Ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo kawonke-wonke yinkqubo entsonkothileyo nedla ngokudala ingxabano, exonxiweyo yintabalala yabadlali kunye nemikhosi. Phakathi kwabona banempembelelo kakhulu ngaba ngamaqela ezobupolitika. Njengamaqela alungelelanisiweyo afuna ukulawula urhulumente nokuphuhlisa imigaqo yengqiqo eyahlukeneyo, amaqela adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni ucwangciso lwenkqubo, ekukhuthazeni inkxaso kawonke-wonke, nasekuguquleleni izivumelwano zikawonke-wonke. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, nabemi abatshayenzileyo, ukuqonda indlela amaqela asebenzisa ngayo le mpembelelo ingulo mpembelelo yolawulo lwedemokhrasi nemvelaphi yemithetho ebumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Indalo Nemisebenzi Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Amaqela ezobupolitika akangomalungu asebenzisanayo; angumbutho wabantu abanobudlelane , yaye akhuthaza ukunyulwa kwabantu ngabanye, benyulwa ngamagosa ngezantsi ngokumanyeneyo ngentanda-bulumko eqhelekileyo yezobupolitika kunye nomnqweno wokubumba inkqubo karhulumente. Imisebenzi yawo ephambili iquka ukubhalisa nokutyumba, ukuphuhlisa iqonga leqela elichaza izinto eziphambili zenkqubo, nokukhuthaza abavoti ukuba baququle kwimisebenzi yokuvota. Ngaphandle kwale misetyenzana yonyulo, amaqela asebenza njengebhulo phakathi kwabantu ngokubanzi norhulumente, asebenzisa izilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo kwimiba yomthetho kunye nokulungiselela isakhiwo sentsebenziswano yemithetho.

Kuninzi lwedemokhrasi, amaqela alandela ulwahlulo ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene, nangona iindawo ezikhethekileyo zihluka-hlukene ngokwelizwe. EUnited States, amaqela amabini amakhulu `iidemocratic kunye neRiphabliki''. "iqela leDamokhrasi nelamaqela] (encompass umgangatho obanzi wezimvo, ukusuka kwinkqubela ukuya kumgangatho ophakathi komgangatho ophakathi. Le ngcaciso idla ngokukhokelela kwiingxoxo zangaphakathi kunye nenkcubeko, kodwa ikwavumela amaqela ukuba abhenele kwi-mfadi ebanzi.

Iintlobo zeQela njengeMimiselo yeQela

Iqela ngalinye eliphambili livelisa iqonga elingumzekelo ohlaziyiweyo kumjikelo ngamnye wonyulo. elichaza izikhundla zalo kwiimeko ezifana nerhafu kunye nezonyango kunye nemicimbi yangaphandle. Ngoxa amaqonga engabopheleli, anika uphawu olucacileyo lwenjongo yeqela kwaye asebenza njengendawo ekhuthazayo abaxhasi. Umzekelo, iqonga lale projekthi lale mihla leRiphabliki igxininisa irhafu esezantsi, ukuthoba, ukukhupha ulawulo lwemiqathango yezonyango, ngelixa idemokhrasi isoloko ixhasa iinkonzo zentlalo, ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, kunye nokulingana kwezoqoqosho. La maxwebhu angumphumo obalulekileyo wabaxhasi, amaqela anomdla, amaqela anezigqibo, kunye neenkokeli eziqikelezayo, kwaye zilungisa inkqubo yenkqubo yezorhwebo, ngoxa iminyaka emininzi ithe yaloo nyaka ifika.

Ubuchule Bempembelelo Yeqela Kumgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Amaqela ezobupolitika aphembelela inkqubo kawonke wonke esebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ezidityanisiweyo. Ezi zinokuqondwa njengomjikelo oqalisa ngokucwangciswa kwemigaqo ecwangcisiweyo uze uqhubeke ngokubumba, ngokuthabatha, ngokuzalisekisa nokuhlola.

