Imizekelo yobomi bokwenene yendlela imithetho kaRhulumente eyahluke ngayo kwiMithetho yeSizwe

I-United States isebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yolawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe, apho amandla ahlulwe phakathi korhulumente wesizwe (wesizwe) kunye namazwe. Eli cala, eliqulunqwe kumGaqo-siseko, lidala ubume obuntsonkothileyo bomthetho. u-Supremecy Claus [[ [iimithetho engu-6] (i-Actle VI) imisa ukuba umthetho wesizwe ngu "umthetho we-spreme welizwe," kodwa ugcina igunya elibalulekileyo nge-"police" lawo" ukulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi babo. Njengomphumela, imithetho, iyakwazi kwaye isoloko isenza ngokwahlukileyo kwimithetho yomthetho yoluntu, ikhokelela kwimisebenzi yemithetho yobomi bosuku. Ukuqonda oku akuyokusetyenziswa nje kwemfundo yezomthetho, ukuqhuba imigaqo yezomthetho, imigaqo yobuqu, ilungele ukuqhuba imicimbi yezomthetho, imigaqo yezoshishino.

Ngezantsi, sihlola iindawo ezininzi apho imithetho karhulumente neyamagunya ityibilika khona, inika imizekelo yobomi bokwenene nemigaqo esemthethweni ebangela ezi ntlobo-ntlobo.

1. Ukubekwa koMthetho kweMarijuana: uRhulumente v. Federal Conflict

Mhlawumbi umzekelo obonakalayo we-stade phederal districtrgence ngumgaqo womchako. Ngaphantsi kolawulo lwamaqumrhu ulawulo olusezantsi Act (CSA]), umba uhlala uyiShedyuli- I-Stempral I-I ephawulwe njengenobuxhakamfuli kwaye ingenamsebenzi wamayeza amkelekileyo. Oku kwenza ukuba ube nento yayo, ukulima, nokuthengisa ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezwe. Kodwa, kuqalwa nomthetho wezonyango lwe-flikstanismart ngo 1996, inani elikhulayo lamazwe arhoxiweyo. Njengo 2025, [FLT:] utsho njalo [FLT] kwaye isithi se-FLT[FLT] ithetha ukuba abantu abadala, [FFFF]

Olu ngquzulwano ludala uxinezeleko lokwenene lwehlabathi:

  • [[FLT: 0]] Umthetho woMasipala woMkhosi noworhwebo: uyalwalela iibhanki ekuphatheni imali yomya, ushiya amashishini e-cannabis esemthethweni esoloko ekhonkwa ngemali kuphela kwaye esengozini yokuba. I-FANTING BHANKINGS[ idlulise iNdlue eninzi kodwa igcinwe kwiBhange. Umzekelo, i-ractaracte ekwi [[FLT: 4.] i-Colado ayinakusebenzisa iinkonzo eziqhelekileyo zebhanki ngenxa yokuba ibeka umngeni wokurhoxilonga wemali.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imisebenzi esetyenziswayo kunye nezindlu: Nakumaphondo apho umya usemthethweni, abasebenzi bengingqi bangaqhutyelwa ukuvavanya okuhle. Abahlali bezindlu zikawonke-wonke kwi- New York[ (apho umya wokuzonwabisa usemthethweni) bangajongana nokugxothwa ukuba babanjiwe besebenzisa isiyobisi, njengemithetho yemithetho yezendlu isayenza ibe yesaphula umthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uhambo lweNtetho yeNtlangatho: Ukuhambisa umya kwiintambo zikarhulumente kuhlala kululwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe orhulumente, naphakathi kwamazwana amabini awubhalise ngokwasemthethweni. Umqhubi ohamba ukusuka ICalifornia ukuya ku-[FLT]] Oregon[ ngebhuthi ezele i-can ethengwe ngokusemthethweni ye-canabis angabekwa ityala ngokurhweba ngeziyobisi phantsi komthetho worhulumente.

