Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yinjini yedemokhrasi, iguqula iingcamango zibe ngumthetho onyanzelisayo. Ngoxa isakhiwo sikarhulumente sinika iplani, amaqela ezobupolitika anika izibaso nolwalathiso. Phantse kuyo yonke idemokhrasi yezi mini, amaqela akangobabukeli nje; ngabadlali abaphambili ababumba amacebo, abalawula impikiswano, kunye neziphumo. Kubafundi bembali kunye nenzululwazi yezobupolitika, ukuqonda indima yamaqela ezobupolitika kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho, isizathu sokuba abanye baphumelele abanye bangaphumeleli, nendlela ukulungelelanisa amandla okutshintshana ngayo ngexesha.

Ukuqonda Imibhiyozo Yezobupolitika: Iinjongo Zeqela Neendaleko

Amaqela ezobupolitika awangoovimba abathathi-nxaxheba abalungelelaniswe ngabemi abanobudlelane ngeenkolelo zengqondo kunye nabasebenza kunye ukuphumelela unyulo nokulawula.

Umelo nomanyano lwezilangazelelo

Kuwona mgangatho wabo osisiseko, amaqela adibanisa izilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo zezigidi zabavoti kwiiplatfomu ezidityanisiweyo. Oku kuvumela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ukuba ivumela abenzi bomthetho bavumelane neendawo ezibanzi zenkqubo. Ngokomzekelo, iDidemocratic Partior eUnited States ngokwembali iye yaxhasa amalungelo empangelo kunye nentlalo-ntle yoluntu, ngoxa iRiphabliki iye yabeka izikelele iintengiso ezikhululekileyo kunye norhulumente olinganiselweyo. Oku kunceda abalawuli bemithetho ukuba bavote ngokuzi ngokungaguquguquki kwaye kunceda abemi bafune ukuphendula amaqela.

Noko ke, umelo aluze lugqibelele. Imisebenzi kufuneka ilungelelanise iimfuno zesiseko sayo nemfuneko yokulawula kwinkqubo eninzi. Oku kuxinezeleka kudla ngokukhokelela kwiingxoxo zangaphakathi kunye neengxaki eziphambili, ezinokuthi ziphazamise imimiselo yomthetho kunye nokunyanzelisa amaqela ukuba aphinde ajonge ezona zinto zibalulekileyo.

Ulungiselelo Nokuthunjwa

Izivumelwano zisisiseko sombutho wedemokhrasi. Zifumana abathathi-nxaxheba, amaphulo eemali, kunye nabavoti. Ngaphakathi kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho, imibutho yamaqela inikela isakhiwo: izabelo zeekomiti ezisasazwa kwimida yeqela, iindawo zokhokelo zimiselwa ziinkqubo zeqela, kwaye iikhalenda zowiso-mthetho zilawulwa zilawulwa ziinkokeli zeqela. Ngaphandle kwamaqela, amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho aya kuzama ukusebenza kakuhle, njengokuba abaqulunqi bomthetho ngamnye bengenakusebenzisana nolungelelwano.

Uphuhliso loMgaqo-nkqubo kunye noMbutho weQela

Iintlanganiso zimizi - mveliso yezomthetho. Zineendibano, iplatfomu, kunye neengxelo zemithetho ekhokelayo. Kwinkqubo zepalamente enjenge-United Kingdom, iqela elibonisa amadinga abophekileyo; kwiinkqubo zomongameli njenge-United States, amaqonga eqela asebenza njengeplani yentelekelelo. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iqala kudala phambi kokuba kuqaliswe umthetho owenziwe.

Ingxelo yeNkcubeko neMidlalo

Amaqela ezobupolitika akwasebenza njengeenqwelo-mafutha zokuziphendulela. Abaxhasi banokuwavuza okanye bohlwaye amaqela kwibhokisi yeloti esekelwe kwiziphumo zomthetho. Oku kubangela ukuba amaqela aphumeze izithembiso zawo. Ingcamango egunyaziwe ithi iqela eliphumeleleyo linegunya lokulawula iqonga, eliwanika igunya lokuziphatha nokuqhuba iingxubusho zawo ngemithetho-siseko.

