Isivumelwano Esilungileyo SoLwesihlanu: Isiseko Soxolo

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu, esatyikitywa ngo-10 ku-Epreli 1998, simi njengenye yezona zivumelwano zoxolo ezibalulekileyo ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Saphelisa iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yogonyamelo lwamahlelo esaziwa ngokuba yiMixokelelwano, eyayisele ibulale abantu abangaphezu kwama-3 500. Isivumelwano saseka urhulumente olawulayo eNyakatho Ireland, imida enqamlezileyo phakathi koMntla noMzantsi Afrika, kunye nesakhiwo se-Mpuma-West phakathi koManyano noMntla we-West phakathi koBuBukumkani obumanyene neRiphabliki yase-Ireland. ICrucily, yafaka umgaqo wesivumelwano: i-Northernern Ireland iyakuhlala iyinxalenye ye-UK ngaphandle kokuba uninzi luvote. Umda ongabonakaliyo phakathi kwe-Ireland kunye ne-Riphabliki ye-Ireland waba yintla loxolo loxolo oluqhelekileyo kunye nentlalo manyano loxolo.

Esi sivumelwano sakhiwa ngokuqwalaselwa kobabini abaphambili bezithethe eMntla-ntla Ireland: amaqumrhu (afanisa amaBritane) kunye namazwe (azibiza njenge-Irish). Sadala uludwe oluntsonkothileyo lwamaziko ezobupolitika alungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba zombini imimandla ingalawula kunye. Kwintliziyo yawo kwabekwa imbopheleleko yokuba onke amaqela asebenzisa iindlela zokulungisa iimeko zoxolo nezolawulo-demokhrasi ukucombulula ukungavisisani. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini, iGoond Wear Fear Agreement yanika isiseko esiqinileyo esavumela uNorland ukuba ihambele phambili, itsale umngeni, urhwebo, ukhetho, kunye namanxeba anzulu oluntu.

Name

Ivoti yonyaka ka-2016 ye-United Kingdom ebhekisa phambili ukushiya i-European Union ngokusisiseko yaguqula umongo apho i-Good Wear Actives yasebenza khona. Ngenxa yokuba i-UK ne-Ireland zazingamalungu e-EU, umda phakathi kwe-Ireland yaseMantla kunye neRiphabliki yase-Ireland wawungumda odibeneyo we-EU, ungafuni kuxilongwa kwamasiko okanye izibonelelo eziphathekayo. I-Brexit yasongela ukuguqula lo mgca ungabonakaliyo ungene kumda wangaphandle we-EU, inyusa intembeleko yomda onzima onokuvuselela kwaye uphazamise uxolo oluthambileyo oluye lwaba yinto eqhelekileyo.

IBrexit ayizange nje icel ’ umngeni ulwalamano lorhwebo; yahlasela ulwahlulo lwezopolitiko olucekethekileyo olwasekela inkqubo yoxolo. Abameli besizwe bajonga amalungu e-EU njengesiqinisekiso samalungelo nomgangatho wokuxabiseka, ngeli xesha abaninzi abamanyanisene bebona iBrexit njengethuba lokomeleza ulawulo lwe-UK's. Isiphumo yaba yingxoxo equkuqelayo yokuba izahlulo ezindala ziphinde zavulwa. Umgaqo wokuvuma (h.* ngoku ukhuselwe kakuhle kwiGosa Elilungileyo leMibuliso-Wreth-* ngoku wawuvavanywa yivoti yoMntla-nkulu woMntla Ireland ukuba ingazange ixhase (56%).

Ucelomngeni Lokuvuma

Inqaku 1 leGood Wear Agreement lithi imeko yemGaqo-siseko yasemntla Ireland ingatshintsha kuphela xa abantu bayo bevuma. Kanti iBrexit, eyaguqula ulwalamano olungokomGaqo-siseko phakathi kwe-Ireland kunye neRiphabliki yase-Ireland (ukususela oko okulandelayo kushiyekile kwi-EU), yayingeyonkqubo ecacileyo yokuvumelana eNyakatho Ireland. Oku kwabangela ukungalawuleki kwedemokhrasi abagxeki bephikisa ukuthomalalisa umoya wesivumelwano. Urhulumente we-UK waguqula i-EU ngaphandle kwesombululo esenziwe eNyakatho Ireland.

