Ubunzima Bamagama: Indlela uMongameli weOaths alawula ngayo iMiqathango yoMthetho

Isifungo somongameli somsebenzi asingomthetho wesithethe. Sisenzo somgaqo-siseko esidlulisela igunya ngaxeshanye, sisebenzisa inkokeli kwimithetho yesiseko yesizwe, kwaye sinike loo nkokeli uwonke wonke njengentloko esemthethweni karhulumente. Kumazwe amaninzi, eli thuba linye lokusasazwa kwezo zixhobo liphicotho-zincwadi, elithathwa ngaphaya kwe-engile, kwaye lihlolisiswa ngabachasi bezobupolitika kunye nabaxhasi ngokufanayo, lichaza indlela ulawulo olutsha olujongwa ngayo. Xa umongameli ephakamisa isandla, ebeka iBhayibhile (okanye omnye umbhalo obalulekileyo), kwaye ephinda aphinda amazwi achazwe ngumthetho omiselwe nguwonke, lo mntu unikwe uphawu olunamandla: lo mntu ngoku unegunya lokulawula. Kodwa ngaba umfunoko uyakwazi ukuchaza indlela abalawuli abalawuli abamele balawule ngayo?

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko nowomfuziselo

EUnited States, isifungo somongameli sichazwe kwiGatya II, iCandelo 1 loMgaqo-siseko: “ Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembekileyo ndiza kuphumeza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa ngcono i-Ofisi yekhono lam, ndigcine, ndikhusele kwaye ndikhusele uMgaqo-siseko we-United States. Ukulula kolwimi luyabuphikisa ubunzima balo. Isifungo sisenzo sokuthetha kwequmrhuqo-mali, kwaye xa sivakaliswe phantsi kweemeko ezilungileyo (kule meko, phambi koBangameli eliPhakade, kumsitho weNkundla weNkundla, kumsithotho woluntu), utshintsha ngokwenene ukutshintsha komcimbiswa kolwimi kunye nomthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Ukusukela ngomzuzu, ukuthwala koomongameli kunye noomphathi-ofisi besebe.

Kodwa amandla esifungo adlulela ngaphaya kotshintsho olusemthethweni. Isebenza njengesivumelwano sikawonke-wonke phakathi kwenkokeli nabantu. Abahlali ababona isifungo bakhunjuzwa ukuba umongameli akangaphezulu komthetho, kodwa ukhokelwa nguwo. Esi sikhumbuzo siqinisa umgaqo womgaqo-siseko: ukuba igunya likarhulumente lilinganiselwe kwaye lisuka kwisakhiwo esiphezulu esisemthethweni. Xa inkokeli ibonakala isenza isifungo ngokunyanisekileyo, ikhangela ngqo kuMgwebi oyintloko, ithetha ngokucacileyo, kwaye ibonisa ukuba uwonke wonke uya kuthemba ukuba inkokeli iya kuyihlonela loo mida. Ngokuphikisanayo, ukugxabhadula, okanye isifungo esithe mbe sibonakala singumthetho. Xa ikhokeli isenza ingqiqo yasekuqaleni inyanise ngokunyanisekileyo, ukuba inyanisekile, ithetha ngokucacileyo, kwaye ibonakalisa ukuthembeka ngokufanelekileyo.

Indima Yesithethe Ekwakheni Umthetho

Izazinzulu zezobupolitika kunye nezifundo ngemvelaphi yabantu ziphawule kade ukuba izithethe zingundoqo ekudalweni kobungangamsha bezobupolitika. Isithethe esilula njengokuxhawulana siyakwazi ukuqinisa umnqophiso; isiko elincumisayo elifana nokuthweswa isithsaba lingaguqula isikhulu sibe ngukumkani. Ukumiselwa komongameli, nesifungo entliziyweni yakhe, sinye sezithethe ezibonakalayo kulawulo-demokhrasi lwangoku. Sinikela ixesha lokufuduselwa kolawulo oluseluxolweni (h) kunye nokufuduswa koxolo kwegunya (* kunye nexesha elithile lokubuyiselwa kwegunya (* nenkokeli yokwamkela umthwalo wesikhundla. I-owonke, ingakumbi abo babukela umbhiyo, bamenywa ukuba babe nenxaxheba. Ukuba abathathi benzile i-mo ye-mouse, bafumana i-memouse.