Indima Yezi Hlabathi Zezobupolitika Kwinkqubo Yomthetho

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho asingomatshini ongathathi-nxaxheba; ungowobupolitika obunzulu. Amatheko achaphazela phantse lonke iqonga, ukususela ngoko ingcamango iqwalaselwa ukuya kwivoti yokugqibela. Ngeli ngezantsi, ndiyayiqhekeza imimandla engundoqo yempembelelo.

Ukumisela IAgenda Yomthetho

Mhlawumbi esona sixhobo sinamandla iqela elinaso kukulawula ucwangciso. Iqela elininzi kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ligqiba ukuba ziziphi iindleko eziqwalaselwayo, ngohlobo olunjani, nangokude kangakanani. Eli gunya lokugcina amasango linokwenza okanye lenze amanyathelo okwaphula inkqubo.

  • IMajority Leadership Control: Kwindlu yabameli base-U.S. iNkokeli yeMajority kunye neKomiti yeMimiselo (ebekwe namalungu amaninzi eqela) igqiba ukuba ngaba ityala lifikelela kumgangatho. Bangakhulula amatyala athandwayo okanye bangcwabe abo bachasayo. Ngokutsho kwenkqubo ye-[FLT:] i-Conrester.gov Grogiangsting , iKomiti yemithetho isoloko ibizwa ngokuba “i-traffic cop" yeBhunga.
  • Impembelelo yeQela elinobunyani: amaqela amancinane awanamandla. Angasebenzisa iindlela zobugcisa obufana ne-nlybuster kwiNdlu yeQela yase-U.S. ukulibazisa okanye ukunqanda ukuvota. Noko ke, uninzi lungasoloko loyisa ezi ndlela ukuba lugcina umanyano.
  • Ingqikelelo esezantsi: Kwiinkqubo zepalamente njengeJamani, ucwangciso lolawulo lwengqungquthela lumiselwa kakhulu yinkokeli kunye namaqabane ahlangeneyo. Amaqela enkcaso anamandla angaphantsi kodwa anokusebenzisa ixesha lobuphicotho kunye neendlebe zikawonke-wonke ukubumba ingxoxo.

Ukwenziwa kwe-Agenda kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke

Izibonelelo zikwaphembelela ucwangciso ngokuphakamisa umxholo kwi-media kunye namaziko kawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, ebudeni bengxoxo yolungiso lwezonyango lo 2009-2010, uMongameli Obama kunye neenkokeli zedemocratic inkokeli zedemocratic babamba iziganeko ezininzi zikawonke-wonke ukwakha umba wetyala lokhathalelo lwe Affordible Act. Olu xinzelelo lwabumba ikhalenda yowiso-mthetho kunye neeRiphabliki ezinyanzelelweyo ukuba ziphendule, nangona zazichasa ityala. Ufundo lweziko lophando lwe-Protel [FLT:] [FLT]

Impikiswano Egqwethekileyo Yomthetho

Xa isibham sikwisicwangciso, amaqela asebenza ukulawula ibali. Ingxoxo ayiyonkululeko; icetywa ngamatyathanga eqela kunye neenkokeli ezigqiba ukuba ngubani othethayo, ixesha elingakanani, kwaye liliphi imixholo.

  • Ukusika kunye nomyalezo: Izahlulo zesakhelo zokubhena kwisiseko sazo nokuvota okujinga. Umzekelo, 2017 Irhafu Yokcimo noMthendeleko woMsebenzi zafakwa kwiRiphabliki njenge “irhafu yeklasi edityanisiweyo" nangona uhlalutyo olubonisa iinzuzo ezinkulu zahamba kumaqumrhu kunye nabanikazi abaphezulu. Umgangatho wesifekethi njengeso sokunika izityebi. Intengiso nganye yeqela iphembelela ulwano lukawonke wonke kunye nolawulo lomthetho.
  • Ulawulo: Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi, iqela elininzi lingamisela ixesha lokuxoxa ngapha “umthetho osondeleyo” ongavumeli tshintsho, okanye“umthetho omiselweyo” ovumela kuphela ulungiso oluthandwa luninzi. Oku kunciphisa amandla okuguqula umthetho.
  • IiKomiti zokuvakala nokungqinela: zibamba iintetho zikawonke-wonke apho iingcaphephe namaqela abantu abanomdla angqina khona. Izihlalo zeqela zidla ngokukhetha amangqina axhasa indawo yazo, ngaloo ndlela zilungisa ingxelo eyazisa ingxoxo yomgangatho.

