Isifungo somongameli solawulo asingomGaqo-siseko nesithethe; sisenzo somgaqo-siseko nesomgaqo-siseko esiye saguqula impucuko yaseMelika ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Kwiminyaka emine, umongameli-onogada umi phambi kwesizwe kwaye udlulisa amagama angamashumi amathathu anesihlanu abophe igunya lolawulo lomthetho, umthetho womthetho, kunye nomgangatho werepublic ngokwawo. Oku kusebenza, oku kusekelwe kunyaka [[FLD: 0], okusekelwe kwisithethe sesizwe sesizwe sesizwe sesizwe sesizwe, kodwa kusebudeni], iCalate II, iSithili se-Clasko se-U. [[FLT.FLT.1], kusifungo sasesithe nakunye soburhulumente boburhulumente boburhulumente bomhlaba, singumqondiso onzulu, nobunzima besizwe. Ingumzuzu xa kuthe kudluliselwa igunya lomthetho-Romethi, kwakhona ulawulo lwesizwe, ulawulo lwesizwe, ulawulo lwesizwe, ulawulo lwesizwe kunye nezizwe lwamazwe lwamazwe lwamazwe amanani azimele.

Imvelaphi yomGaqo-siseko nengokwembali ye-oath

Iinjongo Zezakhelo

Izifungo zomGaqo-siseko zazixhalabele kakhulu ukusekwa korhulumente wamagunya alinganiselweyo, ebotshwe ngumthetho. Isifungo seofisi sasiyinkqubo yabo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umongameli, njengomphathi-mandla oyintloko, wayeza kuhlala engaphantsi komGaqo-siseko. UAlexander Hamilton wabhala kwiFederalist Listenline No. 69 ukuba isifungo somongameli "singuhlobo esikhethekileyo nesibalulekileyo sokuchaza ukuba unguMlawuli wenkululeko yabantu. Abalawuli bakwalandula ukuba umlawuli welizwe apho igama lomlawuli lingumthetho; endaweni yoko, bakha irepublicratiki apho kwane umphathi-mikhosi ophezulu wafunga khona ukubhamba imigaqo ebhaliweyo. Isifungo sabekwa kwiSigqendu II, hayi iSigqeqeba sam, ukugxininisa ukuba isebe lolawulo ngokwalo ngokwalo lomthetho. Le nto yayingumbono opheleleyo ngexesha lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko olawulayo, yaye ihlala ingumqondiso wolawulo lwaseMelikane.

I-Evolution yombhalo ofihlakeleyo

UmGaqo-siseko uchaza amagama achanileyo esifungo: "Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembekileyo ndiza kuphumeza i-ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kufikelela kwelona khono lam lokwenza, ndikhusele, ndikhusele ndikhusele uMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Okubalulekileyo, ibinzana elithi "ndincede uThixo" aliveli ndawo kumbhalo wesiseko somgaqo-siseko. Kodwa, isithethe siyavuma ukuba Georgian Washington] idityaniswe emva kokuthabatha isifungo sakhe sokuqala kunyaka wewaka [[FLT] . Ukuthembeka kwale nkcazelo kuxoxwe ngababhali bembali, kodwa isithethe sibonakala phantse jikelele ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Namhlanje, bonke oomongameli besithi "ndincede uThixo" nangona umGenestialdiotelwn

Isifungo Esiqheliselwayo

Ulawulo lwesifungo luye lwaba ngumsitho omiselwe ngenyameko. Ijaji eyintloko yaseUnited States isebenzisa isifungo, nangona abanye benjenjalo kwiimeko ezilandelelanayo. Indawo isuka kwiModeral Hall eNew York ukuya kwiCapitol Imathetho eWashington, D.C., efuzisela ukukhula kwesizwe nokubekwa kombuso. Ukusetyenziswa kwentsapho, ngokufuthi kuvule indinyana enentsingiselo, isongezelelo. Ngonyaka ka-1969, uLyydon B. uJohnson wathatha isifungo kuMkhosi womoya emva kokubulawa kukaKennedy, esebenzisa isifungo sobuKatolika kuJohn F. Kennedy, esifuzisela ukuqhubekeka kwempahla yakhe phakathi kwentlekele. Ngokunjalo, uGciso lweNtloko uGciso lweNdensiult Robert udlulisele iSifungo kuMongalobini, owasebenzisa uGeneticslands Brey, okscle ngokubonisa ukusetyenziswa komgaqo esinguwonke wonke.

