB) ukuya kuMgaqo-nkqubo wesiChwebi woMfundiswa ngamnye (ESA) ngo-2015 kwaphawula ukuguqukela kweqhinga lokuguqula amandla emva kumazwe.

Umfundi Ongumfundi Uphumelela (ESA)

IESSA yathabathel' indawo isakhiwo esiphezulu sokuphendula i-NCLB ngesakhiwo esinika isindululo esingakumbi sokuyila izicwangciso zabo zokuphucula isikolo, ukumisela iinjongo zemfundo, nokugqiba indlela yokulinganisela ukusebenza kwesikolo. Noko ke, umthetho usafuna ukuba kubekho imibandela yokuvavanya abafundi minyaka le ekufundeni nakwezezibalo kumanqanaba 3-88 kwaye kanye kwisikolo samabanga aphezulu, nokufumana nokungenelela kwizikolo eziphantsi. Imali yomanyano ixhomekeke ekuthobeleni korhulumente ngezi mfuneko.

Utshintsho lwezicwangciso zeRhulumente

Amazwe aye asebenzisa ububhetyebhetye ukuze aqhubeke nezinto eziza kuqala ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, iOhio yamkela isicwangciso esigxininisa kumlinganiselo wokuphumelela kwesikolo samabanga aphezulu kunye nokuzibhokoxa emsebenzini, ngeli xesha iKhalifoniya ijolise ekuvaleni izithuba ezisisigxina kunye nokunciphisa amazinga asezantsi. Okwangoku, amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa i-ESSA ukwandisa ukhetho lwesikolo ngezifundo zeqesha-siseko kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa, ngoxa amanye aye amisela ukuncitshiswa kovavanyo olusezantsi. Oku kubonakalisa indlela umthetho omnye worhulumente olawulayo onokuthi uvelise ngayo iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kumgangatho wezopolitiki kunye neenjongo zemfundo.

Ikhorali eqhelekileyo neRhulumente

Inyathelo leMigangatho yeSizwe esiQhelekileyo saseCore, elamkelwa ekuqaleni ngamaphondo angama-40, laba ligosa likarhulumente elithenjiweyo nangona ladalwa ngabalawuli besizwe kunye nabaphathi-mfundo, hayi ngurhulumente wesizwe. Njengoko ulawulo lwe-Obama lwabotshelelwe kwiNkcubeko yemali yokufumana "uCollege kunye nemigangatho elungele umsebenzi" (echazwa njengeCore eqhelekileyo), amazwe amaninzi aqalisa ukuqonda ukunyanzeliswa kwesizwe. Ngonyaka wama-2015, inani lamazwe ngamazwe ngamagama a-Indiana, uMzantsi Carolina, u-Oklahoma, kunye nabanye, "ngokusetyenziswa kwe-odoma kweZikom, kunye ne-ukuthathela indawo yawo ngemigangatho yabo. Oku kubalasemcimbini kuchaza indlela imbono yamandla karhulumente, kwanaxa ungaqondanga ngqo, ukuchasana.

Ukuhlaziywa okunzulu kobuzwe bemfundo, bona Brookings Istitutions yeESSA kunye nozalisekiso lwesizwe.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo: Xa iLifa leMveli neLanga eliBambiwe

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo ngummandla apho amazwe aye aqinisekisa ukhokelo olungaphaya kwemiqathango karhulumente, lo gama ekwafuna ukubuyela emva ekuphathweni yi-oventili. UMthetho we-Ccean Air no-Ceac Water Act umisela imigangatho yesizwe kodwa ngokucacileyo uvumela amazwe ukuba amkele imigaqo engqongqo. Olu kwakhiwa luye lwanceda amazwe ukuba abe yindawo yokuhlola indalo.

Imilinganiselo Engqongqo YaseKhalifoniya

IKhalifoniya ime ngendlela ekhethekileyo phantsi koMthetho we-Ceake Air Act: iyakwazi ukumisela imilinganiselo yayo yemoto ekhutshwayo, enomdla kakhulu kuneyaserhulumente. Amanye amaphondo angakhetha ukwamkela imigangatho yeKhalifoniya okanye ukunamathela kwimithetho karhulumente. Ngonyaka wama-2025, i-17 yamazwe adibanisa iSithiligian yaseColifoniya iye yamkela imigangatho eqhubela phambili i-Checcan Cars, igqume malunga ne-40% ye-U.S. I-Creammarker. Ngexesha le-Trump, urhulumente wesizwe wazama ukuphelisa i-rapiter yeKlifornia, kwaye wamisela umgangatho omnye wesizwe owaphulukana igunya lorhulumente. California, kunye namanye amazwe angama-20, esudiwe, kunye nomphathi we-Biden kamva wabuyisela i-binarigoriti yomthetho.