Umda: Ukusuka Ekubeni Ungabonakali Usiya Ekwanelisekeni

Akukho ngxelo ibonisa ngokucacileyo impembelelo ye-Breexit kune-mda ophakathi kwe-Ireland ne-Ireland. Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu sabhekisela ngokucacileyo ekususweni kwayo yonke imimiselo yokhuseleko kumda. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, iinqaba zadityaniswa, iipoyinti zokuhlola zanyamalala, kwaye iindlela ezinqamlezileyo zavulwa kwakhona. Abantu neempahla zahamba ngokukhululekileyo, zidibanisa uqoqosho kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Lo mda waba yingcamango ecacileyo kubemi abaninzi, ukuvumela iintsapho ukuba zithenge, zisebenze, zize zikwazi ukuhlanganisa iimpahla, kwaye zisebenzisane eqeleni ngaphandle kwemiqobo.

I-Breut exit enyanzelisa abanyanzeli ukuba bajongene nombuzo obalulekileyo: i-UK ingawushiya njani umbutho wentengiso nezithethe ze-EU ngexesha igcina umda we-Irish uvulekile? Kumbono we-IU, umda ovulekileyo wawuthetha ukuba akukho lulawulo lwamasiko, akukho phetho lohlolo, kwaye akukho kunyuswa komthetho. Ngaphandle komda e-Ireland, i-EU ifuna ukuba i-Northern Ireland ihlale ilungelelene nemithetho yayo. Le ngxaki ikhokelela ekudalweni kwe-Northern Ireland Protoisanity Protocom.

Imithetho Yomthetho YaseMantla EIreland: Isicombululo Esivavanyiweyo

Imithetho yokuziphatha, exoxwe njengenxalenye yesivumelwano sokutsala nokusebenza kweyoku-1 kaJanuwari 2021, ejolise ekuphepheni umda onzima kwisiqithi sase-Ireland ngokugcina i-Ireland esemntla-ntla kwintengiso enye ye-EU yempahla kwaye ilungele ukudibanisa nemithetho ye-EU. Oku kuthetha ukuba amasiko ajongwe kunye nolawulo olulawulayo aqhutyelwe kuLwandle lwase-Ireland, edala umda wedeo phakathi kweBritane enkulu ne-Northern Ireland.

Ingingqi zomanyano lwamazwe asekuhlaleni zavakalelwa kukuba iProtocol yabeka iNorthern Ireland kwindawo engaqhelekanga: phantsi kwemithetho ethile ye-EU ngaphandle kokuba nevoti kuyo, kwaye yahlulwa kwiUK ngokweemeko zorhwebo. Iqela le-Democratic Unionism Partium (Dup) yasusa umPhathiswa wayo wokuqala kwiGunyameli elilawula amandla alawulayo ekuvukeleni, iphembelela amaziko iGood Wesihlanu se-ExProvince. Okwangoku, isalatha kumthetho weSiko-mthetho njengobungqina bokuba izilangazelelo ezingcono zoMntla zibekwe kulungelelaniso olusondeleneyo ne-EUS ne-Ireland.

Ukuwohloka Kwezobupolitika: Iziko Elineengxaki

Isivumelwano esiLumkileyo soLwesihlanu saseka amaziko amathathu adibanisayo: iNdibano yaseMntla Ireland (iStromont), iBhunga loBalungiseleli baseMntla-ntshona, kunye neBrithishi-Irish Interpreviormentalion. IBretit, ingakumbi iSivumelwano somthetho-mthetho, yabeka zonke ezintathu phantsi koxinzelelo olunzima. INdibano kunye noLawulo-Mgaqo-siseko ayinakusebenza ngaphandle kwenkxaso enqamlezayo, kunye neNdlumo ye-Dup yayithetha ukuba i-Norland ingabi narhulumente ohlaziweyo kangangeminyaka emibini (ukususela ngoFebruwa 20222 ukuya kuFebruwari 2024).