Urhulumente wezwe lonke wamkela indlela yokungena ngezandla nge Intlanganiso (ifakwe phantsi kweZiqendu kodwa ivuselelwe ngokunempumelelo ekusebenzeni) kunye Rabhaker--i-Modelrachiment, enqanda iDOJ ekusebenziseni imali ekuphazamisaneni neenkqubo zezonyango. Sekunjalo, imfazwe ekhoyo ayilungiswanga, kwaye amashishini asebenza kwingingqi engwevu.

2. Imithetho yokulawula imipu: Ulawulo olumaxongo lwelizwe luza

IsiHlalisi Sesibini siqinisekisa "ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuthwala izixhobo," kunye nezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi-Pricium of Columbia v. Heller (2008) kunye McDonald v. Chicago (2010)[FLT] yaquka eli lungelo ngokuchasene namazwe. Noko ke, ithetha ukuba kugcinwa ububanzi ukulawula imipu phantsi kwamandla awo amapolisa, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiiyantlukwano ezicacileyo.

Imithetho engqongqo. AmaZwe avulela umva

  • ICalifornia ineminye imithetho engqongqo yelizwe: ifuna uhlolo lwemvelaphi kuzo zonke iintengiso (kuquka ngasese), izixhobo zokuthintela ukuhlasela kunye namaphephancwadi amakhulu, abeka ixesha lokulinda eliziintsuku ezilishumi, kwaye imiqathango ifihla abo banesizathu esilungileyo. Umthetho wama-2023 (ngoku ucelwe umngeni enkundleni) kwanokwalelwa ukuba bathwale imipu kwiindawo ezininzi zikawonke wonke.
  • ithatha indlela yokuvumela: ivumela ukuphatha imipu ngemvume (nephepha-mvume) kwaye ngo-2021 iphumele umkhosi ongavumeli mvume, ivumela uninzi lwabantu abadala ukuba luthwale umpu ofihliweyo ngaphandle kwephepha-mvume okanye uqeqesho. Iindlela zokukhangela emva zifuneka kuphela kubarhwebi bephepha-mvume, hayi ukuthengisa ngasese.
  • New York igqitha [[FLT:] uMthetho we-SAFE ngo-2013, iveza uhlolo lwemvelaphi ebanzi, ukuvalwa kwezixhobo, kunye nenkqubo engqongqo yokuvala imipu. Emva kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNQUMLO [[FLT:]SRPA v. Bruen (2022).[FL:5] ukulawula phantsi "umba olungileyo", New York ithathe indawo yayo nge "indawo ezicaphukileyo" ezicelwe ngoku.

Le mithetho yahlukeneyo ingenza ungquzulwano kubaphathi bemipu abahamba benqumla imigca yengingqi. Umthetho we-Freams Protection Monitors (FOPA) unika ukhuseleko kwizithuthi zamazwe ezithuliweyo nezitshixiweyo zemipu, kodwa ayiwuvumeli urhulumente ukuba awuwuyeke ummiselo. Umnini umpu osuka eTexas uqhuba ngemipu ekwisihlalo angajongana netyala lemali.

3. Imithetho Yomtshato: Ukususela Kwiminyaka Yokungavumelani Nokugqalwa

Ngeli xesha ulawulo lwamaqumrhu loMthetho womtshato (DOMA) luphendulwe kakhulu yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi United States v. Umoya (2013), kwaye umtshato ofanayo waba ngumthetho welizwe odlula Obergecfell v. Hodges (], uthetha ukuba umtshato uyaqhubeka ulawulwa ngeendlela ezininzi.

