Intshukumo yentlalo ibisebenza kade njengegunya elinamandla ekulungiseni uphando lwezopolitiko kulo lonke ihlabathi, kwaye iJapan ngumzekelo onyanzelisayo wokusebenza okunamandla. Ukusuka kwimposiso yasemva kwemfazwe ukuya kwimisebenzi yokusingqongileyo, intsebenziswano yengca iye yawanyanzela ngokuphindaphindiweyo amaqela ezobupolitika ukuba alungelelanise iqonga lawo, izinto eziphambili, kwaye athabathe iingcamango ezintsha. Ukuqonda indlela ezi ntshukumo eziguqulela ngayo iimvakalelo zikawonke wonke kwiinguqulelo zezobupolitika ezicacileyo kunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi enyakazelayo yedemokhrasi nengxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwebutho nelizwe.

Imvelaphi Yebutho Lentlalo EJapan

Imbali yale mihla yemibutho yentlalo yamazwe aseJapan ingalandelwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20, ngokunyuka kwamaqhina okusebenza, ukuqhankqalaza kwabalimi, kunye namaphulo athandwayo amabhinqa. Noko ke, eyona thuba lokuguqula yaqala emva koloyiso lweJapan kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Phantsi kweNtloko yoMbutho Oxkup (1945-1995), kwamiswa umgaqo-siseko omtsha owagxininisa uxolo, amalungelo abantu, kunye nolawulo oludumileyo, lokwenza imekobume engokomthetho nenkcubeko apho ibutho labantu lalinokuchuma khona.

Iliza Lasemva Kwemfazwe: Uxolo Nolawulo - melo

Iminyaka yee-1950 kunye nee-1960 zabona ukuqhatha okukhulu nxamnye neSivumelwano soKhuselo sase-U.S.-Japan (esaziwa njengesibhexeshi se-Ampo), esakhuthaza abafundi, abasebenzi, kunye neenkcubeko. Oku kuqhankqalazo kwanyanzela ukurhoxa koMphathiswa omkhulu uNobhuke Kishi kwaye kwabonisa amandla okuzilungiselela ukuphembelela inkqubo yesizwe. Umbutho i-Ampo wanceda kwakhona ukuqinisa ukubonakala kweJapan Socialist Party njengegunya elikhulu lokulwa kwemfazwe nokulwa ne-militarism.

Ngexesha elinye, iQela lobuKomanisi laseJapan (JCP) laqinisa amaqhina alo kumanyano lwamaqela oxolo, ukubotshwa kwezixhobo ezichasene ne-nyukliya kunye neendawo zokulwa nemfazwe kwiqonga layo elisembindini. Ukuma okungaguquguquki kweqela kule miba kwanika uphawu olwahlukileyo oludityaniswe nabaxhasi emva kokuba isivumelwano sityikitywe.

IQumrhu lokusingqongileyo neleNguqu kwiminyaka yee-1970

Ukwanda okukhawulezileyo kwezoqoqosho kwiminyaka yee-1960 kunye nee-1970 kwabangela ungcoliso olumandundu lwemekobume, kubangela ukubhenelana kwemiba kunye nezoqhankqalazo. Iimeko ezimanyumnyezi njengetyhefu yesifo seMinamata ye-mercury, iYokkaichichi asmas kwizityalo zepetrochical, kunye nesifo se-itai-icai-sub ukusuka kwi-cadmium yongcoliso lwemeko-bume yasekuhlaleni sanyanzela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kunye namaqela esizwe ukuba bamkele imithetho engqongqo yemeko-bume. Amaqela abachasi aphikisanayo anjenge-JCP kunye neJavian Social Party(chionpoion), athe ezi zizathu, ngelixa i-Liberal Democratic Parvert (LD.) emiselweyo yanyaniswa ukuba adlulise imithetho yemekobume yobume yobume yoonyaka ka-1970.

Intengiselwano ikwavela, iboniswa ngumbutho wabathengi okhokelwa ngamaqela afana neShuferen (Intlangano yeWaners), eyanyanzela amaqela ukuba athethe ngokhuseleko lwemveliso kunye nolawulo lwamaxabiso. Eli xesha laqinisa uqhagamshelwano phakathi kweengca ezithwele i-acroots activivism kunye nolungelelaniso lweqonga leqela.

