Isiseko soLawulo lwasekuhlaleni: Ukuqonda iingcebiso

Amasiko asekuhlaleni angaphezulu kuneenkqubo zomsebenzi womsebenzi wolawulo; zizixhobo ezisemthethweni eziguqulela amaxabiso oluntu kwimithetho enyanzelekileyo. Ezi mithetho zifunyaniswe ngamabhunga esixeko, amaqumrhu ephondo, neebhodi zeedolophu, ezi mithetho zithetha ngeenkcukacha ezingqukuva zobomi bemihla ngemihla . Ukusuka kubude bengcingo ukuya kwiiyure zolwakhiwo lweqela labasebenzi abasebenza ngazo. Ngokungafaniyo nemithetho yorhulumente okanye urhulumente, imithetho yasekuhlaleni iyakwazi ukufezekisa inkqele yemeko ethile yelizwe, inkcubeko, nezinto eziphambili zoluntu, zizenze izixhobo ezinamandla zokulungisa imimandla, imimandla ebanzi, nakwiindawo zasemaphandleni. Nabani na onomdla kwindlela enyani esebenza ngayo, ukujongana imithetho yasekuhlaleni inika iwindow ecacileyo, ecacileyo kwisigqibo solawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi.

Kumthombo wazo, imithetho yasekuhlaleni ikho ukulungelelanisa inkululeko yabantu ngabanye nentlalo-ntle edibeneyo. Zilawula yonke into ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni komhlaba nasekwakheni ukhuseleko ukuya kumgangatho wengxolo kunye nolawulo lwezilwanyana. Ngaphandle kwale mithetho, abantu bebengayi kuswela imilinganiselo engaguqukiyo yokuphuhlisa, impilo kawonke-wonke, nomgangatho wobomi. Ukuqonda indima yemithetho ibalulekile kubemi abathenjiweyo, abanikazi bezoshishino, kunye nabenzi bemithetho-nkqubo ngokufanayo. Ukutshona okunzulu kakhulu kwisakhiwo somthetho wasekuhlaleni, uManyano lwezikongampunge eNtshona Koloni lunika ubutyebi obungcono kakhulu [ kwimiqheliselo ezintle.

Isizathu sokuba iPhosalhonies Prime: Imithetho yokuyalela iimfuno zoLuntu

Amasiko asekuhlaleni akwindawo eyodwa yokusabela kucelomngeni olwahlukileyo nakumathuba endawo enikiweyo. Idolophu eselunxwemeni ejongene nezisongelo zenkanyamba iza kubeka ikhowudi yokwakha efuna iifestile ezikhusela impembelelo, ngeli lixa uluntu olusentlango lungajolise ingqalelo kwimilinganiselo yokulondoloza amanzi. Oku kubhetyebhetye-bhetye ligumbi lorhulumente wasekuhlaleni osebenzayo.

Iingenelo eziphambili zemithetho eqinileyo yasekuhlaleni ziquka ezi:

  • Imithetho ebhaliweyo ingabonisa imozulu yasekuhlaleni, uqoqosho, nezithethe zenkcubeko. Uluntu lwabalimi lungavumela imfuyo kwimimandla ehlala abantu, ngoxa idolophana ingayithintela.
  • Ukhuseleko lokwakha: Ikhowudi yokwakha, imithetho yokuthintela umlilo, kunye nohlolo lwempilo zinciphisa iingozi kwaye zisindisa ubomi. Umzekelo, imithetho efuna iziphatho zomsi kwiyunithi zokuqesha inqumle ngokuphawulekayo iziphumo zomlilo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho: Imithetho yokuzilolonga kunye nemithetho yeshishini ingatsala okanye ithintele utyalo-mali. Iinkqubo ezivunyelweyo zisoloko zikhuthaza ukukhula okuncinci kweshishini.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isebe lobuphathi: Amasiko okhuseleko lwemithi yasekuhlaleni, imithetho yolawulo lwamanzi oqhwithela, kunye nokuvalwa komsebenzi weplastiki zinciphisa imilinganiselo yendalo.
  • Isivumelwano sombutho: Inkqubo yokwakha okanye yokuhlawula umthetho ibandakanya ukuva, iikhampasi, namathuba okuphendula, ukukhulisa inxaxheba yoluntu nokuphendula.