Ubudala Bomtshato Nemvume Yabazali

  • [[FLT: 0] Alabama umisela iminyaka encinci yomtshato ekwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, kodwa ngemvume yabazali, abantu abaselula abaneminyaka eli-16 banokutshata. Ngaphezu koko, akukho mlinganiselo usezantsi wobudala kubantwana abakhululwayo okanye abanomyalelo wenkundla (nangokuba oku kunqabile). Kwezinye iimeko, abantwana abaneminyaka eli-14 ubudala baye batshata benogunyaziso olugwetyiweyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ama-Massachusetts kufuneka omabini amacala abe-18 ubuncinane, ngaphandle kwemvume yabazali. Urhulumente akavumeli nabani na ongaphantsi kwe-18 ukuba atshate, kwanangemvume yabazali.
  • ``````ITextas''' ngaphambili ivumele umtshato nakweyiphi na iminyaka ngemvume yabazali neyokugweba, kodwa umthetho ka-2017 waphakamisa ubuncinane ukuya ku 18, kunye nomahluko omxinwa kubantwana abakhululwe yinkundla.

Umtshato wemithetho oqhelekileyo

Kuphela ngamazwana ambalwa asawuqaphela umtshato womthetho oqhelekileyo, apho isibini sinokuthathwa njengositshati ngaphandle komsitho okanye ilayisensi ukuba sihlala kunye kwaye sizibonakalise sitshatile. ithembes kunye ne[FLT] ingumzekelo; [FLT:] iNew York [[[FLT:]] ayiwuqondi umtshato womthetho oqhelekileyo owakhiwe kwelinye ilizwe, kodwa inokuqonda ukuba umtshato omnye ungeniswe ngokusemthethweni kwelinye ilizwe.

4. Imithetho ebhadlileyo: Umsebenzi Ofihlakeleyo Wokufikelela Nemiqathango

Ulawulo lokhetho lunikwe ubukhulu becala kumazwana, nto leyo ekhokelela kumahluko obalulekileyo kwindlela abemi ababhalisa ngayo, baphosa iibhola, kwaye benovoti babo. Imithetho yomanyano efana noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 [[FLT: 1]] imisela ukhuseleko olusisiseko ekucalucalulo, kodwa ukususela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo Shelby County v. Raker (2013) isigqibo sabek'umthetho wovota otsha.

Iimfuno ze-ID yeVoter

  • Georgia ifuna i-ID yefoto ukuvota. Iifomu ezamkelekileyo ziquka ilayisensi yokuqhuba, ipasi yokundwendwela yase-U.S., okanye ikhadi le-i-injini ye-ID efakwe ngurhulumente. Akukho foto? Ii- Voter zingafaka i-odoot ye-gassi kodwa kufuneka zinikezele ngeentsuku ezintathu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-California ayifuni i-ID yefoto yabavoti abaninzi. Endaweni yoko, abavoti bexesha lokuqala ababhaliswe ngeposi kufuneka banikezele i-ID yefoto okanye isibonelelo esiluncedo esibonisa igama nedilesi yabo.
  • [[FLT: 0] inenye yemithetho engqongqo: iintlobo ezisixhenxe ezivunyiweyo ze-ID yefoto (kuquka ilayisensi yemipu efihliweyo). Noko ke, abavoti abangekho bangakwazi ukusebenzisa ezinye iindlela ezifana nesiqinisekiso sobhaliso somvoti esikhatshwa yimo exhasayo (umz., isatifiketi sokuzalwa) ukuba iimeko ezithile ziyasebenza.

Ukurhweba ngeposi nokukhutshwa kwasekuqaleni

  • Utah ngokuzenzekelayo iiposi zomvote kubo bonke abavoti ababhalisiweyo. Abavoti bangazibuyisela ngeposi okanye balahle ibhokisi, kwaye amaziko okuvota akhona kwabo bakhethayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] New York ayivumeli ukuvota okungekhoyo (kudlule ngo-2020), kodwa asiyiyo iposi yehlabathi lonke. Abalawuli bangacela ibhola yokubhalisa engekhoyo nangasiphi na isizathu, kodwa ukuvota kwasekuqaleni kulinganiselwe kwiwindow yemini ezilishumi.
  • [[NTL: 0] ilinganisela ukuvota ngeposi kwabo baneminyaka engama-65 okanye ngaphezulu, abakhubazekileyo, abaphuma kwingingqi ngomhla wonyulo, okanye abavalelwe entolongweni. Ngo-2021, iTexas yamisela imiqathango eyongezelelekileyo yokuvalwa komjelo wokuvota kunye nokuvota kwangeyure ezingama-24 ngaphambi kwexesha.

