Ukwandiswa Okusemthethweni Komtshato Nokukhotyokiswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Kumashumi amabini eminyaka adluleyo, ukuvunywa kwamalungelo omtshato emhlabeni wonke kuye kwatshintsha indlela amazwe ajonga ngayo iinkqubo zokuhamba ne-visa zamazwe ngamazwe. Njengoko amazwe andisa ingcaciso esemthethweni yomtshato ukuquka umanyano olufanayo kunye nomanyano lwabemi, iinkqubo zokulawula imida kuye kwafuneka zivumelane, zidala omabini amathuba nemiqobo kwizibini ezitshatileyo ezinqumla imida yamazwe ngamazwe. Le ndaleko ichaphazela yonke into ukususela kwi-visass ilindele amaxesha ukuya kuhlala ixesha elide, yenza umtshato ube ngowona unamandla kakhulu kunyaka-neno-/neenjiko/_injiko-z

Ukuvunywa Ngokusemthethweni Kwamalungelo Omtshato

Ukuvunywa ngokusemthethweni komtshato kuyahluka kakhulu kwiindawo ezizimeleyo, kudala umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wamalungelo nemiqathango yabahambi bezizwe ngezizwe. Kumazwe angaphezu kwama-30 ngoku awazi ngokusemthethweni umtshato ongokwabelana ngesondo, kuquka amalungu e-European Union, Canada, Ostreliya, New Zealand, kunye namanani akhulayo amazwe aseMerika. Lunke olu lwazi luneziphumo ezikhethekileyo zokufumana i-visa imvume, amalungelo okuhlala, kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona kwentsapho.

Iintlobo Zomanyano

Asilulo lonke ulwalamano olusemthethweni oluphathwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho wokufuduka.

  • Umtshato wamakhaya opheleleyo — Elona nqanaba liphezulu lokuvunywa ngokusemthethweni, okuqheleke ukunika amalungelo azenzekelayo okufuduka ukwenzela iinjongo zokufuduka.
  • Imibutho yeCIVIL kunye namaqabane abhalisiweyo — amazwe amaninzi ayijonga njengelinganayo nomtshato ukwenzela izicelo ze visa, nangona amanye ethintela ukugqalwa kweentlobo ezithile ze visa.
  • I-de compo kunye nolwalamano lwemithetho efanayo — inani elikhulayo lamazwe, kuquka iOstreliya neKhanada, liqonda ubudlelane obude bexesha elide ngaphandle kokubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni, ukuba izibini zinokubonakalisa ukuxhomekeka kwemali kunye nokuhlala kunye.
  • Umanyano oludityanisiweyo — uxanduva olulinganiselweyo, ngokufuthi oluneengenelo ezimbalwa zokufuduka kunezipheleleyo zomtshato okanye amaqhina karhulumente.

Abahambi baqonda uhlobo lomanyano lwelizwe lakubo nelizwe eliya kulo eliyiyo lelokuqala ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokuhamba. Umtshato osemthethweni kwelinye ilizwe awunakuqondwa ngenxa yenjongo yokufuduka kwelinye ilizwe, udala oko amagqwetha afudukayo akubiza ngokuba "ngulwalamano oluphakathi"--"/_Iintetho ezisebenzayo ekhaya kodwa ezingabonakaliyo kumda.

Impembelelo Kwisidima Sengqondo

Imigaqo yeVisa ehlabathini lonke iphenjelelwa ngokukhulayo kukuqwalaselwa komtshato, nangona umlinganiselo wolungelelwaniso wahlukile ngokuphawulekayo. Kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo eqaphela iintlobo zomtshato, izibini zinandipha iinkqubo ezisetyenziswayo, iimfuno zoxwebhu ezicuthiweyo, nokufumaneka kweentlobo ze visa ezisekelwe kwentsapho ezisenokungafumaneki.

Umyeni/umfazi Ubonakala Elula

Iimvume zomyeni okanye umfazi zibonisa ukuba kumele kudibane amalungelo omtshato nokuhamba kwamanye amazwe. Ezi mvume zivumela abantu basemzini ukuba bathelele amaqabane abo xa kuhlala ixesha elide, besebenza, yaye kwiimeko ezininzi, bafune ukuhlala ixesha elide.

