IRaje Sabba, indlu ephezulu yePalamente yaseIndiya yeBadamaral, isoloko igqunywa yiloo ndawo ibonakalayo kodwa iphethe unyulo oluchanabayo lwemithetho yowiso-mthetho kunye nolokurhoxa. Unyulo lwayo olukhethekileyo olukhethekileyo .Iyenza ibe sisilanga esinamandla sokuhlola amandla esizwe esizwe. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabba, apho imicimbi yesizwe ilawula amaphulo, uRaja Sabhaha isekelwe kakhulu kwimigangatho yezopolitiko zelizwe, ibonakalisa izakhiwo zamandla asekuhlaleni, izibalo zomanyano, kunye neenjongo zamaqela esizwe. Le miqhungquthela ayikugqibi nje kuphela ukuqanda ukuqanjwa kwendlu ephezulu kodwa ikwasebenza njengebhalo-bharometer yempilo yesizwe eIndiya, ilawula yonke into ukusuka kwimicimbi yolawulo lorhulumente.

Impembelelo kaRajeya Sabba kwimicimbi yezobupolitika yengingqi inzulu kwaye iphithene. Xa iindibano zikarhulumente zivotelwa abameli bazo kwindlu ephezulu, azikhethi abantu; zibumba umlinganiselo wegunya kumgangatho wesizwe, ngokufuthi zineziphumo ezikhawulezileyo kwiqela elilawulayo okanye umbutho. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela unyulo lweRajya Sabhaha oluwaqinisa ngayo amaqela engingqi, luguqula ngamandla asemthethweni, lusebenza njengesandulela sobunyani bezobupolitika, ludwebela kwimikhwa yakutshanje kunye nemeko ezibalasemgangathweni nezobupolitika zobuzwe.

Ukuqonda Ukhetho LwaseRaje Sabha: Inkqubo Esekelwe Kwinkqubo Yoluntu

U-Rajeya Sabha unyulo luqhutywa ngokhetho oludluliswayo lwe- olunye. Olu nyulo asilogunya eliqhelekileyo kodwa lubonakalisa amandla amaqela ezobupolitika kwingqungquthela yomthetho. Le nkqubo yayiyiyo: abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko waseIndiya befuna ukudala indlu emele izilangazelelo zikarhulumente kwaye benze njengokhangelo oluphambili lwe-Lobaha. Namhlanje, le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba amaqela amaqela asekuhlaleni, ukuba amaqela esizwe akwisixa esincinane, anokufumana impembelelo equluni yolawulo lwe-Syray okanye ulawulo lwezitshixo.

Unyulo lusenziwa ngokungapheliyo malunga nesinye sezihlalo ezingama-245, namalungu asebenza iminyaka emithandathu. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukukhusela iqela elinye ekulawuleni indlu ngokubhekiselele kwimpumezo yesizwe. Ngenxa yokuba i-MLSAA ihamba kwimigca yeqela (kunokungalingani kweminqamlezo-engabo), isiphumo sisiphumo esithe ngqo sezibalo zezobupolitika kwiphondo ngalinye. Oku kwenza uRajiya Sabhaha unyulo isixhobo esinamandla samaqela esizwe [[FLTLT:1] ukuveza impembelelo yawo kwisigaba sesizwe. Umzekelo, ebudeni bonyulo lwama 2020 lwe bivalting, ubukho babadlali bengingqi obufana neTrinamol Congresss eNtshona Ntshona Ntshona, i-BHANTALDHARNUS, i-ONUTH (uDA) kwi-DA e-Dornethis, kunye ne-A.

Indlela URajeya Sabha Ewayo Awayomeleza Ngayo Amaqela Eengingqi

Amaqela engingqi asoloko ezama ukukhusela izihlalo kwiLok Sabha ngenxa yenkqubo yokuqala yemposiso, ethanda ukuxhasa amaqela amakhulu esizwe. IRajiya Sabhawa iwanika iqonga elibalulekileyo. Ngokuphumelela izihlalo kwindlu ephezulu, amaqela ephondo afumana ilizwi lemithetho yesizwe kumgangatho welizwe ngaphandle kokufuna i-pan-Indiya. Oku kuwenza akwazi ukuxhasa imicimbi yemo--me-iphane, inkqubo yemizi-yam, i-fiscal transki, okanye ukuqwalaselwa kwesithethe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kuye kwakhuthaza amaqela afana [[FLT:][5][FLT] [FF] [FOT] [5] [ig.[5] [ig.umphane-gosalm-gonorn.] [umphal]

