Ukwakhiwa Kolawulo Lwemfundo EUnited States

Imfundo elawulwayo eUnited States yinkqubo egqunywe apho oorhulumente belizwe basebenzisa igunya elinamandla. Ngelinye ixesha urhulumente worhulumente enika inkxaso kunye nemigaqo ebanzi ngemithetho enjengethi Enye Imfundo Ephambili (ESA), uchaza ukuba umele agcine imbopheleleko eyintloko yokuyila nokusebenzisa inkqubo yemfundo. Le ntsebenzi zamandla zibonisa uMmiselo weshumi elinesiBhulisi, ogcinelwe kumagunya anganikwanga urhulumente. Umgangatho wolawulo worhulumente uquka ibhodi yemfundo karhulumente, umbutho wemfundo karhulumente (osoloko ukhokelwa ngumphathi okanye ummeli) kunye nemimandla yesikolo yasekuhlaleni ephethe izikolo emhlabeni.

Urhulumente ngamnye umisela inkqubo yakhe yomgaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho yemfundo, ekhokelela kulwahluko olubalulekileyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo kulo lonke ilizwe. Umzekelo, njengoTexas noKhalifoniya, kukho iinkqubo ezisembindini apho urhulumente afuna iinkqubo zokufundisa kunye nenkxaso-mali, ngelixa ezinye ezinjengeColorado neIllinois zinika izindululo ezingakumbi kwimimandla yasekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda olu lwakhiwo lolawulo lubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izigqibo eziziiyo ngqo ezikhoyo kwiklasi, umfundisi- ntsapho, impumelelo, kunye neziphumo zabafundi.

Abadlali abangundoqo kumgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo karhulumente

  • Ibhodi yeStates of Education: ityunjwe okanye inyulwe imibutho emisela imigangatho yemfundo ebanzi, eyamkele iincwadi zomsebenzi, kunye neyongamela iimfuno zokufundisa.
  • Imo yeSizwe Supentententers/Izindululi zemfundo: Abalawuli abaphambili bamasebe emfundo karhulumente, abajongene nokuzalisekisa iinkqubo zebhodi kunye nokulawula iinkqubo zemfundo zomgangatho karhulumente.
  • IGovernors kunye neMiqathango yeSizwe: uqingqo-mali lwemfundo olulawulayo nokumisela imithetho elawula amanqanaba emali, iinkqubo zokukhetha isikolo, kunye namanyathelo okuziphendulela.
  • Izithili zeSikolo salapha: zaqwalaselwa okanye zamiselwa iibhodi zesikolo ezilungelelanisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente kwimeko-bume yasekuhlaleni, ukulawula izikolo, kwaye zahlula ubuncwane ngaphakathi kwemithetho yazo.

Le nkqubo intlu-ninzi iqinisekisa ukuba ngeli xesha amazwe emisela indlela jikelele, uluntu lwasekuhlaleni lugcina ubhetyebhetye ukucombulula iimfuno ezizodwa. Noko ke, imidlalo ephakathi kwala manqanaba ingadala ungquzulwano, ingakumbi ngokuxhasa ngemali ukulingana nokulawula kokufundisa.

Ukuxhasa Imfundo: Owona Mmandla KaRhulumente Anamandla

Oorhulumente bangamaqumrhu emfundo kawonke-wonke K-12 eUnited States, befak' umlinganiselo wama-47% engeniso iyonke, nerhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni enikezela malunga nama-45% kunye nemali karhulumente egubungela ezishiyekileyo ezi-8% (umthombo: ] Iziko lesizwe lemfundo yemfundo )]. Le mizekelo yemali yenkxaso-mali ibangela iintlawulo oluphangaleleyo. Amaphondo obutyebi anamaxabiso empahla aphezulu anganyusa ingeniso enkulu yasekuhlaleni, ngelixa i-mali eninzi eseleyo, ngelixa i-mali eseleyo exhomekeke kurhulumente ekhoyo. Urhulumente uzama ukulinganisela ezi zinto ngokweentengiso ngeeprojectives [FLT] kodwa iziphumo zahluka-nde ngokubanziwa ngokubanziwayo.

