Uyilo lweenkqubo zokhetho luyinkqubo yedemokhrasi esisiseko yolawulo-demokhrasi, ephembelela ngqo indlela abemi abakuqonda ngayo okusesikweni nokufaneleka kwamaziko abo ezobupolitika. Phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo zokhetho, iinkqubo ezingundoqo `endlela'' ezibizwa ngokuba zizininzi okanye izininzi iinkqubo zenkqubo zokwenza ulawulo-lwazi-lwazi oluphezulu. Ezi nkqubo, ezikhuthaza uloyiso kumntu oza kungenelwa okanye umbutho ozivotayo, zibumba ingekuphela kweziphumo zonyulo kodwa kwanendlela yokwanda kwempucuko yezobupolitika. Ukuqonda impembelelo yazo ekuthembeni i-votistyralitistysssssssssss zilungele impilo yedemokhrayo, njengoko kungundoqo wokuthemba kwemibutho yezolawulo-othonga.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo yeeNtloko zoLawulo

Iinkqubo zokhetho eziqhelekileyo yinkqubo yokuqala yexesha elidlulileyo (FPPP) echazwe ngomgaqo ongundoqo: umvoti ofumana olona nyulo luninzi, i-Indiya, kunye ne-United States (kukodwa kunyulo olupheleleyo (ngaphezu kwama-50%). Olunye uhlobo oluqhelekileyo yinkqubo yokuqala ye-paredis-prese (okanye i-FPPP), esetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge-United Kingdom, i-Canada, i-Indiya, kunye ne-United States (kukovota). Olunye uhlobo luyinkqubo ye-equantarha ezimbini (okanye i-ekhova), eqelelwnswe eFransi kunye nokhetho oluninzi lomongameli emhlabeni wonke. Ezinye iinkqubo zisebenzisa enye ivotimentili (AV), apho abavoti kunye nabaphantsi abatshali banokukhutshwa de baphumele uninzi. Ngezo ezo ndlela zolwanomo lwahlukeneyo, zinegalelo ngokuqwaneka, ngokuqwalasela kumelo olucacileyo, ukuphumelela okuqhelekileyo.

Isiphelo- Sokuqala- Sesiphelo- (FPTP)

FPTP sisixokelelwano soburhulumente obulula nobuqashelwe kakhulu. Kwisithili ngasinye (umahluko), abavoti bavotela ivoti enye kubavoti babo abakhethiweyo. Umzekelo, kunyulo lwenani eliphezulu leevoti ufumana isihlalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakhusela uninzi olupheleleyo. Le nkqubo idla ngokuvelisa oorhulumente abanamandla abakwicandelo elinye, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo zepalamente, kuba isoloko iguqulela ubuninzi beevoti zesizwe kwinkoliso yezihlalo. Umzekelo, kunyulo-2019 lwe-UK jikelele, iConservative Par yawina 43,6% yevoti yovoti kodwa ikhutshwe 56% yezihlalo zepalame. Le “procester ye-win" ingenza umelo oluzinzileyo oluzinzileyo kodwa lugqwethekileyo.

Inkqubo enemijukujelwa emibini (Phumeza i-Off)

Inkqubo engqukuva ezimbini yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba umvuzo owenziwe ekugqibeleni unenkxaso enkulu. Ukuba akukho mvotelwa ufumana uninzi olupheleleyo kwisangqa sokuqala, uphezulu (okanye maxa wambi ngaphezulu) abaza kuqhubekela phambili kungqungquthela lwesibini. Abasebenzi benqanawa ngoko bakhetha phakathi kwabashiyekileyo, kwaye abaphumeleleyo bafumana uninzi lwevoti kulo mjikelo wokugqibela. Le nkqubo iqhelekile kunyulo lomongameli eFransi, eBrazil, nakumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika. Inciphisa umngcipheko wokuphumelela ngobukhulu obuncinane kakhulu kodwa inokuba noxanduva ukunikezela kwaye isenokufumana iimbono ezincinane ezikhoyo.

Udidi lwenjongo ethile

AV(isetyenziswe kwiNdlu yabameli base-Australian .wrams ivoti ukuba bagqibe abathathi-nxaxheba ngokuthanda. Ukuba akukho mvoti ukhusela uninzi lwevoti yokuqala-perences, oyena uphantsi udityanisiweyo uyasuswa, kwaye amavoti abo asasazwa kwizinto ezikhethiweyo ezilandelayo. Le nkqubo iphinda de omnye umvoteli afumane uninzi. AV uqinisekisa ukuba umphumeleleyo unenkxaso ebanzi ngexa engafuni iindleko zonyulo lwesibini. Abahlalutyisi baphikisa ukuba isawa namaqela amancinane ukuba ukhetho lwabo lwesibini alunakukhethwa ngendlela elungelelanayo.