Ngaphezu koko, izihlalo zeRajiya Sabba zinika amaqela engingqi alungiselelwe i-chip exabisekileyo kwingxoxo yesizwe. Iqela eliphethe kwanezihlalo ezimbalwa kwindlu ephezulu lingaphembelela umthetho ogxekayo, ingakumbi xa ulawulo lwemibutho engenayo uninzi. Ixesha lonyaka ka-2014-2019, xa i-NDA ibingenalo uninzi kwiRagya Sabba, libonisa indlela amaqela esizwe afana ne-Telugu Desam Party (TDP) kunye neJanta Dal (United) anokukhupha ngayo ukuvunywa okubalulekileyo kwemeko yodidi olufuna kwimisebenzi esisiseko, //i-i-i-Rajiya Sabbaha ubukho bawo. Amandla okulibazisa okanye ukuva okanye ukukhupha umthetho amaqela awo aphezulu kakhulu kwindlu esezantsi.

“ IRaje Sabba asilokhaya lomhlala - phantsi kwezobupolitika; lidabi apho izilangazelelo zengingqi zidityaniswa khona nolawulo lwesizwe. Lonke unyulo apha luthumela umqondiso malunga nokutshintsha kwentsebenziswano yeqonga lesizwe.”[1] .Ch. Srinivaan, umhloli wezopolitiko kunye nowakhankanya unyulo.

Isifundo Setyala: Indima YeDMK KwiRaje Sabba

I-Tamil Nadu isebenzisa ubukho bayo beRajiya Sabba ukuze icacise isimo sikarhulumente kwimicimbi enjengempikiswano yamanzi e-Cauvery, ukuphunyezwa kweMasheya kunye neNkonzo (GST), kunye nokwabiwa kwemali ephakathi yemfundo nempilo. Emva kokuphumelela ekufumaneni unyulo lwelizwe kunyulo lwendibano yama-2021 yephondo, i-DMK yakwazi ukuthumela amalungu awongezelelekileyo kwiNtlanga-ntle yaseRapya Sabba, ukomeleza isandla sayo ekunxibelelaneni norhulumente ombindi kwimicimbi efana nokukhutshwa kwemali yeSamagrasha Aby kunye nokukhuliswa kwegama lesizwe elidumileyo kwintetho yesizwe.

Ukulungelelana Kwamandla Okutshintsha AmaMerika: IRaje Sabha njengeSipili

Unyulo iRajiya Sabra aluchaphazeli kuphela umgangatho wesizwe wezobupolitika; lunentsingiselo enzulu kumgangatho wezobupolitika uhlahlelo lungachazwanga ngamandla amaqela kwindibano yesizwe, lungabhenca ubuthathaka okanye utshintsho lophawu phakathi kwe-MLS. Uphando okanye ukunqumla ulawulo lwe-Rjaya Sabba alunakubonwa yaye ngokufuthi lukhokelela kulungelelwaniso lwemikhosi yezobupolitika. Iqela eliphulukana nesihlalo se-Rajya Sabbaha ngenxa yokungavumelani nocalucalucalulo lwangaphakathi lungajongana nemeko yokuthembeka, ebangela ukuwa okanye ukutshintsha kukarhulumente ngexesha loburhulumente.

Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2022, unyulo lweMaharashtra Rabbiya Sabba lwathatha isiganeko esiphawulekayo apho unyulo lweSyrya Sava Sena As asebenza njengendawo yemfazwe yekhompyutha enegunya lokulwa phakathi kwe Shiv Sena, ikhokelela kwimvukelo eyathi ekugqibeleni yaphumela ekuweni kukarhulumente weMahakas Akhadi kunye nokunyuka kweEknath Shinde contion. URhanya Sabhah' wasebenza njengendawo yemfazwe yekhompyutha esebenzayo yeqela lekhompyutha yomkhosi ngenxa yokulwa phakathi kweShivena Sena, ngeziphumo ezibonisa ukurhoxiswa kwezobupolitika kwilizwe. Ngokufanayo, eMada Pradeshy ngo-2020, iqela elilawulayo lowisolawulo lwajongenelo lwe-MLYSyab, ekwathi ekugqibeleni lwathi ukurhoxa kwe-Nath SyP.

