IRaje Sabra: Isakhiwo Esinemithetho Yorhwebo Nezorhwebo EIndiya

Isiseko sowiso-mthetho we-Indiya sorhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe norhwebo asiyiyo kuphela i-Lok Sabha okanye isebe eliphetheyo. IRajiya Sabhaha, njengeNdlu yaseMantla yePalamente, yenza impembelelo eyahlukileyo nenesiphelo kwimithetho elawula ukunqamleza umda wezoqoqosho. Ngoxa iRajiya Sabhaha isoloko ixoxwa kwimeko yomelo lukarhulumente okanye njengegumbi lokulungisa ipropati, indima yayo ekhethekileyo ekulungiseni inkqubo yezorhwebo, ukuqinisekisa izivumelwano zentengiso, kunye nomthetho wezorhwebo ofanele uhlolwe ngokunzulu. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela i-Rajiya Sabba enegunya lomgaqo-siseko somGcimbiso-siseko, imisebenzi yekomiti, kunye nenkcubeko echane ngqo kwiimarike yehlabathi lonke.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko: Isizathu sokuba iRaje Sabha Imicimbi Yorhwebo

Igunya likaRajeya Sabba kwimicimbi yorhwebo lisuka kwinqaku 245-255 lomGaqo-siseko, elichaza amandla ePalamente okumisa izivumelwano kwimibandela ekuLuhlu lwe-Union, kuquka “urhwebo lwangaphandle kunye norhwebo” (Ingeniso 41) kunye“imisebenzi yemisebenzi yesiqhelo” (isivumelwano 83). Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabha, iRapya Sabba ayinyangalelwanga, inika ukuqhubekeka okuvumela ukuqwalaselwa ngokunzulu kwemiqathango yemisebenzi yezorhwebo yexesha elide. Ngaphezu koko, phantsi kweSiqendumiso sama-253, iPalamente iyakwazi ukumisela imithetho yokuzalisekisa izivumelwano nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, kodwa ukumiswa okunjalo kufuna ukuvunywa kwazo zombini izindlu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba uRapya Sabra umsebenzi wokuhlola urhwebo kwinkcuba kwinkcuba yenkcuba yorhwebo.

IiNtetho Zamazwe Ngamazwe Ezihambahambayo: Indima Yokugcina Isango LeRaje Sabha

Enye yezona misebenzi zinamandla kakhulu . kwaye ingaqondwa kakhulu ``imisebenzi yeRajiya Sabha' yindima yayo ekuvumeleni izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezivumelwano ezichaphazela urhwebo. Isebe eliphetheyo lithethana nemiqondiso, kodwa ezo zifuna utshintsho kumthetho wasekhaya okanye ukunyanzelisa iimfuno zemali mazivunywe yiPalamente. IRajiya Sabhaha, emela izilangazelelo zamazwe, idla ngokuzisa uluvo lwezoqoqosho kwitafile. Umzekelo, isivumelwano sorhwebo esinceda amazibuko onxweme kodwa amatyala ezolimo angaphakathi anokujongwa kakhulu kwiNdlungela Entla.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Izivumelwano Zenkululeko Yorhwebo Nophalamente

Indlela yokusebenzisa i-Indiya i-Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) kunye ne-ASEAN, eMzantsi Korea, eJapan, kwaye isandul' ukusetyenziswa yiUAE, ibonisa oku kunamandla. Ngoxa iLok Sabhah inokuthi iphumeze umthetho kunye nenani layo, ikomiti kaRajiya Sabha isoloko ibhenca iindleko ezifihlakeleyo okanye ukungalungelelani kwecandelo. Ngowama20222, iKomiti yePalamente exhasa iCommercional, exhotyiswe lilungu le-Raja Sabhaha, ipapa, ipapathe ingxelo ngemithetho yeFTA , ebalase imidayo nekhuselwa imida yemizi yoshishino yezelo neyongalo yezentengo yorhulumente ekhuselwe ukucacisa ixesha eli-20222. Iingxelo ezinjalo, nangona zingagunyazi, uluvo lwasekuhlaleni loluntu nolwano lwezorhwebo lwezentengo. Ngokufanayo, iRayshaab Syab e-UEAhene kwi-Aul-S

Ukuze ufumane ucatshulwa olunenkcukacha lwendlela inkqubo yokwenza isivumelwano yaseIndiya esebenza ngayo, bona i- i-India’s Ministry of External Affairs malunga nokuququzelelwa kwesivumelwano.