Imizekelo Yembali Nempembelelo Yayo Ehlala Ikho

Indlela esifungo esenziwe ngayo, kwaye iimeko ezisingqongileyo zahluka-hlukene kakhulu kwimbali yaseMelika, kwaye umahluko ngamnye ulonge uluntu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Uhlalutyo lwexesha eliziintloko lukhanyisa ulwalamano phakathi kwesithethe kunye nokuqiqa ukuba semthethweni.

UGeorge Washington: Isigqumo sokuqala njengelishwa

NgoAprili 30, 1789, uGeorge Washington wenza isifungo sokuqala somongameli kwiveranda yeHolo yeFederal kwisiXeko saseNew York. Wongeza ibinzana elithi “ndincede uThixo” emva kombhalo womGaqo-siseko, umkhwa oza kulandelwa ngabamlandeli bakhe abaninzi. Imbonakalo yeWashington yayilingcwaba kwaye ilizwi lakhe, ngokweengxelo zale mihla, lahlala kakuhle. Isihlwele sasabela ngokukhuthaza nangomlilo. Lo mbhiyozo wokuqala wamisa umvalo ophezulu wokuthembeka nesidima. Udumo lobuqu lukaWashington lokuthembeka lwaluza kukhulisa igunya lesikhundla ngokwalo. Uluntu, lungekaqiniseki ukuba irebi nomthetho omtsha wobugqwebe-gqweleneno wawuza kuhlala kusigxina, sabona esi sifungo sikaWashington esibotshelelweyo kwaye sinyanze. Isithethe somsithobo esisebenza ngenxa yokuba inkokeli besithenjiwe; kodwa kwanento esenziwayo isithethe esibonakalayo.

UAbraham Lincoln: Isithuthi Esithwaxwa Yingxaki

Xa uAbraham Lincoln waba ngumongameli ngoMatshi 1861, amazwe asixhenxe asemazantsi ayesele eshiyiwe. Idilesi yakhe yokuqala yokusungula, eyanikelwa phambi kwesifungo kwiPortico yeCapitol yaseMpuma. Yaquka isibongozo ku- “izithunywa zendalo yethu ezingcono.” Kodwa isifungo sathathwa kwimeko enzima. ULincoln wabeka isandla sakhe kweBhayibhile (eyo kanye esetyenziswa nguWashington) waza wafunga ukuba alondoloze, akhusele, akhusele, akhusele uMgaqo-siseko. Abo bahlala bethembekile kwi-Umanyano, isifungo saphinda saqinisekisa igunya likaLincoln lomgaqo-siseko ukuba athathe inyathelo ngokuchasene nemvukelo. Kuba uGawulayo wayesamkela imfazwe yakhe. ISifungo saso, sathi savuma nakuwo wonke urhulumente wakhe.

UGqr. Franklin: Roosevelt: IOath ngexesha lodandatheko nemfazwe

UFranklin D. Roosevelt wafunga okokuqala ngoMatshi 4, 1933, ekuphakameni kokwehla komgangatho omkhulu wolwandle. Olu hlanga lwalubambene nebhanki, ukungasebenzi, nokuphelelwa lithemba. Idilesi yokumiselwa kwegama lakhe elidumileyo . URoosevelt “kuphela kwento ekufuneka soyike yiyo uloyiko ngokwalo""" kwaye yalandelwa ngesifungo, esenzeka ngokuqiniseka. Ukudityaniswa kwedilesi nesifungo kwabangela ixesha elinamandla lokuqinisekisa. Ulawulo, uwonke wonke, wabona isithembiso esiqinileyo sikaRoseRoselt. Iinkqubo zakhe ezilandelayo ze-New Demore zazisamkelwe ngokuba ngokomthetho, inxalenye yesohlwayo yayinophawu lokuba uRosethlvelt luza kusebenza phakathi kwemidarishoshosho-mda wehlabathi. Kamva, ngexesha lesithathu, kwaye zisohlwaywe, kodwa kwathiwe izifungo eziphambili zezohlwaywe yimeko eziphambili zesizwe.

UJohn F. Kennedy: Isizukulwana Esitsha Nendawo Eqinisekileyo

Ukwenziwa kwekhephu ngoJanuwari 20, 1961, kukhunjulwa ngamandla alo obutsha nedilesi yalo yemifanekiso: “Ungabuzi ukuba yintoni elinokukwenza kwilizwe lakho, funa ukuba yintoni onokuyenza kwilizwe lakho.” Isifungo sokuzibopha ngokwaso sasibanda ngezantsi, kwaye iCapitol yagqunywa ekhephuni. Kodwa ukuzalwa kukaKennedy kwakulula kwaye kucacile. Wayishiya ikrwada yakhe, kubonakala ukuba unamandla. Uwonke wonke waphendula ngehlombelo. Intelelo ye-okleyiti, kwaye uKennedy wamkeleka kakhulu, kwanabo babevotelekile nxamnye naye. Isifungo nenkonzo esingqongileyo sanceda ukuvelisa imvakalelo yomanyano lwesizwe ngexesha lasekuqaleni kwemfazwe yomlomo. UKennedy wafakelwa umfanekiso wokubulala kwelo ncam eMelika, kodwa ephezulu, inter eluncedo.