Indima yeRaje Sabha kuLawulo lweNtlalo-ntle

Oorhulumente basoloko bexhomekeke kwinkxaso yamaqela angenakuhlala kwizihlalo kwindibano yesizwe kodwa anabameli kwi-Rajiya Sabha. La malungu angenza njengeengxoxo phakathi kwesizwe nesazulu, athetha ngengxubusho yemali, ulawulo oluphakathi, kunye nemvume yemithetho-siseko. Kwezinye iimeko, iqela lengingqi linokubambelela kulungelelaniso lwamandla kwiRajiya Sabbaha eNavenvah (D) nokuba ayiyonxalenye yombutho olawulayo kwilizwe laso. Oku kwenza ingxube apho iqela linokuchasana nesebe elisemgangathweni wesizwe kodwa lisebenzisa igalelo loburhulumente ekuxhaseni i-mali elingunda-mali kwi-mali ye-mali elingu-mali elifumana inkxaso yetyala le-Rhagryan Sabyahahaha. Ngokuko, iBhatatatal Day (D) phantsi kweNavenaik i-Appey, i-mode yetyala lesizwe, i-Ajan, inkconsonsity yetyala lemali yetyala lemali, i-mali yetyala, ingakumbi yengozi,

Utyekelo Lwakutshanje Nezifundo Zetyala: Unyulo Lweenkqubo ezingama - 2020 nezingama - 2022

Unyulo lwamvanje iRajiya Sabba lugxininise ukubaluleka okukhulayo kwemisebenzi yengingqi. Unyulo lweminyaka engama-2020 lwabonisa utshintsho olubalulekileyo kulungelelwaniso lwamandla kumaphondo amaninzi. EGujarat, i-BJP yazuza zonke izihlalo ezine ezaya kuvota, kodwa iziphumo kumazwe anjenge-Andhradesh Pradesh ne-Telanganna zabalaselisa ulawulo lwamaqela ephondo. Kwaye e-I-YSR Congress Party, eyalawula indibano, yakwazi ukukhusela zonke izihlalo ezithathu, iqinisa indawo yayo kwibala lesizwe phambi konyulo lwama-2024. ETelamana, i-Rangash Samitra (ngoku yiBRS) yafumana izihlalo zombini, ibamba kwakhona phezu kwelizwe layo, i-injini ejongene.

Unyulo lwama-2022 lwathatha inxaxheba ngokulinganayo. Ukhuphiswano eMaharashtra, njengoko kukhankanyiweyo, lwaphawulwa ngokunqamleza kunye neengxaki zobupolitika. ERajasthan, idabi elisondeleyo phakathi kweBJP kunye neBJP yabona omabini amaqela ekhusela isihlalo esinye, ebonisa ukuma kobugqeba obukhali kwezobupolitika kwizwe. Olu nyulo lwabalaselisa nesiganeko esiphawulekayo eHaryana, apho ulawulo lwe-BJP lwakwazi ukufumana i-"BJP i-gsquomati yayo phezu kokuba ingenayo inkoliso ye-MMMMMMAA, ngenxa yenkxaso yamalungu e-Inteli kunye ne-MMMM.[3][5]

2024 Unyulo noBume beNdawo

Unyulo lwakutshanje iRajiya Sabba ekuqaleni ko-2024, ngaphambi konyulo oluqhelekileyo, lwanika ucaphulo olucacileyo lwamandla engingqi. EBihar, iRashtriyata Dal (RJD), nangona ichasene nomgangatho karhulumente, yaphumelela ekukhetheni, ibonise impembelelo yeqela kwindibano yengingqi. E-Utar Pradesh, iSamarhadi Par yafumana isihlalo, uphawu lokubuya kwakhona emva kweminyaka emininzi ephelileyo. Le ziphumo zanyanzela ukuba i-BJP inike ingqalelo engakumbi kumalungu ombutho, ikhokelela ekulungiseni inkqubo yayo yesivumelwano sombutho wama-202. [Fe-Feffe] unyuso lwe-Unice: i-Rajishash, i-Sabatadadad, ibone unyusovolo olumangalisayo kuMvukelo lwe-Thren, apho i-Trealson Courages, izama ukuphumelela kwemine, umendondondonke, uphathothothothothothotho lwe-onke. [[F] [e.]