Izixhobo zokudibanisa iinkqubo ze-eectoral kwi-voter Trust

Ukuthemba igesi kubandakanya ukuthembana kwinkqubo yonyulo, ulwaneliseko ngomelo, kunye nenkolelo yokuba urhulumente uyasabela kwiimfuno zommi. Iinkqubo zeMajoritharithari zichaphazela ezi mpawu ngemisebenzi emininzi edityanisiweyo.

Ucalulo lweziphumelo noLawulo

Enye yamandla akhankanywe kakhulu eenkqubo ezingundoqo kukukwazi ukuvelisa iziphumo ezicacileyo, ezinqindileyo. Abasebenzi banokuyiqonda lula into yokuba ngubani ophumeleleyo nolahlekileyo, benciphisa ukungaqondani malunga nokuba ngubani oza kubumba urhulumente. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, iFPTP isoloko ikhupha urhulumente omnye ohlukeneyo, onokuthi asebenze ngokugqibeleleyo ngaphandle kokufuna uhlolo olunxulumeneyo. Oku kucaca kungenza uthelekelelo ngokudibana nolindelo lwevota olumele luphumele kurhulumente osebenzayo. Uphando lweInternational Institute for Democlacy kunye ne Eltal Impliation lubonisa ukuba kumazwe ane FPTPP, ulwaneliseko ngedemokhrasi xa unyulo luvelisa unyulo olucacileyo, xa ulwando olucacileyo, xa kuthelekiswa nolwamnqongo wolwakhiwo wolwano lwendawo apho ukwakhiwa kombuthotho lwezi womanyano luthatha iinyanga.

Ukuziphendulela Nesohlwayo Esingafanelekanga

Iinkqubo zomsebenzi wamanani zidala uqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwabavoti nabameli babo basekuhlaleni. Kwi-FPTP, isithili ngasinye sikhetha ilungu elinye, sikwenza kucace ukuba abavoti bahlawule okanye bohlwaye abasebenzi abasekelwe kwimisebenzi yabo. Oku kuphendula komntu ngamnye kungakhuthaza intembelo yokuba iinkokeli zinokususwa ukuba ziyasilela ii-gray. Uhlolisiso lwaseKhanada kunye nolobuBritani lubonisa ukuba abavoti kwiinkqubo zeFPPP basengozini yokuvota ngokutshayekelela okanye ukuvota ingxelo karhulumente ngobalo. Kodwa, oku kumele ukuncitshiswa kwe-Rhoverman der okanye izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo, apho unyulo lweqela elithile luqinisekiswa ngokuqinisekileyo, ukucutha izikhuseli zokuqulusela phambili.

Umelo kunye noKhuseleko

Ngeli xesha iinkqubo zolawulo olukhulu zinika ukucaca nokuziphendulela, zisoloko zisenza ngendlela engafanelekanga. KwiFPTP, umvotelwa angaphumelela ngobubanzi obusezantsi obungango-30% wevoti, ithetha ukuba ama-70% eepropati asenokuziva engaxhaswanga. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kunokuphelisa ukuthemba phakathi kwabaxhasi abaphulukana namaqela, ingakumbi ukuba basoloko bekwiqela elincinane. Ubuhlanga, ulwimi, okanye iqela elincinane lamazwe angafumana amazwi abo ephazanyisiwe ukuba ivota yabo ixhaswe kwimimandla embalwa kodwa ingaguquleli kwizihlalo ze-wigcontrogist. INkqubo yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo iDropolisa ichaza indlela ezinkulu ezinokuyichaza ngayo iimvakalelo zokuziphenelwa ngokwahlukeneyo kwimimandla, ekwazi ukuncitshiswa kwedemokhrasi.

Ubungqina Obuvela Kuyo Nohlolisiso Lwetyala

Iziphumo zehlabathi lokwenene zenkqubo zomphathi-mikhosi kukholo lomvoti ziyahluka ngokomongo. Uhlalutyo lwamazwe athile lutyhila amandla nobuthathaka bezi nkqubo.