Ingcaciso Nemilinganiselo Yomfuziselo Yokuthuka

IBhayibhile Iseza Kufumaneka

Umfanekiso womongameli onesandla seBhayibhile ngomnye weyona migaqo ibalulekileyo kweye-Melika. KumaMerika amaninzi, uthetha intsikelelo yobuthixo kulawulo olutsha nokuzinikela ngokobuqu ekulawuleni kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Noko ke, asingabo bonke oomongameli abaye basebenzisa iBhayibhile. UJohn Quincy Adams wafunga incwadi yomthetho, egxininisa ukuzimisela kwakhe kwimigaqo esemthethweni. UTheodore Rooselt akazange asebenzise iBhayibhile xa wafunga ukuba umva kokubulawa kukaMc. Yaye ngo-2021, umongameli waseKamara Harris wasebenzisa iBhayibhile ezimbini kwizenzo eziphindiweyo zesithethe kunye nezomthetho. Ukukhetha kwakhe iBhayibhile okanye ukungekho Bhayibhile, nokubonisa ukulingana komfuziselo okubonisa ukuba umongameli nomgangatho wesizwe nomhlaba wonqulo. IBhayibhinoloji ingumongameli wesandla seBhayibhile esifutshane sobuso obubonakalayo, okanye umlawuli wegunya elikhulu, enoba ngumthetho othenjiweyo, okanye usebenza ngokufuzisela umthetho othe melo.

Indawo Noluntu

Isifungo sisoloko sisenziwa ekuhleni, phambi kwamakhulu amawaka eeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neThala leeNcwadi leeNkundla ezisekufutshane nezigidi ezibukele kumabonwakude. Le nkalo kawonke-wonke ibalulekile: bubungqina bokudluliswa kwegunya kunye nesikhumbuzi sokuba umongameli usebenza ngokuyolisa abantu. Indawo inentsingiselo yokomfuziselo. Ukufunga kwiCapitol, neNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neThala leeNkundla leeNkulumbuso ezikufuphi, kubeka i-demon ebanzi yomgaqo-siseko. Umgaqo wesi sithethe ukwaqinisekisa umgaqo wokuvela nokuphendula kobucala kwabantu. Umongameli akanakusithatha isifungo ngasese isifungo; kufuneka kwenziwe ngokujonge isizwe, kudala ixesha lokunikela ubungqina obusingqinela ekuhleni. Oku kusenze isifungo soluntu esabelana nako ukudibana kwezobupolitika nomanyano lwesizwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba sidibani.

Isifungo Nokuthuthwa Kolawulo Ngoxolo

Mhlawumbi eyona ntsingiselo inzulu yesifungo yindima yaso ekuthunyelweni koxolo kwegunya. Kumazwe amaninzi, utshintsho lokhokelo luphawulwa lugonyamelo okanye ukungazinzi. EUnited States, umongameli ophumayo nomongameli ozayo uyasebenzisana kutshintsho olufikelela kwisiphelo somsitho wesifungo. Olu tshintsho loxolo luye lwenzeka ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, uxinezeleko, neengxaki zezobupolitika. [[FLG.[FLD:] IBhunga leNDindlu yeSizwe Eliqhelekileyo liba ngumthetho, kwaye liphawula ukuba ukudluliselwa koxolo kwegunya likamongameli omdala lisisibambi melo, ukurhoxiswa nokuzinziswa kwalo, kusisifungo soburhulumente belizwe, sisekuqhubekeka kobupolitiko, ukuhambelana kobupolitika. [[FULDice:]

Isifungo njenge Ankile yoMgaqo-siseko

Ityala Elisemthethweni

Isifungo asingombandela nje osisindululo; siphatha umkhosi osemthethweni. Umongameli ufunga ukuba "sikhusele, sikhusele, kwaye sikhusele" umGaqo-siseko, onyanzela umsebenzi wenkathalo. Olu lwimi luchaziwe kwiingxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni, kwiingxoxo eziphathelele amandla olawulo, nakwiimbambano ezingokwasemthethweni kwizenzo zomongameli. Umzekelo, ngexesha lehlazo leWatergate, isifungo sabizwa njengomgangatho apho izenzo zikaRichard Nixon zilinganiswe khona. Isifungo sidala iqhina elisemthethweni elikhoyo phakathi komongameli nomgaqo-siseko. Sisithembiso esinokunyanzelelwa ngenkqubo yezobupolitika yokungathethi nto kwaye ngenkundla yoluvo lukawonke wonke umntu. Ngalo ndlela isifungo sisebenza njengomgaqo osemthethweni nomthetho olawulayo, sikhumbuza ukuba umgaqo-gqweqwenelo lwegunya elisemthethweni.