  • Ubungqina bomtshato osemthethweni okanye umanyano olusemthethweni kwilizwe lokusebenza
  • Ubungqina bolwalamano lokwenyaniso (iingxelo zemali, iileta, iingxelo zemali ezidityanisiweyo)
  • Imali elungeleleneyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba isibini asisayi kuxhomekeka kwimali karhulumente
  • Amalungiselelo eendawo ekusingwa kuzo

Amazwe anemigaqo-nkqubo eqashelwayo yomtshato jikelele aqhuba iinkqubo zemvume yomtshato womtshato ngokufanelekileyo. Umzekelo, indlela yeBhunga Lentsapho yaseUnited Kingdom ifuna abafaki-zicelo ukubonisa ulwalamano lokwenene kunye nokuzigcina ngokwaneleyo, kodwa ahlulahluli ngokusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini yesibini okanye uhlobo lomanyano olusemthethweni. Ngokufanayo, inkqubo yeKhanada yeSpousal Sponsorship iqonda ukuba zombini iintlobano ezichaseneyo nezingalinganiyo, kunye nomanyano oluqhelekileyo lwemimiselo yenyanga ezili-12 ubuncinane.

Ukumanyaniswa Kwentsapho Namalungiselelo Aluncedo

Ngapha koko, ukuvunywa komtshato kuchaphazela imigaqo-nkqubo ebanzi yentsapho yokuhlanganisana. Iinkqubo zobuntu zamazwe ngamazwe, kuquka iNkundla yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu, ziye zachazwa njengemfuneko yokuba kuhlonelwe imicimbi yentsapho, kuquka izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwizigqibo zenkundla ezinyanzela oorhulumente ukuba baqaphele imishado eyenziwa kwamanye amazwe, kwanaxa umthetho wasekhaya unganikezi mtshato omnye. Imizekelo engenakubaluleka iquka iNkundla yaseYurophu yokwamkelwa kobulungisa obunye obungalinganiyo namalungelo angoko angokongamalungu e-EU ehlala phakathi kwabemi.

Izicimi kunye neeNdlela eziLungisileyo

Kwezinye iimeko, ukuvunywa komtshato kunika iindlela zokukhulula imvume okanye iimfuno zeprojekthi ezicuthiweyo. Abahlali bamazwe anezivumelwano ezinamandla ezinxulumeneyo bangangenelwa kumalungiselelo avumela ukuba bangene njengeenkonzo ezixhomekeke kwiinkonzo ezizimeleyo. Oku kuyimfuneko ngokukodwa kubahambi bamashishini, oomatiloshe, nabasebenzi bentlangano yezizwe ngezizwe abanokuthi amaqabane abo afumane inkululeko esekelwe kumgangatho osemthethweni wamaqabane abo.

Ukugqalwa Kwabantu Behlabathi Lonke Ngeemeko

Nakubeni kukho inkqubela ebalulekileyo, amazwe ahlukeneyo alungele amalungelo ohambo asekelwe emtshatweni akasahambelani. Izibini zijamelana nemiqobo enzima xa zifuduka phakathi kwamazwe anemithetho engqubanayo, ingakumbi xa elinye igunya lingaluqondi uhlobo lomanyano olungeniswe kwenye.

Ukungabi nakufumaneka kunye neeNkxaso zoMda

Kumazwe apho umtshato okanye imibutho engokwasemthethweni ingenayo, izibini zisenokufumanisa zingakwazi ukufaka isicelo sokufumana iimvume zokutshata, iinkqubo zokuphinda zidibane kwintsapho, okanye zide zidibane kwiimvume zokundwendwe. Oku kwenza imeko apho isibini esitshate ngokusemthethweni kwelinye ilizwe siba ngabantu esingabaziyo ngokusemthethweni kumda welinye. Iingxaki eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • Ukugatywa kwesiqinisekiso somtshato njengomaxwebhu asebenzayo
  • Ukungakwazi ukudwelisa iqabane elinye elisisini kwiisicelo
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwezicelo zemvume ezidla ngokuphathwa ngokumanyeneyo
  • Umngcipheko wokwala imvume ngokusekelwe "kumtshato wendlela elungele ukusetyenziswa" izityholo ezisemagunyeni apho umtshato wesini esinye uvunywa ngokutsha

Ezi ngxaki aziphelelanga kwizibini ezikwisidibi esinye. Imitshato ephakathi kwemida ebandakanya ulawulo lwezizwe ezahlukeneyo ijongene nohlolo kumazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi xa kukho umsantsa obalulekileyo weminyaka, umqobo wolwimi, okanye ulwalamano olukhawulezileyo. Kwanezibini ezikwimeko eyahlukileyo yenkcubeko zingadibana neemfuno ezongezelelekileyo zoxwebhu okanye amaxesha okuqhubekeka ixesha elide.