UGeorge W. Bush: Impikiswano neOath

Unyulo lokuqala luka-George W. Bush lwabakho emva konyulo oluphikisayo kwimbali yale mihla yamaMelika, kwaye intetho yakhe yabala idabi iNkundla ePhakamileyo eyagqiba ngokunempumelelo. Umthetho wobumongameli bukaBush wathandatyuzwa ngabaninzi bamaDemocrates. Unikezelo ngokwalo lwalucetlelwa ukusungula isithethe esiqhelekileyo kunye ne-bipartishast. Bush wafunga kwiBhayibhile enye esetyenziswa nguGeorge Washington, kwaye intetho yakhe yagxininisa umanyano. Noko ke, imbono kawonke wonke yahlala yahlukene. Ngoxa isifungo nenkonzo zancedwa ekuzinziseni inkqubo yezobupolitika, ivumela ukuba inxalenye ebalulekileyo kawonke eqhubekekayo ijonge iBhish njengengenamthethweni elisemthethweni. Lo mzekelo ubonisa ukuba xa isifungo sinokusomeleza umanyano, ayinakoyisasaza ngokupheleleyo iziphumo sonyulo. Kodwa imfuneko sonyulo sinika ummiselo esithe saqhutywa ngokubanziswa abantu bonke.

UDonald Trump: IOath Nezobupolitika Ezinokuthenjwa

Ukwenziwa kwesivumelwano kukaDonald Trump ngo-2017 kwaphawulwa ngemilinganiso ephantsi yemvume ebhaliweyo kunye nokuqhankqalaza okukhulu. UTrump waphumelela kwiElectoral College kodwa waphulukana nevoti ethandwayo, kwaye iphulo lakhe lakhathazwa ziimpikiswano. Isifungo sakhe sokuthatha inxaxheba sasiqhelekile ngesiqu esingu-(_pany bbini bbishi, enye ukusuka ebuntwaneni bakhe kwaye enye enikwe uAbraham Lincoln/ko lwaye oluncinci, kodwa intengo yakhe elandelayo ngobukhulu beqela kunye “imbali” ebangele imbono yokunganyani. Abaqwalathisi abaninzi babevakalelwa kukuba isifungo asikhathaziswanga sihambisana nento enyani. Ukuqonda okunyanisekileyo kukaTrump kwahlala kuhleli ngaphaya kwegama lakhe. Kubaxhasi, isifungo sasilingomzuzu wolo; kubaphikisi, yayiyimbopheleleko yabo kodwa bengenamdlazo. Isithethe sawodwa, kodwa bengenakubandakanyelwa kunye nenkozo ezinkozo ezibunziswe njengeegrorhorhorhorho.

Izinto Eziphembelela Imbonakalo Yomsebenzi Womsebenzi

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba kukho izinto eziliqela ezibonisa indlela umsitho wokufunga oyichaphazela ngayo indlela abantu abacinga ngayo.

Isicwangciso neNqanawa

Imicimbi yendawo ebonakalayo. EUnited States, iNtshona yoMkhosi weCapitoli ibiyindawo yesithethe ukususela ngowe-1982, ijongene ngabom ne-Washington Monument kunye ne-Mall yesizwe. Oku kugxininisa unxulumano phakathi komongameli nabantu. Kwamanye amazwe, indawo iyahluka-hluka/ibhotwe lomongameli, ipalamente, okanye isikwere sembali. Umsitho olungelelanisiweyo unxibelelanisa ubuchule kunye nentlonelo ngesithethe. Isiganeko esingalungelelanisekiyo okanye esingeso singeneleli kakuhle singabonisa ukungafezeki okanye ukunqongophala kwenkxaso.