Indima Yenkqubo Yesiphwefu

Izaphuli-mthetho zeqela zabelwa ukuba zibale iivoti kwaye zicebise amalungu ukuba axhase i-interlinear. Zisebenzisa uxinzelelo ngokuxuba intelekelelo, izithembiso zezabelo zeekomiti, kunye nezisongelo zokungawaxhasi amatyala elungu. Kumaqela aqeqeshiweyo, ukuphambuka kusenokuba neziphumo ezinzima zomsebenzi. Ngokutsho [FLT: 0] iEnclopedia Britannica[, iziqhushumbisi zinamandla ngokukhethekileyo kwiinkqubo zepalamente njengeKhanada neUnited Kingdom, apho ukuvota okuchasene neqela kungakhokelela ekugxothweni kwicaucus.

Ukusebenzisa Izixhobo Zokujija Nomanyano Lwamava

Kulapho impembelelo yeqela iba sobala khona. Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi, unxulumano lweqela lomntu luyeyona nto iphambili ekuxelwa ngayo ukuba ilungu livote.

  • Icandelo elipheleleyo Umanyano: uphando ngu Govtrack lubonisa ukuba abalawuli bemithetho-mthetho baseMerika abasuka kuwo omabini amaqela amakhulu bavote neqela labo elingaphezulu kwama-90% exesha kwimiba ye-xxhulumaniso. Olu manyano lomelele ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zepalamente, apho ivoti echasene norhulumente ingaxhobisa ukushukuma kwentshukumo esemthethweni.
  • Ulwakhiwo lweNkokeli: Xa kungekho mbutho mnye ubamba uninzi, njengoko kuqhelekile kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezinjenge Netherlands okanye i-Itali-* kufuneka zenze imibutho ukuze kudluliswe umthetho. Oku kufuna ingxoxo kunye nokulalanisa, kodwa isivumelwano esiphumezekayo sichaza udweliso lwemimiselo-mthetho ukwenzela eli gama.
  • Ukusonga nokuvote Trading: Izivumelwano zikwanceda ukuqengqeleka, apho amalungu arhwebelana ngevoti kwimibandela eyahlukeneyo. Inkokeli zamaqela zinceda ezi zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindleko ezibalulekileyo ziya phambili.

Umphumela Wokwenziwa Kwengcamango Yezobupolitika

Kumashumi eminyaka aliqela adluleyo, ukuhlaziywa kwezobupolitika kuye kwakhula kulawulo-melo oluninzi, ngokusisiseko kuguqula inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ukwenziwa kweliso kubhekisela kumahluko okhulayo weengcamango phakathi kwamaqela kunye nokuncipha kwezithuba ezifanelekileyo.

Ukukhula kwecandelo kunye nokupheliswa kweBpartistiki

Kumaxesha angaphambili . "njengeminyaka yee 1960 kunye no1970" .legilator ukusuka kuwo omabini amaqela zazisebenza kunye kumalungelo oluntu, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nentlalo-ntle yasekuhlaleni. Namhlanje, i-bipartanshishi yenziwa inyanisekile. Ukwenziwa kwelithamsha kweqela lenqanawa yenze uvavanyo lwe-litrons ephambili, edanisa intsebenziswano enqamlezayo. Umzekelo, i-Dodd-Frank intelligement idluliswe ngenkxaso ye-Democratic, ngexa elikhulu le-Dmocratic, ngexa i-20182018, i-mali yefama ifuna umanyano olungaqhelekanga lweDemocrats kunye neeRiphabliki zokwahlulwano.

Ukuvela Kwecaucus

Phakathi kwamaqela, iingcamango zifumene impembelelo. IHouse Freedom Caucus e-U.S. okanye i-European Conservatives kunye neeNguqu kwiPalamente yaseYurophu zingavala umthetho naxa iinkokeli zeqela ziwuxhasa. La maqela angaphakathi ayenza ibe lukhuni inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwaye angenza iinkokeli zeqela ziphulukane nolawulo.

I-Ofisi yoMgaqo-siseko neziphumo

Xa ukwanda kobubanzi, i-gridlock ilandela. I-Gridlock yenzeka xa uninzi kunye neqaqobana lingenakuvumelana kwanangamanyathelo asisiseko okuyila, akhokelela ekuvaleni, kwizigqibo eziqhubekayo, nokusilela ukucombulula iingxaki zesizwe.