Ityala Lemithombo nelobuongameli

Isifungo sisisiseko sokuziphendulela komongameli kumGaqo-siseko. Ukuba umongameli waphula isifungo ngegunya eligqithisileyo lomgaqo-siseko okanye asiphumeleli ukuphumeza umthetho ngokuthembeka, isifungo singumthetho othe ngqo. Indlu yabameli inamandla okungapheleli, kwaye iBhunga lizama ukuphendula. Kuzo zombini izifungo zobungangamsha, igunya labo lixhomekeke ekuthembekeni kwabo. Le nkqubo ingummiselo olindeleke ukuba oomongameli bawuphakamise, kwaye ukwaphulwa kwayo kusisizinziso. Indima yesifungo sokuphendula ixhomekeke kumandla olawulo, ikhumbuza oomongameli ukuba igunya labo lixhomekeke ekuthembekeni kwabo kumGaqonga.

Indima ye-oath kumandla olawulo olulawulayo

Isifungo sisetyenzisiwe ekuthetheleleni ingcaciso ezineenkcukacha nezilinganiselweyo zegunya lomongameli. Sisixhobo esibhetyebhetye esiye sacengwa ngoomongameli ukuxhasa izenzo zabo ngamaxesha amanqam. Isifungo sikhankanyiwe kwakhona kwiingxoxo zamandla emfazwe nemicimbi yamanye amazwe. Woodrow Wilson wacela isifungo sokuthethelela ukungena kweMelika kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ephikisa ukuba umsebenzi wakhe wokukhusela umGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba akhusele izilangazelelo zelizwe kwelinye ilizwe. Kutshanje, oomongameli baye bakhankanya isifungo sokugunyazisa ukungenelela umkhosi ngaphandle kokuvunywa ngokucacileyo, njengakuLibya ngo-2011 kunye ne-Siriya ngo-2014. Isifungo sisebenza njengomthombo wegunya elintsonko phakathi kwamasebe emfazwe aphetheyo nawasemkhosini.

Isifundo Setyala: ULincoln Nemfazwe Yamakhaya

UAbraham Lincoln wathatha izenzo ezayabela amandla aphezulu kwimida yayo. Wayeka i-habeas corpus, yavingca amazibuko asemazantsi, wasebenzisa imali ngaphandle kwemvume yombuso. Wazithethelela ezi zenzo ngokusalatha kwisivumelwano sakhe sokukhusela umGaqo-siseko. KuJulayi 4, 1861 umyalezo wakhe oya kwiBhunga, uLincoln waphikisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba enze onke amanyathelo ayimfuneko okugcina i-Union. Isifungo sikaLincoln, saso, sasingumyalelo wokuthatha inyathelo elipheleleyo ekusebenzeni ngokusisigxina. Wazithethelela njengozaliso lomsebenzi wakhe womGaqo-siseko, kunokuba aphule ulumo lomthetho. Oku kutolikwa kwesifungo sokulondolo lokhuseleko kuye kwanelwa kwento ekufuneka kwingxoxo elandelayo ngegunya lesizwe, ukumisela imodededelelo lobuzwe lemeko lobuzwe lesizwe.

Ufundisiso Lomzekelo: FDR Nomsebenzi Omtsha

Franklin D. Roosevelt wacela isifungo sokuthethelela isenzo sokulawula esibanzi. Ngexesha lokwahlukana koMgaqo-siseko omkhulu, iFDR ityhalele kwi-New Development, idala iinkqubo zikarhulumente ngomlinganiselo ongazange ubonwe. Xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha ezinye zezinyathelo zayo, yacebisa ukuba inkundla icebise icebo lokusilela. Abaphikisi bayo batyhola ukuba aphule isifungo sakhe ngokusingela phantsi ulawulo lwawo onke amagunya. I-FDR, noko ke, iphikisa ukuba isifungo sayo sasifuna ukuba asebenzise zonke iindlela zomgaqo-siseko ukuze athethe ungxamiseko lwesizwe. Oku kusifungo singumxholo ophindaphindwayo kwimbali yezobupolitika yaseMelika. Isifungo singumthombo wogunya kunye nonyakazo, kwaye intsingiselo yaso isoloko ikhuphikiswa kwingxaki yokubonisa ubuchule obubanzi.