Ucwangciso LweAgenda: Ukucinga Izinto Ezibalulekileyo

Esinye sezixhobo ezinamandla kakhulu esinazo iqela elinazo kukukwazi ukumisela ucwangciso lukawonke-wonke. Ngokukhetha ukugxininisa imibandela ethile − njengokungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ukhuseleko lobuzwe, okanye ukutshintsha kwemozulu⁠) icandelo elalathisa ingqalelo yamajelo eendaba, uwonke-wonke, kunye nabanye abadlali bezopolitiko. Oku kwenziwa ngeentetho, iindibano, iintlanganiso zezandidi, izibhengezo zempekiselo, kunye nokulawula imiyalelo. Umzekelo, ngexesha lonyulo lomongameli we-2020.S. Unyulo lweDidemocratic Party, iDidemocratic Party, isoloko igxininisa kwimithetho yomthetho, ulungelelaniso, ulungelelwano lwesizwe, kunye nolungelelaniso lwezoqoqosho. Imibandela ebalazisa imicimbi kakhulu imicimbi yeqela lemithetho.

Umgaqo-nkqubo: izicombululo zobuchule

Xa kukho imbambano elungiselelweyo, amaqela asebenza ukuphuhlisa izindululo ezithile zenkqubo. Le nkqubo yokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo ibandakanya iinkokeli zeqela, iingcali zenkqubo, iinkcubeko, iintloko-nkqubo, iintloko-mikhosi eziququzelela i-oyile, kunye namaqela enzala alungelelaniswe neqela. Abasebenzi bemithetho yokwenza ifomu yamatyala, amaphepha amhlophe ajikelezayo, kunye neekomiti zokuchola iikomiti ezilawulayo. Ngokufanayo, ukukhutshwa kwemithetho yeNkquluko-mthetho yezemali yeRiphabliki yeRiphabliki, kwayilwa amashumi eminyaka e-ACA), inkqubo e-yoyilwayo yenkqubo yezomthetho yedemocracracki, yaphuhliswa ngomanyano olubanzi lwendlu, ikomiti yezomthetho, kunye neenkcubeko yezonyango, kunye neentlangano zezonyango.

Ukwakha Inkxaso Kawonke - wonke Nokuphazamisa Uluvo

Amaqela ezobupolitika afaka imali eninzi ekukhuthazeni uluvo lukawonke-wonke ukuze aqinise inkxaso kwiinkqubo zawo. Oku kufunyanwa ngokubonakala ngokwesithethe kwezenkqubo zobuzwe, amaphulo onxibelelwano, ukulungelelanisa iingcambu, kunye nezibhengezo. Iinkokeli zeqela zisebenza njengabathunywa, zifaka izicelo zazo ngeendlela ezivumelanayo nabavoti. Ngokomzekelo, iiRiphabliki zidla ngokubeka irhafu njengendlela yokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezoqoqosho nokungenelwa “abadali bezinto,” ngelixa uDemocrats elawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali njengezixhobo zokunciphisa ubuhlwempu nokukhuthaza ubulungisa.

Ukuzalisekiswa koMthetho: Ukuguqulela Usukelo Kube Yimithetho

Xa iqela lilawula amasebe alawulayo kunye nemithetho-mthetho, linethuba elinamandla lokuzalisekisa iinjongo zalo zomthetho. Noko ke, kwanolawulo olumanyeneyo aluqinisekisi impumelelo. Iingxabano zangaphakathi, imiqobo ye-procedic, kunye nemithetho ye-monibulister zingacotha okanye zithintele umthetho. Iiparies kufuneka zilawule ii-caucs zazo, ziqhubana ngokulinganisela, zisebenzisane, kwaye maxa wambi zenze uvumelo lokukhusela iivota eziyimfuneko. Ukudlula kwe-A ngo-Democratic mental kungafuna imigudu yeRCucial ukuze kuhlanganiswe umbutho obuthathaka, ngoxa ukungaphumeleli kokulawula iAA ngo-201717 kwabonisa ubunzima beRiphabliki elungeleneyo. Xa kudluliselwe umthetho, iqela eliseburhulumenteni lisoloko lifuna ukuqhubelwa kwawo ngempumelelo ngenkqubo ye-ooodvidiod lwabiwo-mali.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Yempembelelo Yeqela Lezobupolitika

Ukuhlolisisa la mava kutyhila indlela ezisebenza ngayo iingcamango, amaqhinga ezobupolitika neengcinezelo zangaphandle.