Le mithetho ayimi ndawonye; ijika ihambe ngolwazi olungenayo kunye neemeko ezitshintshayo. Isixeko esakhe sabeka indawo encinane yokupaka singatshintshela ekukhuthazeni inkqubela-phambili yothutho njengoko abantu besanda. I-American Planning Association [[[FLT: 1] inikela uphando olunzulu ngendlela utshintsho olunokuvuselela ngayo abamelwane.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yemiqathango yasekuhlaleni esebenzayo

Ukuze ubone indlela imithetho ebumba ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla, qwalasela ezi ntlobo ziqhelekileyo nemiphumo yazo kulo lonke elaseMerika.

I-ordinances ezijingayo: Ukugudisa imbonakalo engabonakaliyo

Imimiselo yokuzingela yeyona iphembelela umgaqo wasekuhlaleni. Ihlulahlula-hlula umasipala ube ziziqithi, ezorhwebo, ezoshishino, ezolimo, , kwaye ichaze oko kunokwenziwa apho. Umzekelo, Portland, Oregon, oovulindlela abahlala ezidolophini ukuqulatha nokugcina umhlaba. Lo mthetho uphuhlise, unyuse usetyenziso lukawonke-wonke, kwaye ukhusele iindawo zokuhlala zendalo kumphetho wesixeko. Ngokwahlukileyo, Houston, Texas, ubala, ungena kwimisebenzi yesithethe yokusebenzisa amabala abangela ukungqubana kweminye i-vibria kunye nezinye izinto zithi kubangela ukungqubana.

Iqhosha leendawo zezixhobo liquka:

  • Imfuno zeSeta: ezincinci imigama phakathi kwezakhiwo kunye nemigca yempahla iqinisekisa ukukhanya nomoya ukufikelela kumakhaya akufuphi.
  • Imida yoxinano lwento: ilawula inani lamacandelo okuhlala ngehektare nganye elawula ubunzima boluntu kunye nemfuno yesiseko sobomi.
  • Sebenzisa imiqathango: imisebenzi yoshishino kwiindawo zokuhlala inciphisa ingxolo, itrafiki, kunye nongcoliso.

Ulawulo lwengxolo: Ukugcina Uxolo noLungelo

Imimiselo yengxolo ibalulekile kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi. Imithetho yengxolo ebanzi yesiXeko saseNew York, ehlaziyiweyo ngo- 2007, imisela imida yolwakhiwo, i-decibel, kunye neendawo zomculo. Yasungula iiyure ezolileyo (10 PM ukuya ku 7 MEM) kwimimandla ehlala abantu. Imithetho iye yakhokelela kwizikhalazo ezincinci nokubekelwa umthetho okungaguquguqukiyo, ebonisa ukuba imilinganiselo ecacileyo, engenakuphindwa ingenza ngcono kumgangatho wobomi. Amadolobha amaninzi amancinane aye amkela imithetho efanayo, maxa wasebenzisa idecibel mmeter ukugada izinja ezigxuma kakhulu okanye amaqela anomsindo. Ubhekiso kunxulumano, [[FLT:] Noise Free Melika yesiseko semodentildayworks kulo lonke ilizwe.

Imiqobo ekusingqongileyo: Ukukhusela iZibonelelo zeMveli

Imithetho yokusingqongileyo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni isoloko ineziphumo ezikhawulezileyo, ezibonakalayo. Ukuvalwa kwengxowa yeplastiki yeplastiki, eyadlulayo ngo-2014, yayiphakathi kweyokuqala kwilizwe. Lo mthetho wawufuna ukuba zonke izitore zevenkile zevenkile kunye nee-pharacter zisebenzise ubuncinane ii-senti ezili-10 zengxowa-maphepha kunye neengxowa zeplastiki ezivaliweyo ezivaliweyo. Uvavanyo kamva lwabonisa ukuncitshiswa kwengxowa yeplastiki ekhutshwayo kwimibhobho yesichotho sesixeko. Ngokufanayo, oomasipala abaninzi baye bafaka i-"isiqwenga semali esiyimfuneko efuna abemi bahlule inkunkuma yephepha esetyenziswayo ukuze bachithe i-compostation, ukugalela ukungcola komhlaba.