Imiqathango yohambo kunye nolwalamano oludityanisiweyo

Ulwalamano oludityanisiweyo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zemvume ezisekelwe kumtshato. Amazwe anobuhlobo obumanyeneyo obungavumelaniyo nomthetho wemvume yomtshato asenokuthintela ukufikelela kwemvume yomtshato, abeke ii-check zokhuseleko ezongezelelekileyo, okanye angavumi ukuqaphela imitshato eyenziwa kumazwe aphezulu. Le mpembelelo iqwalaselwe kwiingxubano zolawulo lwelizwe, ukungavisisani ngamalungelo abantu, kunye neempikiswano zorhwebo.

Ngokomzekelo, ukususela ekuvunyweni kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States ngomtshato ongokwabelana ngokumanyeneyo owell v. Hodges (2015), iSebe leSebe leSizwe lase-U.S. linike isikhokelo esivumela amanani afanayo akwisizwe angaphandle ukuba asebenzise iinzuzo zokufuduka. Noko ke, ukuzalisekisa kuyahluka kwii-computementates, apho isimo sobuzwelo kunye nolwalamano lobugxalanisa bungaphembelela indlela obuqwalaniswa ngayo. Ngokufanayo, amanye amazwe aseMpuma kunye nase-Asia agcina imiqathango eqinileyo echasene nolwalamano oluphakathi nolweethe , enza izicelo ze-vsavesi ezisuka kwezo ndawo zingekho mthethweni.

Imithetho ye-European Union ekhululekileyo ingumzekelo ophawulekayo wendlela umanyano lwengingqi olunokuvisisanisa ngayo uqashelo lomtshato. Phantsi komthetho we-EU, amazwe angamalungu kufuneka aqaphele imitshato kunye namaqhina asemthethweni kwamanye amazwe asemalungwini ngenjongo yokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo. Esi sakhiwo siye sayinciphisa ngokuphawulekayo imiqobo kwizibini ezihamba kwi-EU, nangona inkxalabo engekhona-EU ihlala ikho kumazwe angayazi loo mtshato.

Uxwebhu kunye neziphazamiso zebugracy

Kwanakumazwe anokufumana impumelelo emtshatweni, iinkqubo zolawulo zinokubangela imiqobo ebalulekileyo.

  • Iinguqulelo eziqinisekisiweyo zezatifiketi zomtshato namaxwebhu axhasayo
  • Ingxelo ebhaliweyo ebhalwe kumangqina okanye kumalungu entsapho engqina ulwalamano
  • Ubungqina bokuba abantu bahlala kunye yaye babhajwa ngemali iminyaka eliqela
  • Uvavanyo lwezamayeza nendlela abaphila ngayo abasebenzi

Ezi mfuneko zinokuba ngumthwalo omkhulu kwizibini eziye zahlala ngokungafaniyo ngexesha lokukhula kolwalamano lwazo, njengazo zadibana kwi-intanethi okanye zahlala zisemgangathweni phambi komtshato. Abaphathi-mikhosi baseVisa badla ngokusebenzisa ubulumko obubalulekileyo ekuvavanyeni ukunyaniseka kolwalamano, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiziphumo eziguquguqukayo kwanakumandla afanayo omthetho omnye.

Ukwahlulwa koMgaqo-nkqubo

Umntla Merika

I-United States neCanada zinika imizekelo eyahlukileyo yokufuduka okusekelwe emtshatweni. Ngokwesivakalisi inkqubo yeSpousal Sponsorship yaseKhanada ithathwa njengenye yezininzi eziqukayo, iqonda ukuba zombini imishado esesikweni kunye nolwalamano lomthetho oqhelekileyo kungakhathaliseki imbonakalo yesondo. Le nkqubo yezicelo kwinyanga ezili-12 ngokwe-avareji kwaye ayifaki manani eentambo kwi-pastial exhasa i-aspostrip. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umthetho wokufuduka ufuna umtshato osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni we-vsavess el, idala iingxaki zezibini ezitshatile ezitshatileyo kwimimandla apho umtshato omnye ungaqondwayo okanye apho umtshato ungangeniselwanga kwikhompyutha esebenzela kuyo okanye kwi-intanethi.