Iminyaka yee - 1980 Neyama - 1990: Imibutho Emitsha Yasekuhlaleni

Ngeminyaka yee-1980, iJapan yabona ukunyuka “kwemibutho emitsha yentlalo” kubhekiselele ekulinganani kwamabhinqa, amalungelo amafanasini, kunye nokuzichaza kwengingqi. I-Unime Accomplity Opportive Law (eyenziwe ngo-1997, yahlaziywa ngo-1997) yaba ngumphumo othe ngqo wokuphembelela kwamaqela amabhinqa kunye nokuqonda okukhulayo kwezobupolitika phakathi kwabavoti abangamabhinqa. Imikhosi yaqalisa ukuquka imigangatho yenkqubo yamabhinqa kungekhona nje imibandela ekwanento kodwa njengesikhundla sokukhetha esisemthethweni.

Ukuwohloka kwezoqoqosho ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990 kunye nolungelelwaniso lwezopolitiko olwalandelayo lwakhokelela ekusungulweni kwamaqela amatsha anjengeQela Elitsha iHarbinger kunye neDmocratic Party yaseJapan (DPJ). La maqela ngokufuthi ayeboleka iintetho neengcinga zemigaqo kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni, kuquka ezo zijoliswe kwintlalontle, ekuphelisweni kwezixhobo zenyukliya, nokulondolozwa kwemekobume.

Ubuchule Bempembelelo: Indlela Iqela Lentlalo Eliyilo Ngayo Iqela Leenkqubo Zoluntu

Iintsebenziswano zentlalo ziphembelela amaqonga eepolitiki aseJapan ngeenkqubo eziliqela ezinxulumeneyo:

Imposiso kunye nesenzo esithe ngqo

Imikhosi emikhulu, ukubetha, kunye nokuhlala kudala imvakalelo yongxamiseko nokubonakala kwabantu ngokubanzi nto leyo amaqela angenakuyityeshela. Intlanganiso yemfazwe yenyukliya yonyaka ka-2012 ebotshelelwe ngabantu abangaphezu kwe-100 000, abanyanzelelwa ngokuthe ngqo ukuba bamkele iindawo ezichasene ne-injini ngaphambi konyulo jikelele lwaloo nyaka.

Uluvo Lwamajelo Ondaba Noluntu

Izixhobo zokuxhathisa imidlalo zombini eendaba zesithethe `iii-mediastap', umabonwakude, ne-media yentlalo-ntle ukubumba intetho yesidlangalala. I-Platforms njenge-Twitter kunye ne-MNG ivumela intshukumo zokudlula izihluzi kunye nemiba yesakhelo ngeendlela ezinyanzela amaqela ukuba aphendule. Ukusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwese-# MeToo eJapan (2088 ukuya phambili) ngumzekelo ophambili, okhokelela kwingqwalaselo yokuqala yemithetho yezomthetho elawula iintlobano zesini kumashumi eminyaka namaqela akhuthaza ukuquka ukuthintelwa kwemilo yabo ebonakalisa ubufana namabhinqa.

Uxinzelelo loMkhosi noMkhosi weNkxaso

Imibutho emininzi yoluntu elungiselela izikhokelo zomvoti, abavoti, okanye kwanamalungu azimeleyo. Umzekelo, umbutho ochasene nenyukliya uxhase abo bazimeleyo nabathathi-nxaxheba abancinane ngo-2012 nango-2014, ityhalela i-LDP ukuthambisa ubuchule bayo bokuthetha ngenyukliya. Ngokufanayo, iqela lemekobume uGreentilace Japan [[ uqhubele uvavanyo oluphembelela intlalo-ntlalo.

IiNtlanganiso zeZikhokelo kunye noLwethwekhi lweMicimbi

Ezinye iintsebenziswano ezisesikweni ezimisela ulwalamano olusesikweni namaqela ngebhunga lesizwe, inkcazo yemigaqo-nkqubo, okanye amaqumrhu ophando. IJapan Trade Union Confederation ( I-Rengo), ulwandiso olukhulu lwesizwe, lusebenze njengesiseko esiphambili somGaqo-siseko weDemo-mo-mo-bumeli waseJapan, ukuphucula intlalo kunye nemigaqo yemithetho yokusebenza. I-NCONCONS ikwakhences zisebenzisane ne-DPJ kunye ne-CDP ukuze zihlaziye izikhokelo zamandla asebenzayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwempembelelo Yebutho Lentlalo