Iimeko ezikuhlaziywa kwamandla karhulumente

Uninzi lwamazwe luzimisele ngokwawo amaxabiso okuvuka okuhlala ngaphandle kwe-oyile kunye ne-gesi, efuna ukuba kubekho ipesenti ethile yombane kwimithombo ehlaziyekileyo. IHawaii ijolise kwi 100% yombane ovuselelwayo ngo-2045; iNew York amaxhoba 70% ngo-2030; kunye neTexas, nangona isaziwa njenge-oyile kunye ne-oyile, ikhupha amandla omoya omkhulu kunawo nawuphi na omnye ummandla ngenxa yokuma kwayo ixesha elide i-RPS (ukususela koko ivunyelwe ukuphelelwa). Le migaqo-mthetho yomgangatho wezoshishino iqhube iinguqu zentengiso ezithi ngamanye amaxesha zigqitha umsebenzi wolawulo lwamazwe, ibonisa amandla karhulumente ukubumba umgangatho womhlaba ukubumba amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela ahlukeneyo.

Umanyano Neinguqulelo Zemozulu

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuzisa ucelomngeni olunzima kakhulu kurhulumente. Urhulumente wengingqi unegunya lokulawula ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu eshushu phantsi koMthetho we-Ceat Moyer (] uMassachusetts v. EPA, 2007), kodwa umthetho wemo yezulu obanzi wengingqi yengingqi ukhahlelekile kwiKhonkqele. Ngokuphendula, amazwana asungule imiqukumbelo efana neGreyithi yeGreenhouse Gastinative (RGGI), umgudu wentsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe ali-12 kumntla-mpumalanga neMbindilili-Mbindi-Atlani wokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezityalo nokuncitshiswa kokuphuma kwe-Ofitshi. Le ndlela intsingiselo esezantsi ibonisa indlela okunokuzalisa ngayo inkqubo xa isenzo sorhulumente worhulumente i-rhulumente ejikeleza.

Xa ujonga iinkcukacha kwinyathelo lomgangatho wemozulu, funda EPA'izinto zocwangciso lwamandla zikarhulumente [[FLT: 1].

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nolawulo lwemipu: Umbuso weDivergente uyafika

Ulawulo lwemipu yenye yezona miba zigabadekileyo kurhulumente waseMelika. UHlomelo lwesibini luqinisekisa ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuphatha izixhobo, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba eli lungelo alingomda kwaye amazwe asenokumisela imithetho esengqiqweni. Isiphumo sikwahlula phakathi kwamazwe abeka phambili amalungelo emipu kunye nalawo abeka phambili ukhuseleko lwemipu.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo seRhulumente ethintelayo

Kumaphondo afana neTexas, iArizona, neIdaho, imithetho iye yaqhubela ekususweni kwemiqathango: ngoku ukuthwala ngaphandle kwemvume kuyavunyelwa, okuthetha ukuba nabani na onokuba nemipu ngokusemthethweni unokuyithwala ngokukhululekileyo okanye ayifihlelwe ngaphandle kwemvume. Kwesinye isiphelo solwahlulo, amatyala anjengeKhalifoniya, New York, neIllinois, i-Illinois iphumele imithetho efuna ukuxilongwa kwentengiso yabucala, ukuvalwa kwezixhobo zokuhlasela, kunye namathuba anzima okulinda. IHawaii neNew York inemilinganiselo ephezulu kakhulu ye-injini, lo gama amazwe amaninzi asemazantsi efuna imilinganiselo engaphaya kwemiqatha karhulumente.