Le misebenzi yezopolitiko yenzakalisa ushishino lukawonke-wonke, ukulibaziseka ekwenzeni izigqibo kwimpilo, imfundo, kunye nezibonelelo, kunye nokukhula kokungathembani kwabantu. Ukungabikho koMphathi-mikhosi osebenzayo eMntla Ireland kwakhona kwathetha ukuba i-Northern Ireland ayinalizwi kwingxoxo kumalungiselelo ayo okurhweba emva kweBr entsi. Intsilelo yedemokhrasi eyathi abagxeki balumkisa ngokuba yinto yokwenene: izigqibo ezichaphazela uqoqosho lwe-Ireland nobomi bemihla ngemihla zazisenziwa eLondon naseBrusselneesss ngaphandle kwegalelo lasekuhlaleni.

Uluntu Nezikhundla

Ingxoxo ye-Breexit ethetha ngokuzichaza eNorthern Ireland, eyadanjiswa yi-Goold Wearth Treaty elungelelaniswe ngocoselelo lwe-British kunye ne-Irish. Abaququzeleli abaninzi bavakalelwa kukuba umthetho womthetho walula indawo yaseMntla Ireland e-UK, ngeli xesha imikhosi emininzi yobuzwe yayiyijonga njengenyathelo elikhokelela ekuphindeni kobunyani bama-Ireland. Ezi mbono zahlukeneyo zadala imigudu entsokothile yokubuyisela amandla anzima. Umgaqo wesivumelwano wokubaluleka wasongelo lwaselusongelo njengoko uluntu ngalunye lutolika iBre e-exit ngesimbo salo somGaqo-siseko walo.

Umzekelo, imfuneko yemithetho yokuziphatha yokuba izinto ezivela eGreat Britain zihlangabezane nemigangatho ye-EU yabonwa ngabaququzeli bomanyano njengokwaphuka kwemisebenzi ye-Union, ngexa abaxhasi besizwe baphikisa ukuba kuyimfuneko ulalanisa ukuze kubekho uxolo. Kwalo lwimi lusetyenziselwa ukuchaza umda we-(-"Irish Sea" okanye "trade der der der" yaba ngumlawuli wekhompyutha wobunyani obunzulu bezobupolitika. Le nguqulelo yolwimi yabalaselisa indlela iBrexit eyathi yaphinda yalubala ngayo umba owaphulwlulo olulungileyo lwe-Prevereverence.

Inkcitho Yezoqoqosho: Urhwebo Nemali

Iziphumo zezoqoqosho zeBreits kuMntla Ireland zintsonkothile kwaye zidibene. Kwesinye isandla, iProtocol inika umntla Ireland unikezelo olungaqhelekanga olubini: ihlala kushishino lwangaphakathi lwe-UK kwaye ihlala kushishino lwangaphakathi lwe-EU lwentengiso olunye lwempahla. Oku kuye kwatsala utyando lwangaphakathi, njengoko iinkampani zomhlaba zibona iNorthern Ireland njenge "igateaway" kwiimarike zombini. Kwesinye isandla, amashishini ajongenezongezelelwe kwi-ofisi xa kuthengiselwana neGreat Britain, ezithengiselela malunga nama-60% enkqumntla Ireland. Intengiso, ii-Crostoms, ii-erhekezo ze-erhenteko, kunye nokunyuswa kwe-traki ye-traki ye-inberg inyusa iindleko zazo zorhwebo.

Amashishini amancinane nawakhiwe kancinane, ngokukodwa, aye azamana nokhuhlano olutsha. Isibheki kwiphondo iTyrone ekwathi ngaphambili yathumela izinto kwivenkile enkulu eGlasgow ngoku kufuneka igqibe iziqinisekiso zempilo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Umlimi othumela iinkomo eNgilani ujongene namaphepha amatsha. Le mithwalo iluncedo inciphisa ukudibana kwezoqoqosho okukhuthazwa yiGood Wearver Agreement. I-Northfood umbandement itshintshile: Urhwebo lwemida enqamlezo phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland ne-Ireland i-Ireland luye lwakhula ukususela oko iBrethi ekwindawo ye-Bretit, njengoko amashishini amacala omabini e-EUS, ngoxa ukurhweba neGreat Britain kurhoxile.