ISizwe Esiqhelekileyo Sixhasa Umatshini

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ifomu efunyanisiweyo: Ama- States aqinisekisa ubuncinane ngomgangatho wemali ngelinye iqondo, kunye nombuso ugquma umahluko phakathi komgangatho kunye noko izithili zakufutshane zinokunyusa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imali yaBafundi eHlolwayo: idibanisa imali eyongezelelekileyo yabafundi abaneemfuno ezithile, njengaleyo ivela kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi, abafundi bolwimi lwesiNgesi, okanye abafundi abaneziphene.
  • Imali ejoliswe kwimali elungiselelwe iinkqubo ezifana nemfundo ekhethekileyo, okanye uqeqesho lomsebenzi.

Imali yokulawula yase California yendawo iNgxowa-mali yoLawulo yeFomati (LCF), ephunyezwe ngo-2013-14, ngumzekelo obalulekileyo wenkxaso-mali yabafundi enzima. Inika inkxaso-mali esisiseko yomfundi ngamnye kunye nezongezelelo kwinani labantu abasweleyo. Uphando olusuka kwiSteinshi yoLawulo lwe-Proglic Institute lubonisa ukuba i-LCFF ikhokelele ekunyuseni kwemali kwimimandla ephezulu ye-patroli kunye neziphumo eziphuculiweyo zabafundi, ingakumbi kumgangatho wokuphumelela (]) irelictiesting Institute yokwayrial ingxelo yengxelo yeSCyrictial. Ngokuchaseneyo, amaxwebhu athi axhomekeke kwimfuno yempahla yasekuhlaleni, njenge-Illinoisley, kunye nePennsylson, i-eachment iziphumo ezithe ukunyuka kwi-corse-ex eex eex eexpoluex.

Ucelomngeni Lokwahlukana Nemali Yesikolo

Ukungavisisani kwemali yesikolo kuye kwabangela ukumangalelwa okuninzi. Kumaphondo amaninzi, iinkundla ziye zagqiba kwelokuba iinkqubo zenkxaso-mali ezikhoyo zingqungquthela yezomGaqo-siseko zichasene nesiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko sobugqeba wemfundo eyaneleyo okanye engaguquguqukiyo. Umzekelo, ityala lento ephawulayo Abbott v. IBroke[[ eNew Jersey] ikhokelele kuthothotho lwemithetho efuna urhulumente ukuba afake imimandla yengi ngokwemigangatho elingana negxalaba. Ngokunjalo, ityala le-2019 MCY v. inyanze isigqibo se-Washington commentation ixhasa ngokupheleleyo imfundo esisiseko. Ezi meko zibonisa ukuba ulawulo lwemali kwi-judicarictary kwi-odmist, kodwa ziya kuhlala ii-propatisolmentations.

Imilinganiselo Yolawulo: Urhulumente Uyalawula Oko Kufundwa Ngabafundi

Amazwe anegunya lokumisela imilinganiselo yemfundo echaza oko abafundi bafanele bakwaziyo kwaye bakwazi ukukwenza kumgangatho ngamnye webanga eliphakathi. Le migangatho iphembelela ukukhethwa kwencwadi, uqeqesho lweklasi, kunye neengqwalasela zelizwe ngokubanzi. Ukusetyenziswa kweMigangatho yeSizwe esiqhelekileyo soMmandla kuqalisela phambili isantya esibalulekileyo sentsebenziswano yezizwe, kodwa ukuchasana kwezobupolitika kwakhokelela amazwe amaninzi ukuba ahlaziye okanye athathe indawo yazo ngeenguqulelo zawo. Namhlanje, liqaqobanana lamazwe asasebenzisa i-Corebelbarmarks; amaninzi aye amkela imilinganiselo yesithethe ebonakalisa ezona zinto ziphambili.