Izigqibo Zenkundla Ephakamileyo Nelishwa LeeNkundla Eziphakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo iphumeze indima ephambili ekuchazeni imida yamandla karhulumente. I-Dinformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008), iNkundla yawisa phantsi iWashington D.C. ukuvalwa komgubo wesandla, kodwa yaphawula ngokucacileyo ukuba isigqibo asilwenzanga monakalo lukhulu uludwe lwemithetho yemipu ekhoyo. Kamva, [FLT] [FLD] v. Chicagoc, iNku. (2010]), iNkundla yasebenzisa uHlunyulu-lu, iSibini kumazwe adlula kunyaka we-14. Ngoku, kugunya eligunyazwe ngokubanziswa ngumthetho, i-Uniklonke, i-umthetho ogunyaziweyo, i-unik-unik-unice, ithetha ukuba i-umthetho othenjiweyo, i-unilksle, i-unik-unik-unik-unik i

Ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu nomanyano

Ngaphaya kwemimandla ethile ekhethekileyo yenkqubo, ulwalamano lwemali phakathi koorhulumente norhulumente wesizwe lusisixhobo esinamandla sokuphembelela. Urhulumente wesizwe usebenzisa inkxaso-ngenkxaso-ngaphakathi-intshi--intshi-neemeko ezingqongqo nezithintelo ezinika ububhetyebhetye-bhetye obungakumbi `ukukhuthaza ukuthatha inyathelo lorhulumente kwiindawo ukusuka kulwakhiwo lohola-ndlela ukuya kwimpilo kawonke-wonke.

Uluhlu lwamagama Lwemali Yomanyano

Owona mzekelo udumileyo yiminyaka yokusela yesizwe. Ngo-1984, iKhomishini yadlulisela iNational Reast Age, eyayinqanda imali yohola wendlela naliphi na iphondo elalivumela abantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-21 ukuba bathenge utywala. Amazwe ayengenayo imbopheleleko engqalileyo yokuthobela, kodwa uxinzelelo lwe-fiscal lwalunamandla kangangokuba onke ama-50 amazwe aye aphakamisa iminyaka yawo yokusela ekupheleni koo1980. Oku kusetyenziswa kwegunya lokusebenzisa amandla kungumzekelo wencwadi "cocecenivementism," apho amazwe kufuneka alungelelanise inkqubo yokuzimela ngokuchasene nokulahleka kwe-R39.

Ulawulo lwerhafu yeRhulumente

Amazwe anegunya elibanzi lokubeka irhafu yawo, ingeniso, iprojekthi, kunye nokukhupha irejista, kodwa umthetho karhulumente ubeke imiqathango ethile kwiinketho zikarhulumente. UMthetho we-Internet Trust Freedom uyayithintela irhafu yorhulumente ekufikeleleni kwi-intanethi, kwaye i-Tax Cuts kunye neMithetho yooManyato ka-2017 ibeke phantsi urhulumente kunye nerhafu yasekuhlaleni (SALT) ehlawulweyo kwi-R10 000, ngokuchaphazela ngokugqithisileyo amazwe aphezulu erhafu enjengeKhalifoni neNew York. Amazwe aye ahlenga emva kokuzinzisa inkcitho ngokuzinziswa kwentengiso yawo. Ingxoxo ye-SALT ibalase indlela inkqubo yerhafu elawula ngayo umthetho olawula umgaqo-mthetho ozinyongo.

Ukugunyaziswa Kwamatyala Nomthetho Wezaphuli-mthetho

Ungquzulwano phakathi kukarhulumente nomthetho karhulumente alubonakali kummandla womya. Ngowama-2025, 24 amaphondo kunye namaphondo aseWashington D.C. luye lwasemthethweni ukuze lusetyenziswe, yaye amaphondo angama-38 aneenkqubo zonyango lomya. Kodwa phantsi komthetho karhulumente, intsangu ihlala iyiqonga, ingumatshini ongekho mthethweni wokuyila, ukwaba, okanye ukuphatha. Oku kudala uxanduva olucacileyo lwemithetho: imithetho egunyazisa ngokucacileyo imisebenzi yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ubulumko bomanyano

Bobabini oo-Obama noBaden bamkela iinkqubo zolawulo ezamkelwayo zokungaphazamisi, ukuyalela abatshutshisi besizwe ukuba basuse amatyala omjuxuzo kwingxelo ethi i-odolo eliye lalwa nomthetho olawulayo. Igqwetha lokuqala leTrump, iTyP Sessions, yasusa olu khokelo ngo-201818, kodwa iBhunga laphendula ngokudibanisa abakhweli be-appropriation (i-Rocrachbauer-Blumener andendindice) ethintela iSebe leJaji ukuba lingahlwi ngemali yokuchapha ireji ye-reji ye-mical. Esi senzo somthetho sibonisa indlela esebenzayo iBhraccom-magement esebenzayo kwisebe lolawulo lwesebe lolawulo, ivumela imithetho yemithetho ukuba isebenze naphantsi komthetho womthetho-Rhulumente.