I-travote yexesha elide yezoqoqosho ayiqinisekanga. I-Frames, yavumelana ngoFebruwari 2023 phakathi kwe-UK ne-EU, ejolise ekugudiseni ukusebenza kwemithetho yokuziphatha ngokunciphisa ii-checks ezimiselwe iimpahla ze-Northern Ireland kuphela, nangokunika amaziko aseMntla Ireland ilizwi elininzi kakhulu (i"Stramont Brake"). Ngexa umsebenzi weFrame wawuthetha ngemibandela ethile eluncedo, awuzange ucombulule uxinzelelo olungundoqo lwemithetho-siseko. Ukungazinzi kwezobupolitika eNorthern Ireland kuthintela utyalo lwexesha elide, njengoko ixabiso lokunika izingeni-mali ngokuqinisekile ngaphezulu kokufikelela konikezelo.

Impembelelo engokwasentlalweni neyoluntu

I-Brexit ichaphazele ubomi babantu bemihla ngemihla kuMntla Ireland ngeendlela ezingabonakaliyo. Ukususwa komda wokhuseleko, owenziwe ngemthungo, ngoku kusoloko kufikelelwa ngamathuba athile njengoko iimoto zikhangelwa ngokungacwangciswanga. Abantu abahlala kwimida, njenge Newry, Dundalk, okanye Derry-Londonderry, banikela ingxelo ngolwazi oluphezulu lwecandelo. Ukususwa kwesakhiwo sokhuseleko kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini eyadlulayo kuye kwaphawulwa njengophawu loxolo; ukubuyiselwa kwezakhiwo ezintsha zamasango kunye nee-ontamfo, nokuba kuLwandle lwase-Ireland kuphela, kuvusenethuba lokudibana kwakudala.

Imibutho yolutsha neyoluntu exhomekeke kwinkxaso-mali enqamleza imida ye-EU − njengenkqubo yoxolo .I-UK iye yathatha indawo yemali ye-EU yeSibonelelo se-octive Fund ye-UK, kodwa kukho inkxalabo malunga nokuqhubekeka kwexesha elide. Umbono we-Good Wespective yeGover Active wokwabelana, ilungelelaniswe nebutho labantu uxhomekeke ngokwenxalenye kwintsebenziswano yentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho kwisiqithi esithe iBreincuthe iBreath.

Ikamva Elinokubakho: Imizekelo Yoxolo Nokumanyana

Ikamva leSivumelwano esiLumkileyo sangoLwesihlanu kwilizwe lasemva kobundlobongela lixhomekeke kumnqweno wezobupolitika kunye nokuzinziswa kwemibutho.

Imeko 1: Ukusetyenziswa komsebenzi womoya

Ukuba iWindsor Frameswork isebenza njengoko kucetywa, uLawulo lwezigwebo lwasemntla Ireland luza kubuyiselwa kwaye iingxaki zemithetho yokuziphatha zizakuconjululwa ngokuthe ngcembe. Iintengiso kwimpahla ezivela eGreat Britain ziya kuba zincinane, kwaye iCummont Brake iza kunika abezobupolitika basekuhlaleni icebo lokungavumelani nemithetho emitsha ye-EUU enokuba neziphumo ezibi. Kule meko, amaziko alungileyo eProfter Fearverence Arence aya kuphinda asebenze, nangona uxanduva oluphantsi komgaqo-siseko lusele luhleli. Uxolo luza kuqhubeka, kodwa ulwalamano phakathi kweNorthern Ireland kunye ne-UK luza kutshintshwa ngokusisigxina.

Imeko 2: Ukuqalisa Kwesivumelwano Ngokuthe Ngcembe

Ukuba i-Proft Frive Agreement iyaqhubeka, amaziko e-Good Wear Areant angaqhubekeka ngokutshayelela. Ngaphandle kokukhutshwa kwezigqibo, izigqibo ezingemicimbi yaseMntla Ireland zithatyathwa ngabalungiseleli base-UK, zicutha ukuphendulana kwetyala lasekuhlaleni kunye nemvume yokunqamleza. Esi simo siyingozi ebangela ukuba kubekho ulawulo oluza kuzaliswa ngamaqela amajoni okanye amazwi anamandla. Umda ovulekileyo uzakulondolozwa, kodwa umoya womanyano oya kubangela ukuba lunganciphi.