Eminye imithetho yemeko- bume iquka:

  • Imithetho egcina isihlahla se-Tree efuna imvume phambi kokususwa kwemithi ekhulileyo.
  • Amasiko okulondolozwa kogcino-lwazi athintela ukunisela ngaphandle ngexesha lembalela.
  • [[UMTH: 0] Imiqathango edityanisiweyo ukwenzela izithuthi ukunciphisa ungcoliso lomoya kufutshane nezikolo.

Imigaqo Yokwakha: Ukuqinisekisa Ukhuseleko Nokuzinza

Ikhowudi yokwakha yimithetho esindisa ubomi. Emva kokuba iSitshingitshane uAndrew sitshabalalise iFlorida ngo 1992, urhulumente wamisa imithetho engqongqo yokwakha efuna impembelelo ye-octrantial windows, uphahla oluqinisiweyo, neziseko ezomeleleyo. Iinkanyamba ezilandelayo zingqine ezidambise ezi khowudi zinciphisa umonakalo omkhulu. Kwinyikima-prone California, ikhowudi yokwakha yasekuhlaleni igunyazisa ukujula kwemibhobho yolwandle. Le mithetho yokwakha ayimiswanga-adenti; ihlaziswe rhoqo kwizifundo zentlekele nenkqubela yemisebenzi. IBhunga leMimiselo ye-Soundation Codelity inikeza iimodelities zokwakha zasekuhlaleni ukuba oorhulumente abaninzi bamkele yaye basebenzisa imigaqo-modelike.

Indima yomanyano ekusebenziseni iOrdinas

Imithetho yasekuhlaleni esebenzayo ikhula ngokubandakanyeka kwimicimbi yoluntu. Abahlali nabaphathi bezoshishino basoloko beyiqonda kakuhle imithetho eza kusebenza((/ kunye apho iza kubangela umonakalo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa iindlela eziliqela ukuqokelela igalelo:

  • Iintlanganiso zobudoda apho kunikelwa khona amasiko acetyisiweyo kwaye nabani na angathetha okanye athethe nxamnye nawo. Ezi ndlebe zidla ngokuba linyathelo lokugqibela phambi kwevoti yebhunga.
  • IiKomiti zokwalathisa: Amaqela abemi abamiselweyo abafunda amanqaku (umz., iKhomishini yePaki okanye iBhodi yokuCwangcisa) kwaye bancomela utshintsho lomthetho. La maqumrhu anika igalelo eliqhubekayo, elizodwa.
  • Uhlolo noTsobano: izixeko ezininzi zisebenzisa izixhobo zamanani ukuvavanya uluvo lukawonke-wonke kwimiba yeqhosha elishushu njengee-rential zexesha elifutshane (Airbb) okanye iindawo zomjuxuzo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iintlanganiso zobundlobongela: iintlanganiso zequmrhu apho abacebi namagosa baxubusha ngemithetho elindeleyo namaqela amancinane, ngokufuthi ekhokelela kulungiso phambi kwesicelo esisesikweni.

Ukuganana okunamandla kunokwenza okungaphezulu kunokudala imithetho engcono; kwakha ukuthembana kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Xa abahlali bebona igalelo labo liboniswa kumthetho omtsha ``nokuba kungumlinganiselo wokuzola kwendlela okanye imfuneko yobugcisa basekuhlaleni] basengozini yokuvumelana nokuthatha inxaxheba kwixa elizayo. Noko ke, ukuthembisana akusoloko kulula. Phantsi, ukulawulwa lithoba lithoba, nokuntsonkotha kolwimi olusemthethweni konke kungathintela igalelo lokwenene. Izenzo ezingcono ziquka ukuguqulela kwiilwimi ezininzi, ukunikela iintlanganiso zengokuhlwa nempelaveki, nokusebenzisa izigqibo ezicacileyo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Iingcinga Zasekuhlaleni Eziphumelelayo Ezabangela Umahluko

Ukukhangela kwizixeko ezithile apho imithetho iye yavelisa imiphumo engenakuthelekiswa nanto kufundisa ezinye imimandla izifundo ezibalulekileyo.