  • I-Gridlock ejikelezayo: Urhulumente wase-U.S. uye wava ukuvalwa okuphinda-phindiweyo ukususela ngo1995, okuphawuleka kakhulu ngo-2013 nango-2018-1918, xa iimbambano ezingononontlalo-mpilo kunye nenkxaso-mali yokhuseleko yomda imisiwe.
  • [[NTL: 0] Izixhobo zoqinisekiso lwe Jodicial: Ukwenziwa kwetyala kuchaphazele amadinga okugweba. Imfazwe yeparisan kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, njengemeko ye Merrick Garland ngo 2016, iye yaba yinto eqhelekileyo kunokuba ingabi yeyo.
  • Isenzo sokuthemba uluntu: Yisifundo esifundwa Iziko lophando [ ibonisa ukuba ukuthemba urhulumente kuye kwehla ngokuphawulekayo njengoko iqhina lenqanawa linyuka. Abathathi-nxaxheba babona amaqela enomdla ophezulu ekulweni kunokulawula, okuthoba ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Impembelelo yeqela kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo

Asizizo zonke izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezisebenza ngendlela efanayo. Impembelelo yamaqela iyahluka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwenkqubo yomongameli kunye nepalamente, kwaye iqhubekele phambili phakathi kweenkqubo ezimbini zamaqela kunye nezahluka-hlukeneyo.

Iinkqubo zePalamente

Kwiinkqubo zomongameli ezifana ne-United States, amasebe alawulayo kunye nemithetho anyulwa ngokwahlukeneyo. Oku kungakhokelela kurhulumente owahluleleneyo, apho iqela elinye lilawula umongameli kunye nezinye iiKhomishini. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, amaqela asebenzisa amandla awo owiso-mthetho ukuchasa ucwangciso lomongameli, nto leyo ephumela kwimfazwe ephezulu kunye nee-vetoes eziqhelekileyo. Kwimigaqo-palamente, umlawuli ukhutshwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, ithetha ukuba urhulumente uyalela uninzi. Oku kwenza ukuba iqela loqeqesho lomelele ngakumbi kwaye kube lula ukudlula, kodwa kwakhona liyakwazi ukuchasa ngamazwi angenasandi.

Iindawo ezimbini zeqela v. Iinkqubo ezininzi

Iinkqubo eziziinxenye ezimbini, ezifana neU.S. kunye neU.K., zidla ngokuvelisa izinto ezizinzileyo nezicacileyo zokuziphendulela. Noko ke, zikwakhuthaza iinkqubo zezopolitiko ezidityanisiweyo, ezifana neziseJamani, eSweden, okanye eIsrael, zifuna oorhulumente abadityanisiweyo, abanokukhokelela kumthetho othe wamkeleka ngakumbi. Ngaphantsi, iminqoqo ingathambeka, kwaye inkqubo yemithetho-wistial ingacotha njengoko amaqela ethethana ngazo zonke iinkcukacha.

Indima Yokukhuthaza Iqela

Kulawulo-melo oluninzi, amaqela axhomekeke kwiminikelo evela kwiinkampani, kwimibutho, nakubantu abazizityebi. Le mpembelelo yemali ibumba izinto eziza kuqala kwimithetho. I-Lobbytes isebenza ngokusondeleneyo neenkokeli zeqela kwityala lokwenza ipeyinti, ufake iintelekelelo, kunye nezithintelo ezingentle. Ngoxa ukungenelela kusemthethweni, abagxeki baphikisa inika izilangazelelo zobutyebi amandla angenakulinganiswa nanto. [[FLT: 0] I-Opensethi igosagosa ngendlela inkxaso yemirhumo esebenza ngayo kwivoti yemithetho e-U.S., inika ukukhankamisa kodwa ikhonkco phakathi kwemali nenkqubo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Impembelelo Yeqela Ekwindlela Esebenza Ngayo

Ukubona le migaqo isebenza, izijungqe ezibini eziphawulekayo zomthetho `Imithetho yokukhathalelwa''. (2010) kunye noMthetho werhasi noMthetho weSebe (2017).