I-Europe

Amazwe aseYurophu ayahluka kakhulu kwindlela asebenza ngayo, phezu kwazo nje izicwangciso zomgangatho we-EU. Inkqubo yokufuduka ye-United Kingdom emva kweBrexit iphatha uvumo lomtshato ngokufanayo ukwenzela ii-visa, kodwa iindleko zesicelo ziphakathi kwezona ziphezulu kakhulu eYurophu. IJamani neNetherlands zinika amaqabane aqwalaselweyo iinkqubo ezihambayo, ngelixa amanye amazwe aseMpuma Yurophu eyaqhubeka ekhanyela ukufikelela kweVVsa yenye isibini esineeeseli zobudlela.

IAsia neMpuma Ephakathi

Owona mqobo ubalulekileyo ukhoyo kwimimandla apho amalungelo omtshato elinganiselweyo okanye engekhoyo. Akukho lizwe kuMbindi Mpuma elivuma ukutshata okufanayo, kwaye lininzi elimisela izigwebo eziqatha kulwalamano olumandundu olufanayo lokuziphatha okubi. Abahambi abakwimitshato efanayo kula mazwe basenokujamelana nemvume yokungavunyelwa, ukuvalelwa, okanye ukugxothwa. Kwanezibini ezingoontanga ezihlukeneyo zingahlangabezana nemiqathango ukuba umtshato ubandakanya amaqela asuka kumazwe aneengxaki zentsebenziswano, njengaphakathi kweIndiya nePakistan okanye phakathi kwamazwe amaninzi ama-Arabhu.

Oceania neAfrika

I-Australia ne-New Zealand ziyawuqonda umtshato ofanayo kwaye zinika iindidi zemvume kunye eziquka amaqabane angoonozakuzaku afanayo kunye nolwalamano lweziqu eziphambili. E-Afrika, kuphela nguMzantsi Afrika owamkela umtshato onxulumene neentlobano zesini, nangona inani elincinane lamanye amazwe linikela ukhuseleko oluthile ngemibutho yamakhaya okanye ngemigaqo-siseko engekho sigebenga-mthetho. Oku kudala umahluko ocacileyo apho izibini ezitshatileyo eKapa zinokuhlala ngokukhululekileyo eMzantsi Afrika kodwa ziphulukana nalo lonke ulwando olusemthethweni ekunqumleni amazwe angommelwane.

Imbono Nemikhwa Yekamva

Iqhinga lokufumana ulwandiso lomtshato emhlabeni wonke libonisa ukwanda okuqhubekayo, nangona isantya sahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokwengingqi. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka iBhunga lamaLungelo Loluntu leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kunye neKhomishini yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yamaJurist, iye yapapasha imiyalelo ekhuthaza ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke iintsapho, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lomanyano. Le migudu yokungaqhami iphembelela ngokuthe ngcembe imigaqo yamakhaya, ngokukodwa kumazwe afuna ukuvumelana nemilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yamazwe ngamazwe.

Imigudu Yokuvisisana

Izivumelwano zelizwe kunye nezombutho wamazwe zithetha ngokukhulayo ngokuqwalaselwa komtshato ukwenzela iinjongo zokufuduka. IConvention yeHague engokwamkeleka koManyano lwabaMatshane Ababhalisiweyo, nangona ingagunyaziswanga ngokubanzi, inika isiseko sentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe. I-European Union ekhululekileyo ivelise inkqubo ekhohlakeleyo yokuqwalaselwa kokungalingani okugqithiseliyo okuya kumthetho womtshato. Njengoko amazwe amaninzi amkela umthetho womanyano lwabemi, inani lonxulumano olusemthethweni olufanelekileyo lwezicelo zephepha elinqamlezileyo liya kuqhubeka likhula.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nobungqina bamanani

Ubugcisa obudibanisayo bunganciphisa imiqobo ethile. Iinkqubo zokuzichaza zamanani ezivumela ukunqabiseka, iziqinisekiso zomtshato eziqinisekisiweyo zingadibanisa imvume yokusebenza kwaye zinciphise inkxalabo yokuqhatha. Ukugcinwa kwerekhodi esekelwe kwiblockchain kucetyiwe njengesisombululo solwazi lomtshato onqamlezileyo, nangona imicimbi yogcino-lwazi isele ikhona. I-International Civile Aviation Organization yemigangatho yamaphepha ohambo olushukumayo ingadibanisa ugcino-data lwamaqabane omntu osebenza ngokunempumelelo kunenkqubo zangoku.