Ezi ntlobo zinokukhokelela ekudidekeni kwabavoti abasuka phakathi kwamaphondo. Umzekelo, umfundi ofudukela eGeorgia ekholejini usenokufumanisa engakwazi ukubhalisa ngaphandle kwephepha-mvume lomqhubi waseGeorgia, ngoxa umntu othatha umhlala-phantsi osuka eTexas ukuya eUtah efumana ivoti ephuma kwiposi.

5. Imithetho yokusingqongileyo: AmaZwe njengemibutho

Imithetho yemekobume efana nomthetho womoya ococekileyo [[FLT: 1] kunye noMthetho wamanzi ococekileyo [ omiselwe imigangatho yesizwe, kodwa amazwana angathatha imimiselo eqinileyo engakumbi kwaye azalisekise iinkqubo ze-ovential. Amanye amaphondo aye aba ziinkokeli kwinkqubo yokusingqongileyo, ngelinye ixesha amanye axhathisa imiyalelo karhulumente.

Indima Ekhethekileyo yaseKhalifoniya

Ngaphantsi kweCeac Air Act, iKhalifoniya inendlela yokubeka imilinganiselo yayo yemoto ekhuphayo, amanye amazwe angakhetha ukuyithabatha. Imigangatho yeKhalifoniya ingqongqo kakhulu kunemithetho karhulumente, ifuna abenzi beenqwelo-mafutha ukuba benze iinqwelo-moto ezinegesi ekhupha igesi eshushu ephantsi kwaye batyhalele kwizithuthi zegesi eziqhutywayo. Njengo 2025, 17 ichaza [ (kuquka New York, Massachusetts, kunye neWashington) imigangatho yeKlifoniyane, idala uxinzelelo lwesizwe kwimizila ye-to ye-o projective.

ETexas: Ukuvuselelwa Kwamandla Nenkcaso

ITexas isoloko ingqubana norhulumente wezwe kwimithetho yemekobume. Ngonyaka ka-2016, i-EPA yathatha indawo ekunyanzelweni komthetho we- ye-Environty Seaty Commission (TCEQ) igxekwe ngokunyanzela ukugcinwa kwemilinganiselo yongcoliso, ingakumbi kwipasejini ye-petrochical kunxweme lobugrafi. I-EPA yathatha ukunyaniswa komthetho we-Gaseater eTexas emva kokuba amagosa karhulumente ehlulekile ukuthetha nge-scrogen. Kutsha , i-Texas itheh ukuvala imigudu ye-gravity grees, i-ceoc Air Act ayigunyazi.

Iinjongo Ezimandundu Zemeko Yezulu YaseNew York

I- ye-Clitate Leadership and Community Protection Act [[FLCPA] igunyazisa ukuncitshiswa kwe-40% kwigesi ekhutshwayo yegesi eshushu ngo-2030 kunye no-85% ngo-2050, kunye nomgca wexesha odlula amaxhoba asekuhlaleni. Umthetho ukwafuna ukuba urhulumente afake ingeniso kuluntu olungenazintlawulo. Oku kubangela umthwalo othobelayo kumashishini oyahluka kumazwe angoommelwane afana nePennsylvania, angenawo amaxhoba anjalo anyanzelisayo.

6. Imithetho yabasebenzi: Imali Encinane, Ukuphelelwa Lixesha Namalungelo Abasebenzi

Umvuzo ophantsi karhulumente ushiyeke R1 ngeyure ukususela ngo-2009, kodwa amazwe amaninzi amisele isantya esiphezulu. Imithetho karhulumente iyakwazi ukunyukela kwimiqobo engaphezulu, kwikhefu elihlawulwayo, kunye nokuhlelwa kwabasebenzi.