ISebe libonise ukuba

IACA yayilutshintsho oluphawulekayo lwezempilo olwaluxhaswa nguMongameli Obama kunye neDidemocratic Party. Lineziko ledemocraticism kumagumbi omabini eBhunga, iqela lamisela ucwangciso lwemabhongo.

  • Party Leadership: uNancy Pelosi noMajority Monity Mphathi uHarry Reid wasebenzisa igunya labo ukugcina ityala lihamba phezu kwayo nje inkcaso enkulu yaseRiphabliki. Basebenzisa uphatho lwemiba entsonkothileyo, kuquka ukusebenzisa uqingqo-mali ukwenzela ukudlula i-Rebianbuster kwiBhunga.
  • Ii-Riphabliki ezikhoyo zisebenzisa izixhobo ezikhoyo ukulibazisa nokulungisa ityala, kuquka nokunikezela ngeendibaniselwano ezingamakhulu ee-ase komiti. Imali yokugqibela yadlula ngevoti ze-0 Republican kwindlu kwaye zimbalwa kuphela kwiCamelo, ibonakalisa amacandelo anzulu e-Romati.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingeniso engaphandle: IACA yasinda kwiingxaki zomthetho kwaye ihlala isemthethweni, kodwa ukudlula kwayo kwabalaselisa ubunzima bokudlulisa umthetho omkhulu kwimeko-bume eqhekekileyo. Kwakhona yaqinisa iindawo zeqela ekunyamekeleni impilo iminyaka ezayo.

Irhafu nemisebenzi

ITCJA yaba ngusayino olufezweyo lwasekhaya lolawulo lweTrump norhulumente odityanisiweyo weRiphabliki. Yabonisa indlela umbutho kunye nolawulo lwendawo olunokutyhalela ngayo kwimali enkulu ngokukhawuleza.

  • Ipartiy Cohesion: iiRepublica zasebenzisa uhlaziyo lohlaziyo ukuze ziphephe iNdlu yeQela, zivumela ukuba ityala lidlule noninzi olulula. Ngaphandle kokuphikisana kwangaphakathi ngeenkcukacha", ngokukodwa ngokuphathelele ukungabinakwa kukarhulumente nerhafu yasekuhlaleni, iqela lagcina umanyano olwaneleyo ukudlulisa ityala ngoDisemba 2017.
  • [[NT.1] I-[FLT] Edityanisiweyo: Akukho Home Democrates zovotelo ukwenzela umthetho wokugqibela, kwaye yindlu enye kuphela yendlu yendlu Democrat − Joe Manchin/ixhasa. Isicatshulwa semali sagxininisa ulwahlulo olunzulu lwerhafu kwinkqubo yerhafu. I-TCJA ikwabonisa amalungiselelo entsokothileyo okuba ukutshona kwelanga emva kweshumi leminyaka, ibonakalisa ityala lemali yezopolitiko.
  • Impembelelo yexesha elide: ITCJA inconyelwe ngokunyusa utyalo-mali lwenkampani nokugxeka ukwandisa intlawulo. Kodwa nokuba ngaba ifanelekile kangakanani na inkqubo, ime njengomzekelo wencwadi yesandla yomthetho weqela kwidemokhrasi yale mihla.

Isiphelo

Impembelelo yamaqela ezobupolitika kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho inamandla kwaye ixhaphakile. Ukusuka ekumiseleni ucwangciso nokulawula ingxoxo ukuya kutsho ekuchazeni amavoti nokwakha iminqongo, amaqela abumba zonke iinkalo zokwenza umthetho. Kwixesha lokuzinza komhlaba kunye noxinzelelo oluzinzileyo lwezibonelelo zezixhobo zolawulo, ukuqonda oko kubaluleke ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili.

Kubafundi nabafundisi-mbali kunye nenzululwazi yezobupolitika, isitshixo sesokuba umthetho awusayi kusuka nje ulwezo lwetechnocratic(i-athom). Imithetho yomdlalo ingaba nobundilele obunzulu. Kodwa abadlali bayinto enzima kodwa ngokufunda indlela amaqela asebenzisa ngayo impembelelo yawo, sifumana ukuqonda ngamandla nobuthathaka bolawulo-demokhrasi. Yaye njengabami, ukuqonda linyathelo lokuqala ekubambeni amaqela kunye nemithetho efuna ukuphendula.