I-New Dec Deart Imali Nentlawulo kaRhulumente waseMerika

I-Democratic Party phantsi koMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt yakha umnqongo ophangaleleyo wamaqhina okusebenza, amaqela eedolophu, ama-Afrika, abamhlophe baseMazantsi, kunye neenkcubeko zokudlulisa iinkqubo zeNew Deal ngexesha loKudodobala Okukhulu. Lo mbutho, owenziwe ngamanqam, wavelisa umthetho otshintshayo oquka iSocial Security, iWagner Act (ukukhusela amalungelo okusebenza), kunye nokusekwa kweGunyaziso lweNtlanga. I-Tennessee . I-New Decrac ayizange iphinde iphakamise indima karhulumente wesizwe kodwa ikwane-Democracratic Party njengomkhosi wezopoliti yezopolitis kanga kangamashumi aliqela eminyaka. Kwabonisa indlela iqela elinokusebenzisa ngayo ityala ekumiseleni inkqubo yelifamfa elihlala ngokusemthethweni izivumelwano zentlalo.

Imvukelo YaseReagan: Umgaqo - siseko OneeNkcukacha

Ngonyaka wama-1980, uRonald Reagan kunye neRiphablikian Party bajijela utshintsho olukhulu kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke ngokuxhasa ukubonelela ngezoqoqosho, ukugawulwa kolawulo, kunye nokhuselo olunamandla lwesizwe. Ukunqunyulwa kwerhafu kaReagan, ukukhutshwa kwerhafu, ukukhutshwa kwemibutho (ngokufana nezixhobo zenqwelo-moya nezokuhamba-moya), kunye nobalo lwasemva kweenkqubo zentlalo zenza imbonakalo yentengiso enxulumene nemilinganiselo yerhafu ephezulu yerhafu eMaligilabhuli. Le “Nguquko yeNguquko” ayizange yenzeke ngephanya ngethuba elide; yaba ngumphumo olungelelanisiweyo wolwano oluvelayo oluvelayo, nengqondo enjengelifakethi, kunye neenko yeqela leqela leepolitiki.[0]

UMthetho wokuLanda oBanzi njengophawu lweQela

Ukudlula kwe-ACA ngo-2010 kwamela incopho yamashumi eminyaka yemigudu yedemokhrasi yokwandisa i-inshorensi yempilo. Emva konyulo lwangowama 2008, uMongameli uBarack Obama kunye neenkokeli zedemocratic kwiKhomishini yafumana ithuba lokumisela utshintsho lwempilo ebanzi. Umthetho wandisa iMedicaid, wadala iintengiso ze-inshorensi, kwaye wathintela abaxhasi ukuba bangavumeli ukubhaliswa okusekelwe kwiimeko zokuqalisa kwangaphambili. Nangona kukho ukuchasana nenkcaso yeDemocratic Republic kunye nokuxambulisana kweDemocracracra ngenk, iqela elimanyeneyo ekugqibeleni ukudlulisa umthetho kwivoti yeqela elisondeleyo. UA uhlala engumba-phakathi kwezobupolitika kwezobupolitika kwezobupolitika kwezobupolitika eMelika, kunye neeRiphabliki zaqhubeka nokubiza umnxeba wayo ngexesha lokuzisela phambili. Le meko inkcithotho yezo yezonga yezopolitiko yezo yezo yezo yezopolitiki.

Ucelomngeni Lwempembelelo Yamaqela Kulawulo Lwanamhlanje

Ngaphandle kombindi wawo kwinkqubo yenkqubo, amaqela ezobupolitika ajongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo enokuthomalalisa impembelelo yawo. Ukuqonda le mingeni kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni ikamva lokwenziwa kwenkqubo yeqela.