Iintlawulo ezincinci

  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Yafington ikhokelela nge $15.74 ngeyure (ngo-2024), isalathisi kumaxabiso exabiso lexabiso lemali. Ubuncinane bomvuzo weSeattle buphezulu kakhulu kubaqeshi abakhulu (R1.97 kwabasebenzi).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Florida wagqithisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ngo 2020 ukunyusa ubuncinane ukuya kuR10 ngeyure, kunye nonyuko oluthe lwathe ngcembe ukuya kuR25 ngo2026.
  • [[FLT: 0] ulandela umyinge wolawulo lwe-$7.25. Oorhulumente bongingqi eTexas bachaziwe [ ngumthetho wesizwe ekumiseleni imivuzo yabo encinane, ithetha ukuba uAustin noHouston abanawo amandla okunyusa umvuzo kwindawo abahlala kuyo.

Ukugqithisa

I-Fair Standard Labor Act karhulumente (FLSA) ifuna ingeniso yexesha elide (1.5 umyinge wexesha elithe rhoqo) kangangeeyure ezingaphezulu kwama-40 ngeveki, ngaphandle kokuba umqeshwa ukhululwe (umz., izigqeba eziqeshiweyo, iingcali zolawulo, okanye urhwebo lwangaphandle). Amanye amaphondo anemithetho engqongqo:

  • [[NTLA:0] ICalifornia igunyazisa ubuninzi beyure ngaphezulu kweeyure ezisibhozo ngosuku olunye (okanye 40 ngeveki), kwaye ixesha eliphindwe kabini ngaphezu kweeyure ezili-12. Umqobo womvuzo wokukhulula uphezulu kunonoshengano (R34,480 vs. R344,568) ngo-2024.
  • [[UMTL: 0] iColado izicombululo ezibomvu "obezigubungele umqeshwa" kwaye zivumela abasebenzi ukuba bamangalelwe ngexesha elipheleleyo elingahlawulwayo phantsi komthetho karhulumente nokuba iFLSA ayifaki sicelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Alabama ayinamthetho wombuso wokongeza ixesha; ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwiFLSA karhulumente.

Imithetho eya ekunene- ekusebenzeni

Urhulumente wamazwe angamashumi amabini anesixhenxe anemithetho elungileyo ukuya emsebenzini, ethintela izivumelwano zokhuseleko ezifuna abasebenzi bahlawule intsebenziswano njengemeko yomsebenzi. Umzekelo, umzi - mveliso kwi (imeko elungileyo ukuya emsebenzini ukususela ngo-2012, nangona iphinde yabhaliswa ngo-2023 kodwa isesebenza) ingangenelwa kwimivuzo yenyulo ehlawulwayo ngaphandle kokuhlawula. Ngokwahlukileyo, kwi-New York [[FLT:] [12] [FLT] (eyimeko yasekunene-to-msebenzi), umsemsebenzini kufuneka ahlawule iindleko zomsebenzi ezifanelekileyo kwanokuba akhetha ukungadibani nenkozo.

7. Imithetho yokuqhomfa: Ubuhle beplanga leposi

Inkundla ePhakamileyo Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [2022]) irhoxisile Rie v. Wade, iphelisa ukhuseleko lwemithetho-siseko yokuqhomfa nokubuyela kumazwe. Oku kuye kwadala ukungquzulana okuphawulekayo, namanye amazwe okungakuvumeli ngokupheleleyo ukuqhomfa kunye namanye akhusele de kube kokuphuma kwemiqathango.

  • . wamisela umthetho oxhobisayo onqanda ukuqhomfa ekukhawulweni, ngaphandle kokusindisa ubomi bukamama. Ukunyanzelisa abemi boburhulumente ukutyhubela i-SB 8 sele bekuvale ngokunempumelelo ukuqhomfa okuninzi emva kweeveki ezintandathu ngaphambi kwama-Dobb.
  • [[NTLA:0] ICalifornia yagqithisa ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko lokukhusela amalungelo okuqhomfa kunye nokufikelela okunyusiweyo ngokuxhasa ngemali uhambo lwabaguli abangaphandle kwelizwe. Umthetho karhulumente uvumela ukuqhomfa de kube ziiveki ezingama-24) kwaye kamva ukuba ubomi okanye impilo kamama isengozini.
  • Ohio kubavoti abangama-2023 bagqithisa ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko lokulungisa amalungelo okuqhomfa ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzisekeni, ugunyaziso lweveki ezintandathu ngaphambili ludluliselwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho.