Umahluko ekuqulathiweyo nakuMphathiswa

Imilinganiselo karhulumente iyahluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo. Ngokomzekelo, iMassachusetts ne-Virginia kudala zisaziwa ngemilinganiselo engqongqo yezibalo kunye nesiNgesi yobugcisa bolwimi, ngelinye ixesha amanye amazwe aye akhetha ukuqwalasela izinto ezithe ngqo ngokwenkcubeko, njengokugxininisa kukaTexas kwimbali yesizwe ne-ogcuments. Imigangatho yenzululwazi iye yaba yindawo yedabi, kunye namazwe anjengeKhalifoniya ne New York abandakanya i-Secrial Science Sevestical Sevestical (NGS) kunye namanye afana no-Alabamia nolwimi oluneekho ku-Oklahoma olusebenzisa ezinye iimbono zolunye uhlobo lwembali kwindaleko kunye nenguquko yemozulu.

Ukulawulwa kwemithetho yokufundisa kukwayamkela imvume yokusetyenziswa kwencwadi. ETexas, iBhodi yeSizwe yemfundo ekuthatheleni ingeniso ngokusemthethweni ixhomekeke kwilizwe ngenxa yentengiso enkulu yeli lizwe. Oku kuye kwabangela iingxoxo ezingendlela yokungavumelani kwemiqathango yezinto ezifundiswayo. Ngokufanayo, umthetho wama-2022 eFlorida uthintela imfundo eklasi ngokubhekiselele kwimbonakalo yesondo nangokobufana (i-“Don’t Say Gay”) ibonakalisa indlela anokuthi aphucule ngayo ngokuthe ngqo imvelaphi yemfundo.

Ukuvavanywa nokuphendula

Ngapha kwemigangatho, kuchaza indlela okanye uvavanyo olusemgangathweni lokulinganisela inkqubela yabafundi. Olu hlolisiso, olufunekayo phantsi komthetho wesizwe womgangatho 3-8 kunye nowakha wakwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, lusebenza njengezixhobo zokuphendula iziphumo zovavanyo lokuvavanya izikolo nokuchonga iindawo ezifuna ukuphucula. Noko ke, umgangatho ophezulu wezi zivavanyo ufumene ukugxekwa. Amanye amazwe, njengo-New Hampshire, aye aba ngoovulindlela ukungenela okusekelwe kwimisetyenzana yemisebenzi kunokuvavanywa kwe-chocel. Abanye baye bakhetha ukunciphisa inani leemvavanyo okanye ukuvumela imimandla ukuba ikhethe ezinye iimvavanyo. Umlinganiselo phakathi kokuphendula nokuzinzisa umva.

Ubunjani bokufundisa: Ukuqinisekisa, uvavanyo neNkxaso

Oorhulumente bamisela ibhari yokungena kumsebenzi wokufundisa ngemiqathango efunekayo. Ezi ziquka iqondo elipheleleyo loqeqesho, ukugqitywa kwenkqubo yoqeqesho esemthethweni, nokugqithisa ubuninzi kwiimviwo ze-intwalansince. Amanye amaphondo afuna iinkqubo zoqeqesho kubafundisi-mfundo abangasebenziyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukunqongophala kwabafundisi- ntsapho okukhulayo kuye kwabangela amazwe amaninzi ukuba athotywe imiqobo, njengokudala ezinye iindlela ezivumela abatshintshi bemisebenzi ukuba bangene ezikolweni ngokukhawuleza.

Iinkqubo zovavanyo kunye nokhuseleko

Indlela urhulumente avavanya ngayo umsebenzi womfundisi-lwazi ikwahluka ngokuqwalaselwayo. Ukutyhalela “imilinganiselo yexabiso" efakelweyo" iimodeli zabafundi ezisebenzisa uvavanyo lwenqaku ukugweba impumelelo", igalelo eliphantsi komdla wesizwe kwimiqathango ephezulu kodwa ukususela ngoko ilinganiswe ukuphendula ngokunyanzela umfundisi-lwazi. Amazwe amaninzi ngoku asebenzisa umxube wojongo lweklasi, ukukhula kwabafundi, kunye noxanduva lwabafundi. Umzekelo, inkqubo ye-TEMS idityaniswe ngamanyathelo aliqela kwaye ikhe yachazwa njengemodeli yendlela yokuhlola ngokubanzi. Kwesinye isiphelo, njengoKhalifoniyania inemithetho ekhuthaza kakhulu ishumi ethintela ukusetyenziswa kokufunda izigqibo kwiziphumo zemisebenzi.