Imeko 3: Iinguqulelo zomGaqo-siseko

I-Breexit ikhawuleze ingxoxo emalunga ne-Ireland. I-Narvery National iphikisa ngelithi i-Ireland esemntla iya kuba bhetele ngaphakathi kwe-EU, ngoxa amaqumrhu e-Irish ethetha ukuba umanyano lwama-Irish lungazisa ukuphazamiseka kwezoqoqosho. Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu sinika inkqubo esemthethweni yophando lomda, kodwa unobhala welizwe laseNorthern Ireland kufuneka atsale umnxeba ukuba kubonakala ngathi uninzi lungavota ukumanyana. Uhlolisiso lwangoku alukho olubonisa utshintsho, kodwa umanyano kunye nesimo sengqondo esitshintshayo phakathi kwabatsha bangayitshintsha loo mahluko. Uphatho lomda lunokuba sisiganeko esidityanisela ukuvavanyaniswa koxolo kwimida yalo.

Imeko 4: Isivumelwano Esitsha

Abanye abahlalutyi bathi iGood Wesihlanu Agreement, ngelixesha imbali ingafuna ukuvuselelwa ukuze kubonakale izinto zenyani zasemva kwe Brexit. Isivumelwano esitsha se-"UK-Ireland" okanye iSivumelwano somthetho-mthetho esihlaziyiweyo singabuyisela ulwalamano oluzinzileyo olubona ukuba lukwindawo ekhethekileyo yaseMntla Ireland. Noko ke, ukuphinda kuvulwe umGaqo-siseko kungakwamkelwa kobungozi obuzinzileyo boxolo. Ngoku, urhulumente we-UK kunye no-Irish uxhasa i-Gobe loMvumelo woxolo, njengoko bethetha ngoxolo lwe-Pragmatic.

Isiphelo: Ukuzukiswa Okuhlala Kuhleli Kwesivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu

Breexit uvavanye i-Good Wear Agreement ngendlela abakhi bayo ababengenakuyilindela. Umda ovulekileyo, owakhe wathathwa lula, ngoku ungumcimbi otyholwayo ngokwezobupolitika. Amaziko alawula amandla, akha amisela isisombululo songquzulwano, aye azama ngamandla asebenzayo kwimeko-bume entsha. Kodwa imigaqo engundoqo yesivumelwano, ukuvalwa kwexabiso, nokusetyenziswa okupheleleyo kwendlela zoxolo (h) ihlala ifanelekile njengakuqala.

Ucelomngeni lwabenzi bomthetho eLondon, eDublin, eBrussels, naseBelfast kukufumana indawo ehlala ixesha elide ehlonela ulawulo lwe-UK kunye nengqibelelo ye-EU ngexa ikhusela i-Good Wear Account enikezelayo. Imithetho yokuziphatha yasemntla Ireland kunye ne- imela imigudu yobukhosi be-Frames imela imigudu yokwenza njalo, kodwa ayisiso sokugqibela. Inkqubo yoxolo ayisiso isakhiwo esisigxilisiweyo kodwa inkqubo emiselweyo yolwalamano olufuna inkathalo nengqalelo oluthe rhoqo.

Ekugqibeleni, i-Good Freence Treaunce ingaba ngamandla ayo aphezulu. Yenzelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo ```British, Irish, kunye ne-Irish' yasemntla-Irish''' kwaye ivumela utshintsho lwexesha elizayo ngaphandle kokubhenela kugonyamelo. I-Brexit ingqine ukuba obu bubhedu bungachaphazeleka, kodwa kwakhona isivumelwano sihlala sisesona siseko soxolo, solawulo lwedemokhrasi kwikamva eliseNyakatho Ireland. Njengoko [FLT: 0] ama-scrist kunye [FLT:] nama-ourmest [ axhasayo] aqhubeka kwesi sahluko sinzima, isibakala sinye sicacile: uxolo olwakhiwe ngo-1998-1998kadeliki, kodwa lumele lukhuselwe ngabo bonke abalungele umanyano.