I-United Kingdom

Inkqubo ye-FPTP ye-UK isoloko igxekwa ngokususa kwayo iprojectiva. Ngonyulo jikelele lwangonyaka ka-2015, i-UK Independence Party (UKIP) yaphumelela 12.6% yevoti yesizwe kodwa kuphela indawo enye yokuvota kodwa inye kuphela yesihlalo, i-0.2% yezihlalo. Ngokufanayo, iLiberal Democrats ikhuseleke 7.9% yevoti kodwa 1,2% yezihlalo. Oku “kwafakwa ivoti" into ekhoyo ``=apho ivoti abaphulukani bafumana i-" kwaye abathembisi, ingakumbi abaxhasi bamaqela amancinane. Noko ke, i-UK inandipha imigangatho ephezulu ngokuthelekisa ukuthemba kwe-democracracssssss, indawo ekhoyo ngenxa yokuba inkqubo elawulayo iziphumo zentlalo-ogracrac. Isimo soluntu sibonakalisa ulwanomo oluthe lwemeko olukhoyo olukhoyo.

CanadaName

Inkqubo yeFPTP yaseCanada ikhokelele ekuphindeni “kohlulweni okungalunganga” kunyulo oluphindaphindiweyo . apho iqela lifumana izihlalo ezininzi kodwa limbalwa kunamanye amalungu. Ngo-2019, iLiberal Party iphumelele 33.1% yezihlalo zovoti kunye no 157, ngelixa iConservative Partition iphumelele 34.3% kodwa izihlalo ezili-12 kuphela. Iziphumo ezinjalo zingayonakalisa ingqiqo yokusesikweni, njengoko abavoti benoluvote benoluvo lokuba ulwahlulo alubonisi zizinto zabo ezithandwayo. Uvavanyo oluqhutywa yiEcostals Canada lubonisa ukuba xa inkoliso yase-Canada ifumana iFPPPP, ithemba lihlab ’ entle xa iziphumo zigqwetha uvo. Utshintsho luceliwe kodwa lungasetyenziswa, ngonyulwa kanye ngo-201 oluqhantyo lwe-luvo lwamanyeneyo lwe-Greasts.

I-France

IFransi isebenzisa inkqubo yemihlathi emibini kunyulo lwayo lweNdibano yesiZwe. Le nkqubo idla ngokuvuza amaqela ngokulinganiselayo, amaqela akwindawo yesibini ngeli xesha enciphisa iziphelo ezigqithisileyo zolwahlulo lwezomthetho. Kunyulo lomthetho ka-2017, umnqophisi weqela le-Macron i-République En Marche waphumelela 28.2% yevoti yokuqala kodwa ekhuselwe ngaphezu kwama-60% yezihlalo ngenxa yokuvota kunye namaxwebhu kwingingingi yesibini. Le siphumo sigxininiswe ukuthemba phakathi kwabaxhasi bemithetho-mthetho kodwa sandisiwe ekususweni kwe-Rocean Front yasekunene yesizwe neyasekude Fransi engathandeki. [[FLT:] i-FIFP uqulovelo olungaphezulu kwama-60 [[FOT:1] [FP]] ithe ukuthemba amaqela ezobupolitika, inxenye enokuba nokuvotela ukuvota.

I-India

IIndiya, eyona mimandla inkulu yedemokhrasi ehlabathini, isebenzisa i-FPTP kunyulo lwayo lweLok Sabba. Phezu kwako nje ubukhulu bayo kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwayo, inkqubo iye yavelisa oorhulumente abazinzileyo, kutshanje phantsi kweBharatiya Janata Partiment (BJP), efumene 37% yevoti kwi-projekthi yolawulo ngo-2019 kodwa 56% yezihlalo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba i-FPPP iqinisekisa ukulawulwa kweendawo ezidityatyanisiweyo eziziiiiiiiiinte eziziintlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo. Kodwa, abagxeki babonisa ukuba inkqubo e-paracedadatadate i-dia ixhaswe kwimimandla ephezulu, amaqela amaqela e-Bjutal e-Da, aphumele phantsi kwemidathangalamngeni encinane, aphumele phantsi kwemidabo yokufumana i-uni e-ove.

Ukugxekwa Nocelomngeni

Phezu kwazo nje iinzuzo zazo, iinkqubo zoomphathi zijamelana nokugxekwa okuphawulekayo okunokumenza angathenjwa nangayiphi na indlela.