IRaje Sabra njengeNtloko Yomgwebi Wengingqi Wezobupolitika

Abahlalutyi bezobupolitika kudala besebenzisa iziphumo zonyulo uRaje Sabha ukuze babonise isimo somjelo wabamisi-mthetho nozinzo loorhulumente belizwe. Ngenxa yokuba unyulo lubanjwe phakathi kwebhayisikile (alukho kunyulo oluqhelekileyo), zenzeka ngamaxesha athile xa iqela elilawulayo lesizwe lijongene nokungabikho konyulo okanye xa ingxubakano yomgangatho karhulumente isiya ikhula. Ukubonakaliswa okunamandla kweqela lengingqi kusoloko kubonisa ukuba isiseko salo salo siqiniswa kwaye uMLML njengongathembekanga. Ngokuphikisana noko, umsebenzi ongekho semthethweni (ngokunjalo ukuphulukana kwesihlalo okulindeleke ukuba kuwinwe, ngokuxhoko kwengxaki yokhokelo, ikhokelela ekurhoxinzeleni nasekutyelweni kwengisweni kwengingqi.

Ngaphezu koko, iRajiya Sabba isebenza njengovavanyo kwimimiselo yemithetho karhulumente esembindini. Xa amaqela engingqi ephethe inani elininzi leesihlalo, angalibazisa okanye avimbele amatyala abonakala eyingozi kumazwe awo. Oku kwabonakala ekudluleni kweLand Acquisition Bill ngo 2015 kunye nemithetho emithathu yefama yephondo ngo-202020. Amaqela ephondo asebenzisa amandla awo eRajiya Sabba ukunya iinzaniso neengxoxo, ngokunempumelelo evala izithuba zikarhulumente. Ubuchule bokwenza njalo kukunika i-[[FLT:] i-gractickic kwingxoxo nephakathi.

Impembelelo kumanyano kunye nolwalamano loLuntu

Ukudlala phakathi koqalo lweRajiya Sabba kunye neemfuno zengingqi zinentsingiselo ebanzi yolawulo lwamaIndiya. Xa amaqela ephondo enegunya elikhulu kwindlu ephezulu, angafuna i-fiscal devolution, ukuzilawula okungaphezulu kwimicimbi yolawulo, nendima ekudibaniseni imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe echaphazela amazwana. IKhomishoni yemali yemali yamazwe ephenjelelwa kakhulu kukuthotho kweenkokeli zengingqi, uninzi lwazo lwalunohlolo lweRajiya Sabba. Uvavanyo olunentsingiselo ye-skha-finis. Imfuno yerhafuthe yeGST ifumaneka kwi-crensisss, kunye nenkangeleko yokusasaza irhafunxala i-omfase-[2][3]

Isiphelo: Unyulo Oluhlala Luhleli LweRaje Sabha

Unyulo lweRajeya Sabba lungaphezulu kakhulu kunenkqubo yolawulo eqhelekileyo; ngamaxesha abalulekileyo atyhila nokuguqula ummandla wezopolitiko wengingqi yeIndiya. Ngokunika ilizwi kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kulawulo lwesizwe, olu nyulo luqinisekisa ukuba isakhiwo sorhulumente sihlala siqinile kwaye izilangazelelo zengingqi azimili phantsi kwempembelelo engundoqo. Utyekelo lwakutshanje lokuxhobisa iRjanjiso yengingqi uSabbahha yobukho besizwe ukuphembelela inkqubo yesizwe alubonisi mqondiso wokulwa. Njengoko umgangatho wemibutho yezobupolitika usiba nokhuphiswano oluninzi, indlu ephezulu iya kuqhubeka iyindawo ebalulekileyo ukwenzela amaqela asekuhlaleni ukuba aqhubeke impembelelo yawo.

Impembelelo kumandla ephondo ikhawulezileyo: umboniso onamandla unganyusa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yeqela, uqinise isiseko salo somthetho, uze uwunike iqonga lokuvavanya urhulumente osembindini. Ukubonakaliswa okubuthathaka kunokubhenca ii-frective zangaphakathi kwaye kukhokelele ekuphambukeni kwaye kulawulo lorhulumente ludibane. Abalindi bezopolitiko, ikhalenda kaRajya Sabba inika unyulo lwesandi oluthe rhoqo kwimpilo ye-politiki yesizwe kunye nezivumelwano ezitshintshayo ezichaza idemokhrasi yase-Indiya. Njengoko unyulo oluqhelekileyo lwakutshanje luka-Rajiya Sabha luye lwazisa iziphumo zephulo lomkhosi wesizwe, lubonisa kwakhona ukuba kwimeko-demokh ye-demokh ye-okramenti, indlu ephezulu ingundongamandla yemimandla yemimandla ye-othodiki ye-a.