Intshukumo Yenyukliya Emva Kokusebenzisa IFukushima

NgoMatshi 2011 iFukushima Daiiichi yayilixesha elichithwayo kwezobupolitika zamaJapan. Ngaphambi kwengozi, iJapan yafumana malunga nama-30% ombane wayo kumandla enyukliya, kunye namahlakani ayo asebenza kunye ne-LDP aqinisekiswe kwi-“dolophana yenyukliya.” Le ntlekele yabangela ukuqhankqalaza okukhulu kwebutho labantu ukususela ngo-1960. Iveki ngeveki ngaphandle kwendlu yomphathi-mikhosi walapha abantu abangamashumi amahlanu ukuya kutsho ku-100,000 ukuya ku-1202020000 ukuya kutsho ku-20122012.

Kunyulo jikelele lonyaka ka-2012, i-LDP ekhokelwa nguShinzo Abe ekuqaleni yaza yafumana iphulo lokuma kwenyukliya ngobulumko kodwa yalungiselelwa ngokuthembisa ukuphinda imo yemilinganiselo yokhuseleko. Okwangoku, i-DPJ, eyayilawula ngexesha lengxaki, ixhonywe kwixhoba “lenyukliya elinguhayidi-7.” lijoliswe kwi-2030. IQela laseJapan lokuBuyisela ngokukhuselekileyo kunye neQela lakho lamkela i-atleam-at ty. Nangona i-LDP ekugqibeleni laphumelela kunyulo, iqonga leqela lathe lathi mbe ukuquka i-motratium kulwanothistor entsha kunye nozibophe-lu oluthe ngqo lokunciphisa ukhuseleko lwenyukliya ngokuthe ngcelo.

Oorhulumente abalandelayo phantsi kweAbe abathathi-gociweyo benyukliya kwakhona, kwaye inkcaso kawonke-wonke yahlala iphezulu. Ngo-2018, kwane-LDP yanyanzeleka ukuba ifumane ixhoba lamandla enyukliya angama-202% ngo-2030, ephantsi kakhulu kuneenjongo zangaphambi kweFukushima. Umbutho ochasene ne-nyukliya wabonakalisa oko kuqhubekekayo, i-activiviism ebonakalayo ingaguqula wonke ummandla wenkqubo yamandla.

Iqela Lamalungelo Amabhinqa Nomgangatho Wesini

Umbutho wamazwe aseJapan wokulingana ngokwesini unemvelaphi enzulu, kodwa wafumana isantya esitsha kuma-2010. i-# Me Too umbutho, udityaniswe nezenzo zobuqhetseba zasekhaya ezifana ne Shiori Ito imeko (intatheli eyamangalela ekuhleni intatheli ephambili yokudlwengula), inyanzelisa amaqela ukuba athethe ngogonyamelo olungokwesini kunye nokukhathazwa emsebenzini. Ngokuphendula, umthetho we-LDLDP wadlulisela umthetho wokudlwengula ohlaziyiweyo ngo-2017, owandisa ingcaciso yokuhlaselwa ngokwesini, nangona abaxhasi begxeka oko njengokunganeleyo.

Amaqela amabhinqa aye axhasa kakhulu “isiseko se-stadomic” solawulo lwe-Abe, efuna ukwandisa inxaxheba kumsebenzi wamabhinqa. Nangona inkqubo yayigxekwa ngokungathethi ukungalingani kwezakhiwo, sekunjalo inyuswa ngokwesini njengembambano enkulu yezobupolitika. Zombini i-LDP neCDP ngoku ziquka umlinganiselo othe kratya kwimigangatho yawo, ukugquma iindawo ezifana nokuhlawula ikhefu, ikhefu labazali, kunye neemfuno zabathathi bezobupolitika.

Owona mphumo ubonakalayo lulwando oluthe ngcembe kunyulo lwamabhinqa kwiDiet. Kunyulo jikelele lwama-2021, ingxelo 186 amabhinqa aphumelele kwizihlalo (malunga ne-18% yee-MP), ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yesenzo sobuProtolim kunye namaphulo emfundo evoti amaqela afana iNethwekhi yamabhinqa yoTshintsho[.

Intshukumo Yokusingqongileyo Nemozulu

Izenzo zokuzilolonga kwemekobume zaseJapan ziye zavela kwimfazwe yasekuhlaleni ukuya kumbutho obanzi wezobulungisa bemozulu. Ngokuphenjelelwa nguGreta Thunberg wesikolo, oselula waseJapan walungiselela iiLwesihlanu zeMicimbi yaseJapan ngowama-2019, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba amawaka abafundi angene kwimiboniso eTokyo nakwezinye izixeko. Ezi zenzo zanyanzela i-DPJ neCDP ukuba afumane izisulu ezithengwa kakhulu zokuthomalalisa igesi eshushu.