Ukukhuthuza Nokuchitha Imali

Iinkqubo zobuMajonia ngokwemvelo zenza isithuba phakathi kwevoti kunye nesabelo sendawo yokuhlala. Kwi FPTP, iqela eliphumeleleyo kuma-40% evoti lingafumana ama-60% ezihlalo, ngelixa iqela elinamashumi amabini% lingafumana ngaphantsi kwe 5% yezihlalo. Oku kurhoxa kuthetha ukuba amavoti amaninzi “aphoswe" – aphoswa abo bafelweyo abalahlekelwa – okanye abanempembelelo encinci kunabanye. Ukholoso lwe-Vote lungaphela xa abemi beqonda ukuba ivota yabo ayibaleki ngaphandle kokuba baxhase i-runner ephambili. ISTIOLT yeDevision and Elctor Consolation iphawula ukuba amazwe aneqela eliphezulu elihambayo, ukuvota okujikelezayo, ukurhoxa okujikeleza okusezantsi, nokuthotywa kwezobupolitika phakathi kwabaxhasi abambalwa.

Uqeqesho lobuchule kunye noHlaziyo

Iinkqubo zolawulo zikhuthaza ukuvota ngobuchule, apho abemi beluvotelwa kungekhona abantu abakhethelwe bona kodwa abangemthandi kangako ukuba bathintele iziphumo ezide zibe mbi kakhulu. Nangona oku kusenokusilela, kusenokusingela phantsi isiqinisekiso sobunyani kwaye kunokubangela ukuba kubekho ukungathembani. Abasebenzi basenokuziva benyanzelekile ukulalanisa namaxabiso abo, nto leyo enciphisa ukukholosa kwinkqubo yokukhetha. Kwi-UK, ukuvota ngobuchule kuxhaphake kakhulu, ngeewebhusayithi kunye namaphulo okucebisa ukhuphiso ngendlela yokunyusa impembelelo yabo. Le hambo ibonakalisa ukungabi nantembelo yokuba inkqubo iya kuguqulela ngokufanelekileyo izihlalo ezihlalweni.

Uqhelaniso lwamancinane namaqela abekwe umda

Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe zingawakhupha ngokulandelelanayo amaqela amancinane angenako ukujongwa kwelizwe. Umzekelo, iqela elincinane lohlanga okanye lobuhlanga elisasazeke kwisithili ezininzi lisenokungaze libe nabanyulwa balo abakhethelweyo. EUnited States, nangona ama-Afrika kunye namaHispanic aye afumana umelo kwisithili, impembelelo yawo yezobupolitika isoloko ixutywa yi-gerrymander okanye isithili esipakishweyo. Brenan Center yeJaji [ ibhale indlela ezichane ngayo iinkqubo zeFPTP ku-U.S ikhokelela phantsi kolwando oluncinane, ukunceda ukuthemba okusezantsi korhulumente phakathi kwala maqela.

Umjikelo wocontsi

Uphando lwesizwe lubonisa ukuba amazwe anenkqubo ezingundoqo athambekela ekubeni abe nomvoti omncinci ophantsi othelekiswa nalawo amele umelo lolwahlulo. Oku kungenxa yokuba abavoti abaxhasa amaqela amancinane okanye asekuhlaleni babona intshukumisa encinane yokuvota, ukwazi ukuba umvotelwa wabo akanakuphumelela. Ukucima imiqondiso yokurhoxa nokuthembana. E-United Kingdom, ukujika kunyulo jikelele kulandele i-65% ukususela ngoko 2000, ithelekisa namanani aphezulu ngokuqhubekayo (asoloko engaphezulu kwama-80%) kwiinkqubo zolungelelaniso ezifana neDenmark. Ngexa oothunywa abaninzi bechaphazele ukujika, inkqubo yonyulo lungumnikezeli obalulekileyo.

Utshintsho Neendlela Ezinokusetyenziswa

Eqonda ukuba ityala elibangelwa ziinkqubo ezilawula abantu, amazwe amaninzi aye aphucula izinto ukuze aphucule okusesikweni nokumeleyo. Amanye ayaqhubeka ethetha ngezinye iindlela.

Iinkqubo ze-Member ezixutyiweyo

Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ezidibanisa iziqendu ezidityanisiweyo (MMP) ezidityanisiweyo nezinelungu elinye eliphakathi kunye ne-mphezulu. Iivoti ezimbini ziphosa ivoti ezimbini: enye ye-PNTP kunye nenye yoluhlu lweqela. Oku kugcina umelo lwengingqi yobulali ngexa kuqinisekisa ukuba uquluko lwepalamente jikelele lubonakalisa ulwahlulo lwesizwe. I-Jamani, i-New Zealand, ne-Scotland zisebenzisa i-MMP. eNew Zealand, ukususelwa ukusuka kwi-FPTPP ukuya kwi-MMP ngo-MMP ngo-19999 kukhokelela ekuthembeni ugcino lwevoti, njengamaqela amancinane anjengeGreens neNew Zealand afumene umelo lokuqala. Noko ke, iMMP ichaza oorhulumente abambalwa abavotiweyo.