I-Plastic Bag Bat yaseSan Francisco: Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo neyoqoqosho

Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, umthetho weSan Francisco wakhokelela ekuthotyweni okutsobhileyo kwingxowa yeplastiki. Kodwa kwabangela ukutshintsha kwenkcubeko: ukusetyenziswa kwebhegi ephinda-phindwayo kwanda nge-80% kwiminyaka emibini. Ukuvalwa komsebenzi kwabangela iingxaki kwabanye abathengisi abancinane ababefanele balungise amatyathanga abo okuzinika, kodwa isixeko sanikela ixesha elimnandi nemfundo. Ezinye izixeko ezininzi, ukusuka eSeattle ukuya eNew York, ziye zafaka umzekelo, nto leyo engqina ukuba umthetho wasekuhlaleni unokuba nesiphumo esithe kratya nakumazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe.

Umgaqo obalulekileyo wengxolo kaNoise: Umzekelo wokuzola kwedolophana

Ikhowudi yengxolo ye-New York ngumzekelo wencwadi efundisayo wokulungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo. Icwangcisa ngokucacileyo, inyanzelisa imida enyanzelekileyo yamaxesha awahlukeneyo kunye namacandelo. Umzekelo, ulwakhiwo lulinganiselwe ku-7 UMMA ukuya ku 6 PM phakathi kweveki, kwaye imigangatho yesandi esuka kwimivalo kunye neendawo zokutshiza iintsimbi kufuneka ingadluli kwii-decibels ezingama-42 kumgca wempahla emva kwe-10 PMS. Lo mthetho uveza ingxolo ehlala khona "ibhafu" evala ingxolo egqithisileyo evela kubamelwane. I-Enforcementmentmentmentmentment ixhomekeke kuwo omabini nakuwo omabini amapolisa nakwiSebe Lokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, ibonisa ukuba intsebenziswano elungileyo yempumelelo yemithetho.

Indlu ehlala abantu yaseSeattle

Ngo-2015, iSeattle yajamelana nokunqongophala kwezindlu okunzima okuqhutywa lulwando loshishino lobugcisa. Esi sixeko sadlulisela imithetho efuna ukuba inkqubela-phambili yeentsapho ezininzi kwezinye iindawo iquka i-5% ukuya kwi-11% yeeyunithi ezingabiziyo(okanye irhafu yemali ehlawulwayo) ukuseka izindlu ezinokufikeleleka kwezinye iindawo. Le ndlela ibangele amawaka ezakhiwo ezinokufikeleleka. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba inyuse iindleko zezindlu ngokunyanzela ukuchithwa kwemali, kodwa lo mthetho uye waba ngumzekelo wezixeko ezifana nePortland, Denver, kunye neAustin.

Inqanawa ehlala abantu abahlala kwiinqanawa ezihlala abantu abahlala kwiindawo ezihlala abantu.

Igosa lenqanawa lasebenzisa ikepusi engqongqo kwinani leeyunithi ezintsha zezindlu ezakhiwe nyaka ngamnye, ejolise ekulondolozeni isithuba esivulekileyo nokulawula ukubola. Lo mthetho ukhusele imbonakalo yentaba yesixeko kwaye ukhuthaza uxinene lwengingqi, ihamba. Noko ke, yafak ’ isandla ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso asekhaya, ukwenza iBoulder ibe liqela lezixeko ezibiza imali eninzi kweli lizwe. Lo mzekelo ubonisa ukuthengwa-ngaphandle: umgangatho wemekobume bungafika ngexabiso lokuhlawulela. IZikollanti yeLand Policn yeLime inikela uhlahlolo oluneyo lwemithetho yokulawula ulwando.