Lo msebenzi ukhokelele "kukhenketho lokulungisa," apho amabhinqa avela kumazwana angasasebenziyo ahamba ukuya kumazwe akhuselayo, kunye neengxwabangxwaba ezingokwasemthethweni ngokuqhomfa (i-FDA-agin- pifristone yeziyobisi eyamkelekileyo) njengoko amanye amazwe emisela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwanangoko kukhawulo.

8. Ukunyanzeliswa koMbutho: Izixeko Ezingcwele Nentsebenziswano yeRhulumente

Unyanzeliso-mthetho lokungena kulawulo lubopheleleko lwamaqumrhu oluntu phantsi koMthetho we- noMgaqo weSizwe, kodwa amazwe nemimandla inokukhetha ukuba ingasebenzisana namagunya orhulumente. Oku kudala ungquzulwano phakathi "kokuhlahlela" kunye "nolwahlulo-mthetho" kunye ne-"location".

  • ICalifornia igqithe ICalifornia Act [SFLT]] [[1] [i-SLT 54] ngo-2017, ithintela urhulumente kunye nokugcinwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni ekusebenziseni izibonelelo ukuvalela abantu xa bengena, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo (umz., ezinzulu). Oku kuthintelo olusebenzayo lwentsebenziswano ne ICE.
  • . iwise iSB 4 (iphathwe ngokwenxalenye yinkundla) ifuna ukuba umthetho wasekuhlaleni unyanzelise amagosa asekuhlaleni angenayo kunye nemigaqo-siseko yolwaphulo-mthetho egunyazisa ulwaphulo-mthetho "i-mthetho owenziwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho". Ikwavumela amapolisa ukuba athandabuze ukufuduka kwakhe nabani na abambelele ngokusemthethweni.
  • Arizona yadlula i-SB 1070 ngo-2010, eyathi yafuna ukuba amapolisa amisele ubume bokufuduka ngexesha lokumisa okusemthethweni ukuba kukho ukukrokra okufanelekileyo. Amalungiselelo angundoqo abethelelwa phantsi yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, kodwa urhulumente uyaqhubeka esebenzisana ngokungqongqo nomthetho.

Umahluko ungachaphazela ukuvuma kwabaphambukeli abangaxelwanga ukuxela ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukuqhubana namapolisa, kwaye badala ungquzulwano olusemthethweni phakathi korhulumente norhulumente.

Ukuqukumbela: Ukubaluleka Kokufunda Ngokusemthethweni

Imizekelo engasentla ibonisa amandla obume borhulumente eUnited States. Imithetho yezorhulumente isoloko isebenza njenge "iizifundo zolawulo-melo," ukuzama iindlela ezintsha kwiingxaki zentlalo nezezoqoqosho phambi kokuba urhulumente asebenze. Kodwa ezi ntlobo zibangela ukuba abemi kunye namashishini amele aqhube ulawulo oluninzi olusemthethweni. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho karhulumente eyahluke ngayo kwimithetho yorhulumente ayisosifundo nje kuphela kwimfuno yezentlalo-ntle, iyimfuneko yokusebenzisa amalungelo abantu, nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwibutho labantu.

Njengokuba umhlaba osemthethweni uqhubeka uguquka, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nomjumba, ukuqhomfa, kunye nenkqubo yokusingqongileyo, ukuhlala waziswe ngotshintsho lwamaqumrhu orhulumente nolombuso kubalulekile. Ii-emali ezifana neNgqungquthela yesizwe yesizwe yomthetho womthetho [[FLT:] inikela uthelekiso-mthetho, ngelixa lwamaqumrhu asemthethweni. Kubafundisi-