Ngo-2020, i-CDP esandul' ukusekwa yaquka injongo yokufikelela kumbhobho womnatha owenziwe ngo-2040, ongaphezulu kwento ejoliswe kuyo iLDP ngo-2050. I-LDP yaphendula ngokuqinisa isicwangciso sayo semozulu, ivakalisa unciphiso lwama- 46% kumyinge wama-2030 (a) omelezeko olubalulekileyo ukusuka kwixhoba elingaphambili lama-26%. Utshintsho lwaqhutywa kakhulu yingcinezelo yamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezenzo zobufana, kunye nentshukumo zolutsha ezifuna inyathelo elinzima kakhulu ngexesha lonyulo.

Intshukumo zasekuhlaleni zidlala indima. Iphulo lokungavumelani nongquzulwano nomthetho laphikisana nokwakhiwa kwezityalo ezintsha zamandla kalahle, ukuphembelela iCDP ukuquka ukuvalwa kwezityalo ezintsha zamalahle eqongeni. I-LDP, ngexa ingathathi nxaxheba, iye yanyanzeleka ukuba ivume ukuchaswa ngokuzivumela ngemvume ezikhawulezileyo kwaye yanyusa amandla asebenzayo.

Umsebenzi Nemibutho Ephambili Yokusebenza

Unyuko lwemisebenzi engaguquguqukiyo nenxalenye yexesha (ebizwa ngokuba “zizikhuseli” kunye“ nabasebenzi abangenamthetho”) lwakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi emitsha ukususela ngo-1990 ukuya phambili. Iintlangano ezifana Umanyano lwamaFreeters[ kunye nomthetho womsebenzi General Union [ ilwele ukhuthuzo olulinganayo, ukhuseleko lomsebenzi, kunye namalungelo omanyano. Le mikhosi iye yaphembelela amaqela ngasekhohlo, ingakumbi iCDP ne JCP, ukuya kuphuculo kulungiso lwemisebenzi eqonga.

Ngo-2018, urhulumente waseJapan wamisela umthetho wohlobo lotshintsho oye wanyusa iiyure ezongezelelweyo kwaye wagunyazisa intlawulo elinganayo ngomsebenzi olinganayo .Ntopho ephakanyiswe ixesha elide ngabaxhasi bemisebenzi. Ngoxa umthetho wawuneendlela zokuphepha, ukudlula kwawo kwaphawula impumelelo enkulu yombutho. ICDP ne-JCP iyaqhubeka ixhasa ukhuseleko olomeleleyo, ichaza rhoqo iimfuno zombutho kwiinkqubo zabo ezibonisa oko.

IZikhundla zeBhunga leOkinawa

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, abemi base-Okinawa baye babhikisha ubukho bomkhosi onzima wase-U.S. kwisiqithi sabo, befuna ukuba kuvalwe iMarine Corps Air Station Futenma kunye nonciphiso lolwaphulo-mthetho olusisiseko olunxulumene nengxolo. Oku kuqhankqalazeli bekungumba ozingisileyo kwezobupolitika zamaJapan. Abantu base-Okinawa INdibano [[FLT: 1] beye baphembele iJCP neCDP ukuba bamkele iqonga elinamandla elichasene nemigangatho esisiseko, bebiza ukuhlaziy'iintelligethi zemikhosi ye-U.S-JapaniS-S-S sistitle yoMcerters Revective kunye nokurhosaverts-se-se-trans ngaphandle kweJapan.

I-LDP idla ngokuxhasa umanyano ne-U.S. kodwa iye yenza ulwamkelo kwimekobume nengxolo, kwaye iye yavuma utshintsho oluncinci kwimisebenzi esisiseko. Ingcinezelo eqhubekayo yalo mbutho iqinisekisa ukuba i-Okinawa ihlala iyimbambano ephambili kunyulo lwesizwe, kunye namatheko anikela amaqondo ahlukeneyo okumanyana kunye neemfuno zomlawuli.