IRaje Sabra Neminye Imiminye Imidlalo Yamashishini

Izivumelwano ze-Indiya kwi-World Trade Organization (WTO) zifuna ukuxhaswa kwemithetho yasekhaya. I-Rajiya Sabba ixubushe ngamatyala amaninzi eWTO anxulumene nayo, kuquka nalawo anxulumene norhwebo, amalungelo empahla, kunye nenkxaso-mali yezolimo. Ngo-2017, iRajiya Sabba yadlulisa i-Corstomment Act (Isivumelwano) Bill ukudibanisa neTractial Faciliation Actal progion (* kodwa emva kokuba incoko eninzi ngeziphumo eziphambili zentengiso, iindleko zemali ezincinane kunye nemali ehlawulwayo. Indlu iyakwazi ukufuna i-Rogtional-bycaurage-crauss iqinisekisa ukuba iimfanelo zezizwe ngezizwe azimkeliswa ngaphandle kovavanyo olupheleleyo.

Ukusebenzisa kakubi imithetho yorhwebo lwasekhaya ukuze Kuhlawulwe Ihlabathi Lonke

Ngaphandle kwesivumelwano esivunyiweyo, iRaje Sabra ilungisa ngokukhutheleyo izibonelelo zasekhaya ezixhasa urhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Imithetho engundoqo . "njenge-Cromment Act, i-Formas Trade (Izikhundla Zorhwebo Nokuququzelela), kunye ne-Pecrecial Economic Zonetic Zones Act": "I-i-afrial Sonements" okanye ilungiswa yiPalamente, kwaye igasi ye-Rajiya Sabra isoloko ilungisa amalungiselelo ayo.

Imithetho yomthetho nezithethe

Amaphepha-mvume asisisixhobo esiphambili sorhwebo, kwaye naluphi na utshintsho kwimisebenzi yezomthetho lufuna ulungiso lwemithetho-siseko. IRaje Sabha isoloko iphikisana ngeendleko zamasiko, ibhekisa kwiziphumo zengeniso, isiphumo kwimveliso yasekhaya, kunye nemithwalo egunyaziswayo kubangenisi. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokudluliswa kweBhili yeMali yezeMali, 2023, 2023, amalungu eRajya Sabba washukuma ukupheka ukuhlenga ukunciphisa imisebenzi enzima kwizinto ezicetyiweyo zeqela lenjongo lenqanawa elinolwazi oluphezulu lokuvelisa iplanga elingunxantathu (a uthetho lwasemva koko kwaphembelela i-la eIndiya urhwebo oluhlaziyayo. Indlu i-Dice Coring kuMthetho werharhar (Amenment), uBill, 2021, kwakhona unikeze iqonga elilungiselelwe kwimisebenzi yezoshishino zezo zezoshishino zezo zezo zezoshishino.

Imimandla ekhethekileyo yezoqoqosho (ii-SEZ) noKhuthazo lokuNgeniselwa kwamanye amazwe

UMthetho wezoqoqosho okhethekileyo, 2005, olawula izikhundla zeIndiya ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, wagqithiswa emva kwengxoxo eshushu kuzo zombini izindlu. IRajiya Sabra, ngokukodwa, yacinezelwa ukuba ikhuseleke ekufumaneni umhlaba, amalungelo abasebenzi, kunye nokuncedisana kwemali phakathi kwamazwe. Ukubuyiselwa kweSEZ kuMthetho weSizen kufuna imvume eMntla House, ukuvumela uRajiya Sabba aphume kumazwe afana noMaharashtra noTamil Nadu ukuba alwele izikhundla ze-Oficio zelizwe. Namhlanje, nawuphi na inkqubo emitsha ye-SEZ okanye ukrwelo lwerhafuthe-omrhutho lwemishicio-o-o-omstiki ephezulu kujongile i-Rajiya Sabba, ebonisa impembelelo ehlala ihleli kwimithetho yendlu yokurhweba kwamanye amazwe.