Ideminer kunye nesindululo

Inkokeli ebonakala isoyika, ingenamdla, okanye ebalekayo ijongeka iphantsi. Ilizwi elicacileyo, elizinzileyo, unxibelelwano lwamehlo noMgwebi oMkhulu, kunye nomzuzu omfutshane wokubonakalisa isifungo emva kokufunga konke kunegalelo kubunzulu bobungqongqo. Intetho yokusungula ilandela esifungo isoloko inika ingxelo yokuqala yemithetho esezantsi, kwaye ukwamkela kwayo kungayibala indlela isifungo ngokwaso esikhunjulwa ngayo. Idilesi kaKennedy ihambisana nesifungo sayo; “isifungo se-MDINI” saphawulwa ngenxa yelizwi layo elimnyama kunye nolwahluko olubukhali.

Ugqumo lwamajelo eendaba kunye nokuxhotyiswa

Ijelo leendaba lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxonxeni indlela uwonke wonke asichaza ngayo isifungo. Umabonwakude usondelelene neembonakaliso zobuso, ukugqabaza okusuka kwi-pundits, kunye nohlalutyo lwendlela abantu abasabela ngayo kuzo zonke iingcamango zempembelelo. Izixhobo zekhompyutha ngoku zivumela ukusabela kokwenene kwexesha, kwaye iintsholongwane . Ngoku zivumela ukuphindwa kwemeko zexesha elizayo. Oku kwesibini, isifungo sobugwebi sobungangamsha solulo sika-Obama sabhengezwa ngokubanzi, kwaye esona siganeko sathi ekugqibeleni sayifaka imbonakalo yokukhathalelwa komgaqo-siseko kunokuba sidinisa.

Imeko - bume Yembali Nemeko Yezobupolitika

Ngamaxesha eengxaki, isifungo sinokuba namandla ngokukhethekileyo. Isifungo sikaRoosevelt sowe - 1933 saqinisekisa; isifungo sikaLincoln sowe - 1861 saqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente unegunya elingurhulumente. Ngamaxesha oxolo nempumelelo, isifungo sisenokuthatyathwa lula, kodwa sisenokomeleza imeko yezopolitiko. Xa imeko yezobupolitika ithe yahluka, isifungo sisenokungaphilisi ukwahlukana, kodwa sisenokuphawula ukuba kusungulwe ulawulo olutsha, sivumele abantu ukuba basuke kwiphulo lokulawula.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Iingcinga Kweminye Iinkokeli

Izifungo zobuMongameli azingozodwa eUnited States. Amazwe amaninzi anezithethe ezifanayo ezisebenza umsebenzi ofanayo: ukugunyazisa ukudluliswa kwegunya elilawulayo. EFransi, uMongameli weRiphabliki wenza isifungo phambi kweNdibano yeSizwe neNtlanganiso, ukufunga “ukuze kunyanzelise umGaqo-siseko.” Umsitho ubanjelwa kwiSigodlo se-Élysée okanye iGrand Amfitheatre yeSorbonne. I-Frantshi jikelele iyasamkela isifungo njengombutho kawonke, kwaye isifungo silandelwa kukukhahlela ngemibhiyo engaphantsi kwama-21-mipulkhazi. Umongameli waseFransi usoloko usebenzisa isifungo ukuphawula izinto zabo eziphambili. . . . .

EIndiya, uMongameli uqukwa nguMgwebi oMkhulu waseIndiya, kwaye umsitho uyenzeka kwiRashtrapati Bhavan. Isifungo somongameli waseIndiya siquka ibinzana elithi “ukukhusela nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho.” UMongameli waseIndiya ungumcimbi wesithethe, kodwa isifungo sisenento ebalulekileyo yokuqonda urhulumente ngokubhekiselele phambili kwinkonzo yakhe yokungakhathaleli uburhulumente kunye nemithetho yolawulo. Xa uPratibha Patiil wathabatha isifungo ngo- 2007, wenza ingo yokusiphinda isifungo ngesiHindi, ululwimi oluhambisana nemvakalelo yesizwe.

ERashiya, isifungo soMongameli phantsi koMgaqo-siseko we-1993 sibanzi ngakumbi, kuquka isithembiso sokubeka “imbeko kunye nokukhusela amalungelo nenkululeko yabantu kunye nommi.” Ukunikezelwa kwesibini koMbutho uBoris Yeltsin ngo-1999 yayingumsebenzi omkhulu, ocetyiswa ukuveza ukuzinza emva kwegama lokuqala eliphithizelayo. Imisebenzi yesithethe yokunikezelwa kukaVladimir Putin imiselwe ngokuqinileyo, ukugxininisa ulungelelwano namandla esizwe. Ukukhokelwa koluntu ukwamkela umgaqo-siseko wonyulo kudla ngokuthandatyushwa ehlabathini lonke, kodwa abaphulaphuli-msi ngokubanzi bamkela isifungo njengesigunya esisemthethweni. Inkonzo sesisixhobo solawulo solawulo: umongameli ubonakala ngaphezulu, ukufunga, kwana ukuthobela umgaqo-siseko, xa umgaqo-siseko womthetho-siseko womthetho-siseko.