Ukwenziwa Kwenkcazelo Yezobupolitika Nokuxinana

Kumashumi eminyaka aliqela adluleyo, la maqela mabini aphambili aye ahamba ngokuhambelana ngokweengqondo, enciphisa ukudibana kwamalungu anokuchasana. Oku kuhlaliswa kwamazwe ahlukeneyo kuye kwakhokelela kwi-gridlock yemithetho, njengoko amaqela engakuthandi ukunqumla ipasejini ukudlulisa amatyala. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-palearbuster kwi-U.S. indlu yengqungquthela kuqheleke ngakumbi, kufuna ukuba kuqhutywe umthetho ophezulu kakhulu oyandisa i-state. [iZiko lophando] njengesiphumo, xa iqela lilawula omabini amagumbi eBhunga kunye ne-Promasterin, imigaqo emikhulu iyakwazi ukuqokelela i-60. Olu qikelelo lucelo olulu lwabiwo lwamaqela omthetho. [indect:1]

Amandla Akhulayo Amaqela Abanomdla Nabasebenzi

Ngoxa amaqela eqhubeka enempembelelo, kufuneka akhuphisana nempembelelo enkulu yemipu yeRiphabliki, iikomiti zezopolitiko (PACs), kunye nezityebi ezinikela ngezobupolitika. Aba badlali badla ngokuba nemigaqo ethile enokuthi ingqubane neqonga elibanzi. Ngokomzekelo, iNational Rifle Association (NRA) isebenzisa impembelelo enamandla kumgaqo wemipu yeRiphabliki, ngoxa amaqumrhu ootitshala kunye namaqela emekobume enyanzelisa uDemocrates kumacala athile. Ukunyuka kweMidlalo eMpu ephezulu ilandela i- iSinyuso esimanyeneyo kukwanesigqibo esinyusela amalizwi nabantu abafumileyo kunye neenkampani, maxa wambi athe anyanisa iqela loonyusonyulo. Banokukwazi ukugxandulisa i-mali eqela lamalungu alo eendaba.

Ukunganeliseki Kukawonke-wonke Nokunyuka KwesiSekela-Mpahla

Ukudimazeka okukhoyo kwamaqela amaninzi amiselwe kukhuliswe ziimbono zokuba amaqela olawulo-melo awonakele, angabinanto yakwenza, okanye abanjwe ngabaphezulu. Oku kubangela ukuba kunyuke intlukwano yepopulist, abathathi-nxaxheba besithathu, kunye nezobupolitika zangaphandle eziza kulwa nephulo ngokuchasene nokumiselwa kweqela. EUnited States, ukuvela kweSizwana saseTea ngo-2010, kunye nentshukumo yeTrump elandelayo ngo-2016 ibonise ukunxunguphazeleka okunzulu ngaphakathi kweRiphabliki yoLungu kunye nokhokelo lwayo. Le migaqo yaphumelela kwimicimbi ephambili yeqela elihamba phambili elifuna imicimbi efana neyo yezorhwebo kunye nokufuduka. Kodwa kwakhona i-2016, i-Sanderers yafaka isandla kwimibangongezelelo yezorhwebo kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho. Ezi zinto ziyenza imikhosi yeqela yeqela leqela leqela ukuba iqhubekeleenkqubo.

Indima Etshintshatshintshayo Yemibutho Yezobupolitika Kwinkqubo Kawonke - wonke

Njengokuba imekobume yezobupolitika itshintsha, namaqela kufuneka alungelelanise. Intsingiselo emininzi isenokuyiguqula indlela amaqela aphembelela ngayo inkqubo kumashumi eminyaka azayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bobuxhakaxhaka, ubuxhakaxhaka bobuxhaka bobuNtlalo kunye noMkhosi othe ngqo

Amajelo asebenzisa izixhobo zamanani ukudlula kwimithombo-lwazi yesithethe kwaye anxibelelana ngqo nabavoti. Amaqonga oluntu afana no-Twitter, Facebook, kunye no-TikTok avumela iinkokeli zamaqela kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bamisele ucwangciso ngaphandle kokuthembela kwiintatheli. Oku kukhuphyelele ulawulo lwemiyalezo esetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni kodwa kwahlula ingqukuva kawonke-wonke, eyenza ukuba kusetyenziswe intengiso ekhawulezileyo yenkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Amacandelo ayakwazi ukubhenca izibhengezo zemi kunye nogcino-data olunolwazi lwezibhengezo zezixhobo ze-Abamatictics okanye umsebenzi ka-Trump ka-2016-2014.