Noko ke, ukungaqiniseki komthetho kusaqhubeka. Iibhanki azimathidala ukuncedisa amashishini omya asetyenziswa ngurhulumente kuba zibeka engozini imali ehlawulwayo. Amashishini akanakuzisusa iindleko eziqhelekileyo zerhafu ye-IRS candelo 280E. Le miqobo iluncedo ibonisa imida yokuzimela urhulumente xa umthetho karhulumente ungekho. Amashishini nabathengi, umsantsa phakathi korhulumente nomthetho karhulumente udala imarike entle engakhuselekanga ngokupheleleyo okanye engalawulwa ngokupheleleyo.

Ukunyanzeliswa koRhulumente: Ulawulo oluNtu oluNtu kunye noKhuseleko

Ukufuduka ngummandla apho urhulumente wesizwe unamandla amakhulu omgaqo-siseko, kodwa urhulumente uye waqinisekisa ngamandla awo, ingakumbi xa kungekho lutshintsho lwamagunya apheleleyo. "Isixeko esitsha" kunye "norhulumente osisigxina" imigaqo-nkqubo emisela intsebenziswano yomthetho yasekuhlaleni namagunya orhulumente okufuduka `avevel' iba yindawo ephambili yokutshintshwa kwemibutho.

Imeko kunye nokuchasa kobulali

Amazwe afana neKhalifoniya neIllinois aye amisela imithetho ethintela amapolisa kunye nabagwebi ekubuzeni malunga nokufuduka okanye ekuvaleni abantu abasekelwe kwimikhosi yabahlali benqanawa. Ulawulo lweTrump lwafuna ukohlwaya la magunya ngokuzigodlela intlawulo karhulumente, kodwa iinkundla zithintele kakhulu le migudu. United States v. California [2018], inkundla yesithilitishini yabetha iinxalenye zemithetho yengcwele yaseCalifornia ngoxa ixhasa abanye, ibonakalisa ukuntlutha kolawulo lwemidangatho esemthethweni.

Umkhosi wamapolisa

Ngeli xesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ubungangamsha borhulumente ngaphezu kokufuduka ( Arizona v. United States, 2012], iye yaqonda ukuba amagunya amapolisa agcine ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Amazwe akanakwenza ucwangciso lwawo lokunyanzelisa ukufuduka, kodwa ayakwazi ukugqiba ukuba athenge njani oovimba basekuhlaleni. Oku kushiya indawo yokulwa ngokuqhubekayo, njengoko amazwe ehamba phakathi kokusebenza kunye nomthetho kunye nokukhusela amalungelo abemi abangawasebenzisi.

Isiphelo: Ukusetyenziswa Kwamandla Okunyamezela

Njengokuba le mizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene ibonisa, ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi korhulumente norhulumente worhulumente asilolungiselelo elimileyo kodwa ingxoxo eqhubekayo ebunjwe ngumthetho, ukubekwa kwetyala, isenzo sokulawula, kunye noluvo lukawonke wonke. Kwinkxalabo yempilo, i-ACA yatyhila zombini ukufikelela kwegunya likarhulumente kunye nokuzinziswa kwemeko-ntle yolawulo. Kwimfundo, iESSA ifuna ukuphinda i-phinda ulwalamano luqine ngokubuyela kumazwe ngokuzinzisa okokuba kumele kumiselwe ngurhulumente. Imekobume ibonise ukuba isoloko isebenza njengoovulindlela, ikulungele ukutyhalela phambili kwanaxa ulawulo lwemipu, umqhaphu, umqhatha, kunye nokufuduka, ingxabano phakathi kwemeko-mo-ntle yomthetho, ibangela ukungavisisani okuthe ngqo kokuzinziswa kwenkundla zenkundla zelizwe zimele zigqityelele ukuqumka.

Ukuqonda le misebenzi ibalulekileyo, kuyimfuneko qha kubenzi bomgaqo-siseko nabafundi bakarhulumente kuphela kodwa nakubemi abafumana iziphumo zoburhulumente kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Imibuzo efuna ukuba ngurhulumente onjani omele amisele imithetho, kwaye ukuba imilinganiselo ingakanani na, iya kuhlala isemgangathweni kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Kubafundisi-lwazi kunye nabafundi ngokufanayo, olu hlolisiso lunika iwindow kwinkqubo yokonakalisa, ukutshintshana, kwaye ngokusisiseko ikhokelwa kwabantu ekulawuleni uhlanga olukhulu nolwahlukeneyo.