Imali elungiselelwe uluntu

Imithetho engokwasemthethweni (IP) ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo urhwebo kumayeza, i-software, kunye nezinto zokwakha. I-Raje Sabha iphikisana ngeendleko ezininzi ze-IP, kuquka iPatents (Amendment) uMthetho (Amendment) kunye neMithetho yamalungelo oMsebenzi (Amendment). Ngo-2020, iKomiti yeSebe elinxulumene ne-IP ePhakamileyo ihlola impembelelo yemithetho ye-IP kurhwebo lwamatyala eIndiya phantsi kwe-WTO’STRIPS Active. Icebiso layo lokuqinisa amalungiselelo anyanzelekile lamkelwa ngokwenxenye, ibonisa indlela iNd House ingayimela ngayo inkqubo ejongenento yokwenza i-IP. Ngokungaphezulu, ukutyelela urhulumente we-Indiya, undwendwe lwe-IP [FLD] i-Indian Office [FF]

Iikomiti njengeenjini zoHlolozo loMgaqo-nkqubo woTshayina

Inkqubo yekomiti kaRaje Sabra mhlawumbi sesona sixhobo saso esinamandla sokuphembelela imithetho yorhwebo. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabba, apho iikomiti zinokulawulwa ngamalungu eqela elilawulayo, iRajeya Sabhaha isoloko inamalungu abanzi anqamlezayo kunye namalungu obuchule. Ikomiti engundoqo iquka:

  • Isebe elinxulumene nePalamente eliyiKomiti eManyeneyo kurhwebo: Impinda yetyala elinxulumene norhwebo, ukuhlolisisa iimfuno zoqingqo-mali zoBulungiseleli bezorhwebo, nokulungisa iingxelo ngemiba yezorhwebo. Amalungu aquka abameli abasuka kumaphondo namazibuko aphezulu, izikhundla ezifuduso, kunye namabhanti oshishino.
  • [[NTL:0] I-Committee kwiMicimbi yangaphandle neNkundla yeNkcitho: izivumelwano zeScritimes ezineengxenye zorhwebo, ezifana nezivumelwano zokufumana izixhobo okanye ii-projekthi zorhwebo.
  • Khetha iiKomiti kwiiBhili zoThambeko: Imiselwe iindleko ezithile (umz., iTrade Marks Bill, 2022), ezi komiti zimema abagcini-mathiriyeli kwaye zinikezela iintengiso ezinenkcukacha.

Indlela Iingxelo Zekomiti Eziyichaphazela Ngayo Imithetho

Umzekelo ophawulekayo yi 2021 yeKhomishoni yePalamente eManyeneyo kwiChwetheza kwiBhili. Ikomiti, ephethwe lilungu leRajiya Sabba, incomela ukwandisa intsingiselo “yabantu abanxulumeneyo” ekudluliseni imithetho elawulayo ukuhambelana nemigaqo ye-OECD. Urhulumente wamkela ingcebiso, kwaye ukubuyiselwa kwafakwa kumthetho wokugqibela. Imizekelo enjalo ibonisa ukuba impembelelo ka-Rapya Sabba ayingomgatha nje yeyo i-procetura kodwa yi-ocentivator.

Funda okungakumbi ngendima yeekomiti zepalamente kwi- Rajya Sabba esemthethweni yewebhsayithi.

Iimpikiswano, Ukuhlaziywa, Namandla Okulibazisa

Phantsi kweGatya 107 loMgaqo-siseko, ityala lingavela kwiNdlu yeNdlu, ngaphandle kweMali. Ityala elinxulumene neNdawo elingabalwanga njengeMali (umz., ukubuyiselwa kuMthetho weMasipala, iSEZ Act) linokuziswa kwiRajiya Sabha kuqala. Naxa amatyala ephuma eLok Sabha, iRajiya Sabha inokuzilibazisa ngeenyanga ezintandathu (okanye, ukuqhelisa, ukuba kukho ukuvala okungapheliyo). Oku kunyanzelela urhulumente ukuba athethe, ingakumbi xa iqela elilawulayo lingenalo inani kwiNdlungela Ephezulu.