Ukuphuhliswa nokugcinwa kolwazi

Kwakhona iUnited States ifak ’ isandla kwinkqubela-phambili yemfundo yobuchule ukunceda abafundisi- ntsapho baphucule. Iinkqubo ezifana neSikolo soMntla Carolina soMfundisi Wokuqala uSihlomelo sinika uqeqesho olucwangcisiweyo kubafundisi-mfundo bexesha lokuqala, ngeli xesha njenge Colorado inika inkxaso yeSizwe yeBhodi yeCreding. Noko ke, ukubopha kuhlala kulucelomngeni. NgokweSiko Lemfundo Yokufundisa, malunga ne-8% yabafundisi-bafundisi- ntsapho bayawuyeka umsebenzi minyaka le, ngokutshintsha okuphezulu kwizikolo ezifumana imali ephantsi. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezinika abaqeqeshiweyo imivuzo yokukhuphisana, zinciphisa imithwalo yezolawulo, kwaye ziphucula iimeko zokusebenza zihlala zibalulekile ekuphumeleni le travetion.

Imiphumo Yabafundi: Ubungqina Bokuchaphazeleka Komgaqo - siseko Karhulumente

Uphando oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziphembelela ukuphumelela kwabafundi, nangona iziphumo zikhokelwa kukuphunyezwa kokunyaniseka kunye nomongo wasekuhlaleni. Uhlolisiso lwama-2019 lwe-National Bureau of Economic Research lwafumanisa ukuba ngotshintsho lwezemali lwesikolo olulinganayo luye lwafumana inkqubela ebalulekileyo kwimilingo kunye namanani okuphumelela kubafundi abasweleyo ([ Iphepha elisebenzayo). Ngokuchasene noko, luthi, ukuncitshiswa kwemali ngexesha lokurhoxiswa kwezoqoqosho kudla ngokubona iziphumo eziyingozi kwithuba elide ekuphumeleleni komfundi.

Imfundo Yasebuntwaneni Nempumelelo Kwisikolo Esiphakamileyo

Utyalo-mali lwelizwe kwiinkqubo zangaphambi kwe K lunye lwezona zixelo ezinamandla zophumezo lwamva. Amazwe afana no-Oklahoma kunye ne New Jersey aneentshukumo zangaphambi kweK ezibonise ubuyelo olunamandla lokufunda nolwezibalo. Kumgangatho wesibini, ichaza ukuba inika zombini iklasi ezinzima kunye nongenelelo oluxhasayo. "Njengocwangciso lwe Florida" lokufundisa okanye ukuxhasa kwemali ye Georgia yoqeqesho oluphindiweyo.

Ukuthetha Ngokwahlula Amanani

Isifo se-COVID-19 sabalaselisa indima yoorhulumente ekuxhaseni ulwahlulo lwamanani. Amazwe ase afakelwe kwimiqathango ebanzi, njengalawo akwiKhomishini yonikezelo ye-States i-Unikezelo logcino-lwazi, aye ekwindawo engcono ukuxhasa imfundo ekude. I-Arizona neMichigan zasebenzisa imali yoncedo karhulumente ukusasaza izixhobo kunye ne-potive ezishushu, ebonisa indlela ukhokelo lombuso olunokunyusa ngayo ufikelelo lobugcisa. Ukuhambela phambili, imigaqo yombuso iya kubaluleka ekuqinisekiseni ukufikelela kwi-intanethi elinganayo njengesiseko semfundo yama-21-centurry.

Imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente etsha neziphumo zayo

Iimeko ezininzi ziye zaphula umhlaba omtsha ngemigaqo esele ingumzekelo kwabanye. Ezi zindululo zisoloko zivela kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga zezobupolitika okanye zamanani abantu kodwa zinika izifundo ezinokuhlaziywa.

Imvukelo Yokukhetha YaseSikolweni SaseFlorida

IFlorida inenye yeenkqubo ezinkulu zesikolo ezikhethelweyo kulo lonke ilizwe, kuquka izikolo zoqesho, iziqinisekiso, kunye nezokufunda ngerhafu. Ulwandiso lwemali yeSigunya Sentsapho lwa 2019 lwesizwe lwenza ukuba imali ifumaneke kwimfundo yesikolo sabucala, ukufundisa, kunye nezithuthi kubafundi abasuka kwiintsapho eziphantsi neziphakathi. Uphando lweUrban Institute lucebisa ukuba ukhuphiswano olusuka kwiinkqubo ezikhethiweyo luye lwakhuthaza inkqubela esezantsi kwindlela yesikolo esiqhelekileyo, nangona abagxeki bephikisa ukuba lusebenzisa ubuncwane benkqubo kawonke wonke.

Amanyathelo Okufundiswa Nokunyanyekelwa KwaseMassachusetts

IMassachusetts isebenzise imali eninzi kwimfundo yabantwana bamandulo, idala iSebe lemfundo neNtolelo ngo-2005. Ilizwana linika abantwana abaya kwisikolo esitsha ngesisa kwiindawo ezifuna uncedo oluphezulu kwaye liye landisa ukufikelela ngenkqubo edibeneyo equka abanikezeli bakawonke-wonke nabazimeleyo. Uhlolisiso lwama-2020 lufumanise ukuba abantwana abanenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zesikolo sesikolo sabantwana abatsha abangena kwisikolo esincinane ngolwimi olunamandla nobuchule bezibalo, benciphisa imidangathotho yokuphumelela.

Imodeli Yezikolo Zoluntu ZaseKhalifoniya

IKhalifoniya yamkela izikolo zoluntu, apho amaqabane ezikolo akwikliniki yempilo, iinkonzo zoluntu, kunye neenkqubo zasemva kwesikolo zokuthetha ngemiqobo engeyoyonto yokufunda. Ilizwe linike imali engaphezu kwama-R3 amawaka ezigidi ukuze landise lo mfuziselo, ingakumbi kwimimandla enoxinezeleko oluphezulu lobuhlwempu. Iingxelo zokuqala ezivela kwiSebe lemfundo [FLT: 0] California yeSebe lemfundo[ zibonisa inkqubela ekufikeleni, ukuthembisana kwentsapho, kunye nokulunga kwabafundi.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Kubaphathi Bemfundo Belizwe

Nangona bekwazi ukuvelisa izinto ezintsha, oorhulumente bajamelana nemiqobo emikhulu enokudodobalisa imigudu yokuguqula izinto.

Ukwenziwa kwezopolitiko zibe yiNkcubeko

Inkqubo yemfundo iye yaqhubekeka, ngokuhambelana namadabi enkcazo yohlanga, iLGBTQ+ amalungelo, kunye nemithetho yokulawula izifo ezimandundu njengemali elungelelanisiweyo. Kwimeko yoorhulumente abahlukeneyo, utshintsho olubanzi ludla ngokuba yinto engenakwenzeka, nto leyo ekhokelela kutshintsho oluncinane oluye lwasilela ukucombulula iingxaki zenkqubo. Umzekelo, iingxoxo ngokubhekiselele kwiimfuno zokufihla isigqubuthelo kwi-2021 eziphazamisekile kwimigudu yokufumana kwakhona ekulahlekelweni.