Utshintsho Lomgaqo-nkqubo Osetyenziswa Ngamalungelo Abantu

Ukubekwa kwetyala kwamalungelo abantu kuyaqhubeka kuqhubela phambili utshintsho lwenkqubo kwimimandla emininzi. Iinkundla ziye zaqonda ngokukhulayo ukuba ilungelo lobomi bentsapho phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe liquka ilungelo lokuhlala kunye njengentsapho, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lomtshato. Olu lawulo lusenokuphembelela iinkqubo zemvume nakumazwe apho imithetho yomtshato yasekhaya ihlala ingqongqo khona. Umzekelo, iNkundla yaseMelika yamaLungelo oLuntu eMelika ikhuphe iimbono eziqinisekisa ukuba amazwe amele aqaphele imitshato efanayo kuzo zonke iinjongo zomthetho, kuquka nokufuduka.

Okuseleyo

Phezu kwazo nje iimeko ezintle, imiqobo ephawulekayo isekho. Ingxaki yeembacu ehlabathini lonke ibalaselise indlela ukugqalwa komtshato okuchaphazela ngayo amaxhoba okufuna ukudityaniswa kwentsapho. I-LGBTQIA+ iimbacu ezibaleka intshutshiso zisoloko zijongene nemiqobo eyongezelelekileyo ekungqineni nolwalamano kwiindawo apho umtshato uhlala ungekho mthethweni. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokufuduka kwezoqoqosho kukwadala iindlela ezintsha zonxulumano oluphakathi kwemida ethanda ukuvavanyanisa ibhusayithi.

Ulwalathiso Olusebenzisekayo Kwizibini Ezizwe Ngezizwe

Kubantu abatshatileyo abasebenzisa izicelo zemvume ezisekelwe emtshatweni, ukhokelo olunengcali lubalulekile. Amanyathelo angundoqo aquka:

  1. imfuno zelizwe elisingileyo phambi komtshato, ingakumbi ukuba ulwalamano lubandakanya iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho okanye imvelaphi yobumi.
  2. Igqwetha elingenisa abantu abafudukayo linobuchule kumazwe athile abandakanyekileyo, njengokuba ulwazi lwasekuhlaleni lungalondoloza iinyanga zexesha lokuqhubekekisa.
  3. [[UMTHL: 0] Gcina uxwebhu olubanzi ukusuka kumaqondo okuqala olwalamano, kuquka uthungelwano, iirekhodi zemali, kunye nokuhamba ngeebhanile.
  4. Izangqa zokubonelela okunokwenzeka kwizithuba zolwaluko ngokuqwalasela ezinye iindlela ezifana neemvume zokundwendwela okanye iimvume zokuhlala zokwexeshana ngeli lixa izicelo zobutsha zicaciswe.
  5. Hlala usazisiwe ngeenguqu zenkqubo, njengoko imithetho yokwamkelwa komtshato iguquka ngokukhawuleza. Iiwebhusayithi zikarhulumente kunye nee-blog zomthetho owezabantu abafudukayo ezineziqinisekiso zinika ulwazi oluhlaziyiweyo.

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge [[[FLT: 0] INKCR kunye ILGA DAP inikela ubuncwane kumalungelo omtshato kunye nokhuseleko lohambo. Iintlangano zobugcisa ezifana ne [[FLT:] American Immigation Lawers Association[[FLT:]] inikezela ngoovimba beefayili bamagqwetha abafanelekayo. Kwizibini zijongenemiqathango engqongqo, imibutho enjenge uxwebhu olunxulumene namalungelo abantu okuxhatshazwa nokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu kunye nomxhasi wolungiso lwenkqubo yotshintsho.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo omtshato aye aba ngoyena thunywashe ophambili kwinkqubo yokuhamba nokusetyenziswa kwe-visa yamazwe ngamazwe, ebonisa ukutshintsha-tshintsha okuthe kratya kwindlela amazwe ayiqonda ngayo intsapho, ukulingana, kunye nolawulo. Ngoxa inkqubela ithe yaqina, umhlaba uhlala uhlukene, kudala amathuba nemiqobo kwizibini ezifuna ukunqumla imida kunye. Utyekelo oluququzelelweyo, luqhutywa ngamalungelo abantu, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye nentsebenziswano zamazwe ngamazwe, lucebisa ukuba imiqobo yomtshato iqhubeke incipha. Noko ke, izibini kufuneka zihlale ziphaphile, zilungele ukuvisisa imigaqo elungelelanisa. Ekugqibeleni, ukuqwalaselwa kwamalungelo omtshato kumthetho wokufuduka akuyo nje kungumbandela osemthethweni, izigqibo zenkundla, izigqibo, kunye nenkululeko yezizwe ngezizwe ukuba zikwazi ukuphelisa imida.