Imizekelo yeRajeya Sabra IsiHlomelo Kumthetho Worhwebo

Ngo-2019, ebudeni bokudlula kwe-Frand Trade yoMasipala Angaphandle (Impindezelo kunye noMmiselo) iBhili yeSigqiya Sabha yasusa izindululo ezinamandla zokufaka izigwebo zokurhwebela ngaphandle kwelizwe kunye nokuyalela ukuphinda kuhlolo lothengiso lwemiqathango yorhwebo nyaka ngamnye. Urhulumente walwamkela olu tshintsho emva kokumiswa kwexeshana. Ngokunjalo, inkxaso kaRajeya Sabha ekufakeni igalelo lokutshona kwelanga eMthethweni (Amendment) Act, 2021.201 [iiiiiindlela eguqula ngokutsha iimfuno ezithile zerhafuthe kwiinkampani zangaphandle ngokomthetho efuna ukuxelwa kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba u-Rajya Shabba awumdentiands; ayizithwali ngokwasemthethweni.

I “Igalelo Elikhulu” Kwiingxoxo Zorhwebo

Uqalo lukaRajiya Sabba lwamalungu anyulwa ziindibano zesizwe zemithetho kunye namalungu amalunga ali-12 asemasimini afana noncwadi, inzululwazi, kunye nenkonzo yentlalo-ntlalo . Luzisa isiseko sobugcisa kwiingxoxo zorhwebo. IRajiya Sabba amalungu anokuthenjwa okungasemva aquka ababekho bezorhwebo, oosomashishini, neenkokeli zezoshishino, kunye neenkokeli zezoshishino. Obu buchule bufumaneka xa kuxutyushwa iingxoxo ezingoontaphazo, ukurhwebelana ngokwezimali, kunye nesigqibo sokuphikisana. Umzekelo, ebudeni bengxoxo yeInnconpencyy neBankrupcy Code (IBC) enxulumene nomda we-metricty, uJajiyaha wamalungu asemthethweni okhutshwe kwimvelaphi ebhaliweyo yemithetho ebhaliweyo yemithetho-mthetho, i-Arabha ekhuthaza ukuqwalazisa impikiswano ephuma ngqo kwimithetho yokugqibela yemithetho.

Ingqikelelo enxulumeneyo: Rajeya Sabha vs. Lok Sabha kwiTrade Legislation

Ngelixesha iLok Sabha idla ngokuqhuba isantya sokuhamba komthetho worhwebo, iRajiya Sabba isebenza njengegumbi lokusulungekisa. Itafile 1 (engaboniswanga kuHTML, kodwa ichazwe) ithelekisa iindima zabo: iLok Sabba iqala amanyathelo okunika ingeniso kodwa incomela amatyala emali, imisebenzi yemali e-Money Bill, ngexesha i Rajiya Sabha igxininisa kwimithetho engeyo-Urhwebo lwemali, imvume, kunye nohlolo olude. IRajiya Sabha ayinakuyilwa iMoney Bills kodwa inokucebisa ukuba i-antenters, nto leyo inokuthi iLok Sabahaha ingayamkela okanye ingayamkeli. Ngokufuthi urhulumente uquququze u-Rajaya Sabra ukhupho Syhaab ukuze aphephe.

Ngaphezu koko, umsebenzi osisigxina weRajiya Sabba uthetha ukuba uphatha umthetho worhwebo ngexesha lekhefu okanye emva kokuphela kweLok Sabha, uqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka. Umzekelo, ebudeni be 2019-2024 REVREN emva koqhawuko lwe 17 lweLok Sabha, iRajiya Sabhaha iyaqhubeka iphikisana ngeMibango yeQela yeQela eliPhakathi-Mbali-Mbali (Isivumelwano) LeBhili, echaphazela intsebenziswano yezolimo.