Ingcinezelo enxulumene nokuphelelwa lilungu nezoqoqosho

Amazwe kufuneka axhathise namaxabiso anyukayo, ingakumbi eemfundo ezikhethekileyo kunye neenzuzo zomhlala-phantsi. Okwangoku, abemi babafundi baya bahluka, bafuna imigaqo-nkqubo esabelayo ngokwesithethe kunye noqeqesho lweelwimi ezininzi. Amazwe anjengoWyoming kunye noVermont ajongene nokuncipha kokubhaliswa kwemali, aluphi uhlobo ngemali eseleyo xa iindleko ezizinzileyo zihleli kakuhle. Ukulinganisa ezi nkcitho zogcino-mali loxanduva luvavanya ubuchule bemfundo karhulumente.

Ikamva Eliqaqambileyo: Izinto Eziza Kuza Kuqala Ekwenzeni Okufunwa Ngurhulumente

Xa bekhangela phambili, oorhulumente baya kufuneka basebenzise imibandela emininzi ebalulekileyo ukuze bahlale benabaphathi abaphumelelayo bemfundo kawonke - wonke.

Ukukhuthaza impembelelo yengqondo yokufundisa abantu kunye nenkxaso yempilo yengqondo

Ukufa kwale ngxaki kubantwana bengqondo kuye kwenza ukufunda ngentlalo-ntle (SEL) kwayindawo yokuqala. Amazwe afana ne-Illinois neGeorgia aye amkela imilinganiselo ye-SELEL kwaye aqeqesha abafundisi-lwazi. Ukukhuphisana ngezi zinto kwizifundo zemfundo ezihamba phambili zesithethe kuya kufuna ukuveliswa kwemali eqhubekayo kunye nenkqubela yezobugcisa.

Ukulungiselela Umkhosi Womsebenzi Onamandla

Utshintsho lobugcisa bobugcisa obukhawulezayo lufuna ukuba izikolo zixhobise abafundi ngobuchule bemisebenzi esenokuba ayikabikho. Ama-odoli azama iindlela zomsebenzi kunye nemfundo yobugcisa (CTE), ukunxulumana neekholeji zoluntu, kunye nokubekwa kwamanani. Umzekelo, umsebenzi wempangelo weWashington udibanisa inkqubo yemfundo ephezulu kunye neemfuno zobugcisa, unyango, kunye nophuhliso oluphambili. Iinkqubo ezinjalo zifuna unxulumano oluqhubekayo phakathi kwamaziko emfundo kunye namasebe ophuhliso lwezoqoqosho.

Uqeqesho logcino-lwazi oluqinisayo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo osekelwe kubungqina

Amazwe aphucule ubuchule bawo bokulandela ubuchule bomfundi kwiinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezinde, kodwa amaninzi asazama ukusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ngokunempumelelo. Ukuveliswa kwezixhobo ezidibanisa inkxaso-mali, ubunjani bomfundisi, kunye neziphumo kuza kunceda abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo ukuba bajolise kwimithombo apho benoncedo olukhulu. Inkqubo yogcino-lwazi lwe-Moral Longitudial [ esuka kwi-U.S.Isebe lemfundo linika inkxaso yembewu yezi migudu, kodwa ukulondolozwa okude kuxhomekeke ekuzinikeleni kwemeko.

Isiphelo

Urhulumente umilise imiqathango yemfundo yaseMerika, ukusuka ekunikezeleni inkxaso-mali nakokufundisa ukuya kunika umfundisi- ntsapho ityala. Izigqibo zabo zisebenza ngokuhambelana neeklasi zonke, amathuba okubumba izigidi zabafundi. Ngoxa ucelomngeni olufana nolwahlulo lwezopolitiko kunye nokungaxhomekeki koovimba kusemgangathweni, amazwana abonise amandla aphawulekayo okuphuculwa nokuziqhelanisa. Ngokubeka phambili ingeniso entlalo-mali ebuntwaneni, nokuthatha iinguqu ezisekelwe kubungqina, iinkokeli zelizwe zingakha iinkqubo zemfundo ezinceda abafundi bonke ngokungcono, kwaye, ngokwenza njalo, ziqinisa iziseko zebutho lamaMerika eziya ezakuza izizukulwana ezizayo.