RCV

Kwakhona yaziwa njenge-loff covota ngokukhawulezileyo, i-RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake amacandelo abathathi-nxaxheba. Iqinisekisa ukuba umnqolobi unenkxaso eninzi ngeli xesha esusa imfuneko yokuphuma komjelo owohlukeneyo. I-RCV isetyenziswa e-Australia, eIreland, kunye nezixeko ezininzi ze-U.S. (umz., iSan Francisco, iMinneapolis). Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba i-RCV inciphisa iphulo elingalunganga kwaye bakhuthaza ababhexhini ukuba babhenele kwisiseko esahlukeneyo, nto leyo enyusa ukuthemba. Abagxeki bephawula ukuba i-RCV ayikhangelithi ingi yesibini ngenxa yolwaneliseko lwephondo.

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Iinkqubo zePR ezipheleleyo ezinika izihlalo amaqela asekelwe kwisabelo sawo sovoti, kusetyenziswa uluhlu lweqela okanye ukhuhlo oludluliselwa kwelinye. Iidemokhrasi ezininzi zeYurophu (umz., Sweden, Belgium) zisebenzisa iPR. Ezi nkqubo zivelisa iipalamente ezimela ingakumbi kunye nomvoti ophezulu ojikayo kodwa zisoloko zifuna oorhulumente abasebenzisanayo, abanokungaqinisekanga. Urhwebo-phakathi komelo nolawulo lusemgangathweni kwingxoxo. Ulawulo oluninzi olunelizwi oluvayo, iPR ithambeka lokuvelisa ukuthemba okuphezulu. [[FLT: 0] I-ACELALT Knethwele ulwazi olunethwethweleyo lunika uninzi ulwazi olubonisa ukuba ukuthemba kwevoti ye-correcrecte eqinileyo yohlobo lwendlela yoomatisi, ngokukodwa kwintlalo-othe.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zokhetho eziziintloko nezintsonkothileyo zinempembelelo enzulu nentsonkothileyo kukholoso lomvoti nokuthembana ngedemokhrasi. Iziphumo zazo ``clear', iziphumo zolawulo olukhethekileyo lorhulumente abahlukeneyo, kunye nokumela isithili esithe ngqo,--------------nogracda inokuba nentembelo ngokwenza inkqubo yezobupolitika icace kwaye igqibelele. Noko ke, ezi nkqubo zinye zingavelisa ucalucalucalulo olubalulekileyo ngokungalinganiyo, ukudlala ivo, nokubekwa phantsi komgaqo wamazwi amathoba. Impembelelo ekuthembeni ixhomekeke kwimo yemeko enkcube yelizwe, ubukhokho bemi, kunye nobukho bolunye udidi lweendawo phakathi kwabantu.

Abahlali abavakalelwa kukuba amavoti abo anqabileyo ukuba athintele iziphumo zokuvota okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika, kwaye basenokungakuthandi ukuvota ngedemokhrasi ngokwayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abavoti abajonga unyulo lwabo okanye iqela labo elinyuliweyo bejongene notyekelo lokuyijonga inkqubo njengentle. Ukulondoloza intembelo ebanzi, ulawulo-demokhrasi oluzinzileyo luye lwafumana ingxubevange okanye iziqalelo eziphazamisa iincam ezingqwabalala zeendlo zokhetho loburhulumente. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngokuguqula unyulo lonyulo kumazwe afana neKhanada, uBukumkani baseUnited States, kunye neUnited States ibonisa ukuthemba okukhulayo okungazenzeliyo okungamele kukhuliswe ngenkqubo yomthetho olungelelwayo.

Ekugqibeleni, akukho nkqubo yokhetho igqibeleleyo. Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe ziza kuqhubeka zilukhetho olusebenzayo kwimibutho exabisa uzinzo kunye nolawulo olunamandla. Noko ke, ukuxhasa ukuthemba umvoti, abanikazi benkqubo kufuneka bafezekise ezi nkqubo zithetha ngokwahlukana ngezantsi, umzekelo, ngokusungula ulwahlulo oluphezulu oluzimeleyo, ukuqokelela iinguqu, okanye amaphulo emfundo evoti. Njengokuguqula kolawulo-moya, unxulumano phakathi kwemithetho yokhetho kunye nommi wengingqi yoluntu luza kuhlala luyindawo enzima yophando nengxoxo kawonke-wonke.