Ucelomngeni Nemigaqo Elandelayo

Ukulungelelanisa Ulongamo Noxinezeleko Lwehlabathi Lonke

Impembelelo kaRajiya Sabba iba yeyona ibalulekileyo xa imithetho yorhwebo ichaphazela imibandela enzima enjengenkqubo yogcino-lwazi, imithetho ye-ecommerce, kunye nokhuseleko logcino-lwazi. Imali yokhuseleko lomntu ngamnye, exutyushwa kuzo zombini izindlu, inentsingiselo engqalileyo kuba ichaphazela ugcino-lwazi olunqamlezileyo luhamba- ngezantsi, ibandakanya uxanduva oluphambili lwamaqabane orhwebo ase-Indiya. Ikomiti iRajiya Sabba ityha inyanzelele ulawulo olunamandla olunogcino-lwazi, olubonisa isilumkiso sendlu yangaphezulu malunga nolawulo lomthetho we-demoria. Ngokufanayo, ingxoxo ekwi-Dicigic India Actal Act izakubandakanya uRay Sya Sabbaha ukuhlolwa korhwebo kwi-Scomplition ye-Scom

Isivumelwano sokuNika

Abahlalutyi bathi inkqubo yesivumelwano sikaRajeya Sabba ithe chu, ibambezela amandla e-Indiya okusayina nokuzalisekisa ushishino ngokukhawuleza. Ekuphenduleni, urhulumente uye wazama “ukujongana nepalamente yangaphambili,” emema amalungu eRajiya Sabba ukuba abhale i-Prease i-FTA ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe iintetho. Oku kuvumela i-Upper House ukuba ifake kwangoko ngaphandle kokudityaniswa kwengxoxo. Inkqubo esesikweni, mhlawumbi ngeKomiti yeTrejiko, ikwazi ukunyusa inkqubo eqhubekayo xa igcina ukhokelo lwe-Rajiya Sabbaha.

Ukudlulisela Imbonakalo

Enye indawo ephuculwayo kukufumaneka kukawonke-wonke kwekomiti yeRajiya Sabbataat kwiingxelo zorhwebo. Ngoxa iingxelo zipapashwa kwi-intanethi, iingcebiso zazo zisoloko zigqunywa kwimibhobho ehlohlayo. Ukwenziwa komshwankatho omkhulu kunye nokusasazwa korhwebo kunokukunceda amashishini kunye nabarhwebi baqonde injongo yowiso-mthetho esemva kwemithetho yezorhwebo. IRajiya Sabbariat ukuthathe amanyathelo ukuphucula ukufikelela kwamanani, kodwa okuninzi kunokwenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba iminikelo yeNdluengo yeNdlu. URajiya Sabra uyakwazi ukuva iingxelo zekomiti yangoku, utyelele i-[[FLT:] . [[FLT]] DA] SA DA DA Komiti Iingxelo zeKomiti yorhwebo [FLT]]]

Isiphelo: Indlu Ephezulu njengeNqaku loMgaqo - siseko worhwebo

Impembelelo kaRajiya Sabra kurhwebo lwehlabathi lonke kunye nemithetho yezorhwebo yaseIndiya idlulela ngaphaya komfanekiso oqhelekileyo wegumbi lokulungisa. Ukusuka ekudibaniseni iFTAs ukuya ekulungiseni amasiko, ukusuka kwiinkqubo ze-SEZ ukuya kwi-IP , iNdlu yendlu ephezulu isoloko ibumba inkqubo esemthethweni elawula umanyano lwe-Indiya noqoqosho lwehlabathi lomhlaba wonke. Inkqubo yayo yekomiti inika ubunzulu bohlalutyo; inkcubeko lwayo iqinisekisa ukuba iintetho zengingqi nezobuchuku ziyaviwa; kwaye amandla ayo omgaqo-siseko asebenza njengendlela yokuphelisa umsebenzi ophezulu ongxamisekileyo. Njengoko iIndiya ithetha ngemithetho emitsha yezorhwebo kwaye icinga inkqubo yayo yokurhweba, iRajya Sabba iza kuhlala ingumqwalaseli ogxekayo.[5]

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwenkqubo yorhwebo yeIndiya, bona i- Thungela urhwebo noshishino kunye nefashoni yeIndiya.