Iingxaki Nokungaqiniseki Kwezinto Zasekuhlaleni

Xa imithetho yasekuhlaleni inamandla, ayingobantu abaneziphako.

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imida yonyanzeliso: Izixeko ezininzi azinawo umsitho okanye uqingqo-mali lokunyanzelisa imithetho ngokuqhubekayo. Umthetho wengxolo awusebenzi ukuba akukho mntu ulinganisa iidecibels; ikhowudi yokwakha ayisebenzi ukuba abahloli basebenza ngokugqithiseleyo.
  • Iziphumo ezingalawulekiyo: Imithetho ebekwe kakuhle ingaba neziphumo ezingalindelekanga. Umzekelo, ukuqesha imithetho yokulawula kunganciphisa ukunikezelwa kwezindlu zokuqesha. Obona buncinci bobungakanani obufunekayo bungakhupha abemi abafumana imali ephantsi abasuka kwimimandla ethile.
  • Ucelomngeni lwemithetho yasekuhlaleni: Amasiko anokungqubana nomthetho wesizwe okanye wesizwe. Umzekelo, izixeko ezizama ukulawula ukuba nompu zisoloko zivalekile ngemithetho yohlangulo yorhulumente.
  • I- BOMDIB (hayi Kwiyam Yard): inkcaso yeVoltiki evela kumaqela amancinci ingathintela inkqubela-phambili efunekayo njengezindlu ezinokufikeleleka, amakhaya amaqela, okanye imisebenzi yamandla ehlaziyekayo, kwanaxa uluntu olubanzi luwaxhasa.
  • Ukwaphuka kunye noHluku-jiko: Ngapha nangapha kwemithetho yokubhabha, ukutshintsha rhoqo, kunye nokungena ngokomthetho kungadida abemi namashishini, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungalinganini ngengozi.

Ukulungisa ezi ngxaki kufuna uvavanyo oluqhubekayo. Ezinye izixeko ngoku zifuna "uvavanyo lwempembelelo egqithisiweyo" phambi kokudlulisa imithetho emitsha, uhlalutyo ngendlela umthetho oza kuchaphazela ngayo uluntu olucekeceke. Abanye bamisele iibhodi zokuzihlola ezizimeleyo ukuze baphulaphule izibongozo nokuncomela ukuba zihlaziywe.

Ikamva leeOrdina: Utyekelo oluqhaqhazelis ’ amazinyo

Njengokuba uluntu lujamelana nezinto ezintsha, imithetho yasekuhlaleni ijongene nokuthetha ngeengxaki zenkulungwane yama-21. Nazi izicwangciso eziliqela ezingundoqo ezibumba ikamva:

Iinguqu ezikrelekrele

Ngokunyuka kwe-Internet of Thiles, izixeko zimisela imithetho yobugcisa obukrelekrele. Oku kuquka imithetho ethetha ukuba iikhamera zokuhlolwa, amayeza okubonisa iinqwelo-moya, kunye nee-5G anokubekwa njani. Ezinye izixeko zifuna ukuba izibonelelo ezichuliweyo ziquke ziquka ukhuseleko lwezobuqu, njengogcino-lwazi kunye nokungaqiniseki kwexesha elilinganiselweyo. Umzekelo, iSan Jose, eKhalifoniya, inike umthetho ofuna ukuba zonke izakhiwo ezichuliweyo eziphezulu zifumane iziphumo zemisebenzi ye-oyile-transport eziphezulu zifumane iziphumo zemfihlo.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokuzinza

Ukusuka kwiMiami Beach ekwintlu-iintshi-waka le-diloriyola yemisebenzi yokukhusela umkhukula welanga ukuya kubuchule bokukhupha ubushushu bePhoenix, amasiko asekuhlaleni aba sembindini wogcino-lwazi lwemozulu. Amasiko amatsha asenokufuna izakhiwo ezintsha ukunyuswa ngaphezu komkhukula oveziweyo, ukugunyazisa uphahla olubonisa ukukhanya kwelanga, okanye uthintelo lwenkqubela-phambili kummandla womlilo. Uninzi lwamazwe aselwandle lulungisa ikhowudi zokwakha ukuphakama kolwandle.