Iinguqu ezikhoyo kunye noLuntu

I-Democratic Party iya ixhomekeka ngokungakumbi kwimbono eqhubekayo yemozulu, yezeemfuyo, yesizwe, yaya yaya itshintsha. Le nguqu zamanani abantu inyanzelisa omabini ukuba aphinde ahlolisise icandelo lawo. IDidemocratic Party ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiqela elingengawo amhlophe nabasebatsha abaxhasa ukutshintsha kwemozulu, amatyala abafundi, kunye nokunyamekela impilo. Okwangoku, iRiphabliki yeRiphabliki iyaqhubeka ifumana inkxaso enamandla evela emaphandleni, amadala, kunye nabamhlophe abavoti, kodwa ijongene nemingeni yokutsala abantu abambalwa abakhulayo. Imigaqo yexesha elizayo iya kuphenjelelwa kakhulu yile mithetho yexesha elilandelayo, umzekelo, iingcebiso loqeqesho lomntwana kunye nenkululeko yemfundo yemfundo yasekuhlaleni yemfundo ekhululekile kwimfundo yemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo yonqulo.

Izinto Ezinokwenzeka Kwizikolo Zesithathu Neziqu Zazo Zokuzimela

Ngeli xesha inkqubo yecandelo lamaqela amabini ihlala iqinile ngenxa yeemeko ezifana nokufumana unyulo, kukho umdla okhulayo kwicandelo lesithathu elinolwahlulo oluzimeleyo. Intshukumo ezinjengeGreen Party neLibertrian Party ziphembelela inkqubo yokuphakamisa iziphumo ezithi amaqela amakhulu angazihoyi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukunyuka “kunaiLebbes” kunye namanye amaqela amaqela athe azama ukurhoxisa umhlaba ophakathi phakathi kwamaqela amaqela. Ngelixa amaqela amathathu enqabileyo ukuphumelela unyulo lonyulo, obukho bawo bungachaphaza iziphumo. Ngokunjalo, xa u-Ralphralph’s Green Partyy Party idla ngokulinganayo iAl Gore Florida. kwaye unyanze amaqela amakhulu eenkquboni ayaqhubeka ukukhula, ayaqhubeka nempembelelo kwinkqubo yeqela elincinci okanye aguqukayokunye kwezobupolitika.

Isiphelo

Amaqela ezobupolitika ahlala ebalulekile ekuphuhlisweni kwenkqubo kawonke-wonke. Amisela iingxoxo, izindululo zomthetho zobugcisa, akhuthaza, aqhubele phambili abemi xa besalawula. Impembelelo yawo inokubonwa kweyona mithetho nemigaqo elandelayo yenkulungwane edluleyo . Ukusuka kwiSikhuseli seNtlalo kunye neNew Dec kwi-Afford Care Act kunye nerhafu yerhafu yeTrump. Kwangaxesha linye, amaqela asebenza kwi-webromast: ukhuthulo, uxinzelelo lwenzala, ukuthandabuza, ukuthandabuza uluntu, kunye nemiqobo yesakhiwo enokuthi ikwazi ukuvala nawona maqela afuna ingcelo.

Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi, ukufundisisa indima yamatheko asiyonto nje efundiswayo; kungundoqo wokuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo yedemokhrasi nendlela abemi abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo. Ukuqonda amandla eqela (nemiqathango) yabantu ngabanye ukuvavanya ngokungqongqo izicelo zenkqubo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zonyulo, nokuxhasa utshintsho. Njengoko ulawulo lwezopolitiko luqhubeka luguquka, ulwalamano phakathi kwamaqela kunye nenkqubo kawonke-wonke luya kuhlala lungumsebenzi ongundoqo kwintsontela yolawulo.