Isingxobo Njengesixhobo Sokuzikhusela Ngokwedemokhrasi

Ngaphandle kwengqiqo yomntu ngamnye, isifungo somongameli sinegalelo ekuzinziseni ngokupheleleyo kwamaziko olawulo-mpukane. Ngokufuna ukuba umongameli omtsha ngamnye aqinisekise imilinganiselo yomgaqo-siseko, isifungo siqinisa umgaqo wokuba akukho nkokeli ingaphezulu komthetho. Oku kubalulekile ngokukodwa kumazwe anembali yobuzwilakhe okanye apho izithethe zedemokhrasi zibuthathaka. Kumazwe afana noMzantsi Afrika, iBrazil, noMzantsi Korea, isifungo somongameli siye saba yindawo ephambili ekugxininisa umthetho emva kwamaxesha olawulo lozwilakhe.

Noko ke, ubukho nje besifungo abuqinisekisi ukuba kufanelekile. Ukuba uwonke-wonke ukholelwa ukuba inkqubo yokunyulwa konyulo ayinyaswanga, okanye ukuba umongameli akanyani, umsitho unokuziva ungenamdla. Uhlaselo luka-Capitol, olwenziwa kwiiveki ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokunikezelwa kukaMongameli Biden, lwabonisa ukuba ukukholosa ngonyulo nangokufuduswa koxolo kwamandla akunakuthathwa lula. Unyulo lukaBiden lungagcinwa phantsi kokhuseleko olunzima, ngesihlwele esincinane kakhulu ngenxa yesifo se-COVID-19. Phezu kwazo nje ezi meko zingaqhelekanga, isifungo saboniswa ngokuzolileyo, kunye nentetho kaBiden ebizwa ngomanyano. Ukubhalisa oko kubonise ukuba uninzi lwamaMerika olwamkele uBden, kodwa lwahlala ulwahlulo olubanzi lwezopolitiko.

Isiphelo: Umfuziselo Ohlala Ukho Ngexesha Lokungathembani

Isifungo somongameli sisoloko singumqondiso onamandla nonamandla wokufumana igunya. Siyimfuneko yomgaqo-siseko, isenzo sokuthetha, kunye nesithethe sikawonke-wonke esimema abemi ukuba babone ukudluliswa kwegunya. Indlela esifungwe ngayo isifungo sithathwa ``````````````ukudluliswa kwegunya''''''.' Sisifungo somzinzo wenkokeli, imbonakalo yentshayezondaba , inegalelo kulwazi lukawonke-wonke. Imizekelo yembali ibonisa ukuba ukuqiniseka, ukufunga okunyanisekileyo kungakhulisa ukuthemba, ngoxa umsifungo oneengxaki okanye odidanisayo unokubangela amathandabugqita. Kodwa eso sifungo asiyo imongommo wobugqibo, isithethe sezobupolitika, kunye nokungxolo-mediamfama.

Kwixesha lokunyuka kwemposiso, ukuqhatha, kunye nokungachananga, isifungo somongameli sisenokuba sibaluleke kakhulu kunanini na ngaphambili. Sinika ixesha lokuqwalaselwa, ukukhunjuzwa kokungalawuleki komGaqo-siseko, kunye nembonakaliso ebonakalayo yokuba ukufuduselwa kwegunya kuye kwenzeka ngoxolo. Kwanaxa abemi bengavumelani nemigaqo inkokeli entsha, isifungo siyakwazi ukuxhasa umgangatho osisiseko wokwamkelwa ngokusemthethweni kunye nomgaqo-siseko ukuba negunya lokulawula. Ukuqonda impembelelo yesi senzo silula kodwa esinzulu kusinceda siqonde imigaqo emidemo-demokhrasi elawulayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona umbhalo woMgaqo - siseko waseUnited States kwiSizwe Sogcino - zincwadi, uhlalutyo lwezithethe zokuqalisa kwiKomiti Yombutho Yombutho eManyeneyo ekwiNgqungquthela yeNkqubela, nenqaku loogqirha elithetha ngesithethe sezobupolitika nokufaneleka kwenzululwazi yezobupolitika.