Impilo nokhuseleko lwasemva kwePandemic

Isifo se-COVID-19 sabangela oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni ukuba bamkele imithetho yexeshana yokutyela ngaphandle, izigunyaziso zesigqubuthelo, kunye neentlanganiso zikawonke-wonke ezikude. Ezinye zezi zinto zenziwe zahlala ngokusisigxina, njengemvume yokuhlala ngaphandle kwevenkile zokutyela. Imithetho yexesha elizayo isenokugxininisa kwimigangatho yomgangatho womoya ophezulu ngaphakathi, ukuhlawula iikhefu ezigulayo, kunye nemiyalelo yokugoma abasebenzi abathile.

Izindlu Nelizwe Zisebenzisa Utshintsho

Ingxaki yokuzinza kwezindlu ivuselele igalelo lotshintsho lweendawo. Amazwe afana ne-Oregon neKhalifoniya aphumele imithetho ephazamisa imimandla yasekuhlaleni ukuvumela i-duplexes, isithathu se-artxes, kunye neendawo zokuhlala (ADUS) kwimimandla yeentsapho enye. Le mithetho ibangela impikiswano kodwa imela ukuphambuka okubalulekileyo ukusuka ekususeni kweendawo zommandla. Kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, uMineapolis waba yindawo yokuqala enkulu ye-U.S. isixeko ukuphelisa iintsapho enye kuphela ngo-20181818, intshukumo ekhuthaza imizamo efanayo kwezinye iindawo.

Equity-Focreensions Ordinances

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baya besebenzisa imithetho ukubhekisa kwimithetho engekho mthethweni. Imizekelo iquka "ingxelo yenkcubeko yengqondo" imithetho efuna abemi ukuba bagcine izindlu ezikhuselekileyo, "imithetho" esusa imibuzo yembali kwizicelo zomsebenzi, kunye "nomthombo wengeniso" wemithetho engavumeli ucalucalulo kumanginya asebenzisa iirejista. Le mithetho iyaqonda ukuba imithetho yasekuhlaleni iyakwazi ukukhuthaza okanye ukuphelisa ukungalingani.

Isiphelo: Amandla Okuyila Imithetho Yasekuhlaleni

Imimiselo yasekuhlaleni yeyona ndlela yolawulo olukhawulezileyo nolubonakalayo kubantu abaninzi. Igqiba ukuba ivenkile yekona ingavuleka kwibloko yokuhlala, ukuba likhulu kangakanani iqela lommelwane, ukuba ziziphi izinto isikolo esitsha esimele sizisebenzise, nokuba ngumbhekisi phambili ufanele anikele kangakanani kwizindlu ezinokufikeleleka. Kumntu na ofuna ukuqonda okanye ukuphembelela uluntu lwakhe, le mithetho iyindlela yokuqalisa.

Ukusebenzisa inkqubo yomthetho .Njengoko abantu bejongene neengxaki zemozulu ezinokutshintsha zize zifumane imali yokuhlala, ziquke, ziquke, okanye zisebenze kwikomiti yoluvo loluntu. Inokuba nomvuzo onzulu. Inxibelelanisa abami ngqo noomatshini bedemokhrasi kwaye ibanike amandla okulungisa indawo ezingqongileyo. Njengokuba abantu bejongene nobunzima obuyintsonkothileyo obusuka kutshintsho lwemozulu ukuya kubuchule bokuhlala, ukucinga, ukuququzelela, kunye nokusebenza kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni kuya kuba zizixhobo eziyimfuneko zokwakha ikamva elingcono. Imizekelo ebalasemgangathweni apha ibonisa ukuba xa benziwe ngenkathalo nangegalelo loluntu, imithetho ingavelisa utshintsho oluhlala luhleli. Ngokuhlala benolwazi, abemi bayaqhubeka besebenza ngokunempumelelo kurhulumente womntu wonke.