Ukusabela kweQela neQela

LGBTQ+ amalungelo

I-LGBTQ yenze inkqubela ephawulekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Nangona kungekho mlinganiselo womtshato wesizwe, amasiko afanayo okuziphatha okumanyeneyo aye anwebela koomasipala abangaphezu kwekhulu. Intshukumo yafumana inkqubela ngo-2021 xa inkundla yeSapporo yagqiba ukuba ukukhanyela umtshato ofanayo kwakungekho semthethweni. Ukuzingisa kweCDP kwaquka umlinganiselo womtshato kwiqonga layo lonyulo loma 2021. I-JCP ikwayixhasa. I-LDP ihlala yahluliwe, ngemithetho ephikisayo, kodwa iinkokeli ezinkulu ziye zaqalisa ukuvuma umba. Ingxubeko yenze intelekelelo yesini neempawu zobufana nezobufana nezobufana nezobufana nezobufana nezobuzwe ezingenakuhoywa ngokupheleleyo.

Ubomi Obumnyama Bubalulekile EJapan

I-Black Live Matter yehlabathi lonke ngo-2020 eJapan, ingakumbi ngenxa yeziganeko zocalucalulo lwamapolisa kubantu basemzini nakumaqela axubeneyo. Abaxhasi bamaJapan balungiselela ukuqhankqalaza komanyano eTokyo, e-Osaka, nakwezinye izixeko. Ezi zenzo zanyanzela amaqela ukuba athethe ngocalulo lobuhlanga kumaqonga awo okwesihlandlo sokuqala. ICDP ne-JCP ngoku iquka amacandelo agxeka ukukhutshwa kohlanga nokuxhasa imithetho elwa nohlanga. I-LDP ayizange ithathe nxaxheba kodwa yasungula ikomiti yokuhlola izenzo zobupopu.

Ukusabela Kwintlekele Nokusebenza Ngokuzithandela Kweziko

Amava eJapan ngeentlekele zemvelo ."eKobe yowe-1995, inyikima enkulu yaseMpuma Japan yowama-2011 kunye neenkanyamba ezalandelayo, ziye zakhuthaza umbutho wamatsha - ntliziyo onamandla. La maqela asekuhlaleni aye afuna ukulungiselela kakuhle intlekele, inkxaso yempilo, kunye nenkxaso yokwakha. Imikhosi iye yasabela ngokuquka imigaqo yokulawula iintlekele kwiindawo zayo, kunye neCDP igxininisa ukusabela kwentlekele esekelwe kuluntu kunye ne-LDP ekuzinziseni kwesiseko sesiseko sesiseko sezenyuko.

Isiphelo

Intshukumo yoluntu eJapan isoloko ilungisa amaqonga amaqela ezobupolitika, ibonisa igalelo elinamandla phakathi kwebutho labemi kunye nezobupolitika ezisesikweni. Ukusukela kwintshukumo yoxolo yasemva kwemfazwe ukuya kwisenzo semozulu, uxinzelelo lwengca lunyanzele amaqela . kwaye alawulayo kunye nenkcaso---------------------------kulungisa inkqubo yawo ephambili, ubuchule bokwenza ubuchule bokusebenzisa iimfuno zombutho, ibonise amandla okuxhathisa nokusebenzisa iinguqu-nkqubo xa uluvo lukawonke uluntu lusiba nolwaluko. Amaqela enkcaso, axhomekeke ekuxhaseni umbutho ukuze athelele ngokwahluze aphinde acelele ezinye iindlela.

Njengokuba iJapan ijongene neengxaki ezintsha zokwenza utshintsho, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukuxabana kwezentlalo, kunye nokungalingani kwentlalo-ntle, kuya kuhlala kubalulekile. Abasebenzi baza kuqhubeka besebenzisa iqhankqalazo, amajelo eendaba, kunye nonyulo ukunyanzela utshintsho, kwaye amatheko aza kuqhubeka elungisa iqonga lawo ukuze agcine imigaqo esemthethweni nemvume. Ukuqonda le nkcazelo iyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela idemokhrasi eguquka ngayo kolunye uhlanga olunempembelelo eAsia.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya ngempembelelo yemibutho yasekuhlaleni kwezobupolitika zamaJapan, bona uhlalutyo lobuchule olunje [[FLT: 0] iPatricia Steinhoff yomsebenzi womjikelezo kunye nengxelo yakutshanje evela IMigaqo yeMicitho yeQumrhu [[FLT]] ne-[FLT] Inkcuthezo yemizam yemibutho yokusebenza .