Impembelelo YeOath Kwizithethe Zezobupolitika ZaseMerika

IOath Njengomthombo Womthetho

Isifungo simisa ukumiselwa kobungangamela. Nokuba unyulo lungaluphikisa njani okanye lungahlulani njani uhlanga, umsitho wesifungo usebenza njengeqhosha lokubuyisela. Xa ugqibo luthatyathwa, umongameli unelungelo lokufumana igunya leofisi. Eli gunya libalulekile ekulawuleni; livumela umongameli ukuba anikezele imiyalelo yegunya, ayalele umkhosi, aze amele uhlanga lonke. Isifungo singumsifungo esiguqula umlandeli abe yintloko-ntloko-mkhosi. Yingongokuba igunya likamongameli lingasazukufunyanwa kunyulo kuphela, kodwa kwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Lo msebenzi umele ukugcinwa kokholo lwazweni ngokubanziswa kwabantu kwi-ofisi kunye nenkqubo yezobupolitika.

Ingxowa Nomanyano Lwesizwe

Ngamaxesha olwahlulo lwesizwe, isifungo singasebenza njengegunya elimanyanisayo. Emva konyulo lwama-2020, olwaphawulwa yingquzulwano enzulu yabalawuli, umsifungo kaMongameli Joe Biden wawulixesha lokuphinda uvuselelwe kwemithetho yedemokhrasi. Isifungo sikhumbuza amaMerika ukuba nangona engafani, ayabelana ngesibopho esifanayo sokulawula umGaqo-siseko. Luluphawu olufuzisela imbambano oludibanisa iziganeko zangoku nezizayo. Isifungo sesinye sezithethe ezimbalwa kubomi bezobupolitika baseMerika eziya eziyalela intlonelo ngebharparstan. Kungo xa uhlanga luguqulela ingqalelo kulo umGaqo-siseko kunye nemigaqo ewuqulukileyo, sibeka ecaleni ingxabano yexesha elilandelayo ukuze lukholise imbono yesizwe.

Imfundo Yesibhaka-bhaka Neyomcu

Isifungo sikwabhekiselwa kwimithendeleko yendalo, apho abemi abatsha bafunga ukuxhasa uMgaqo-siseko, besenza uthelekiso oluphakathi komGaqo-siseko. Lo msebenzi wemfundo unceda ukuxhasa inkcubeko yemithetho yezomthetho. ISifungo sibhekiselwa kwimithendeleko yendalo, apho abemi abatsha bafunga ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko, besenza uthelekiso phakathi komgaqo-siseko nomongameli. Lo msebenzi unceda ekuxhaseni inkqele isithethe somgaqo-siseko. [ibriary yeBrist Congress [[ inikela umxholo wesifungo, besenza isifungo sabemi nabaphengululi ngokufanayo. Ngokufungisa isifungo kwimfundo yoluntu, uhlanga luqinisa umgangatho ophakathi wobugqesholo-siseko se-Melikanstan, ukuqondwa kobugromastiki.

Imfundiso Kwezobupolitika

Ungquzulwano Lwanamhlanje

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, isifungo besikho kwinkangeleko yeengxoxo zezobupolitika. Abanye oomongameli baye bakhetha ukusebenzisa ezinye iindinyana okanye kungekho iBhayibhile konke konke, beqalisa ingxubusho engokuhlukaniswa kwecawa nezwe. Ngo-2017, uMongameli uTrump wasebenzisa amaBhayibhile amabini, kuquka elinye alinikwe ngunina, kwaye wafunga ngesandla sakhe kwiBhayibhile. Ngo-20211, uMongameli uBiden wasebenzisa iBhayibhile ebikho kwintsapho yakhe ukususela ngowe-1893. Le ngxoxo iqwalaselwe intsingiselo yayo yokomfuziselo. Ingxoxo engokw'u "so luncedo kuThixo" iyaqhubeka; abanye oomongameli bayishicilele, ngoxa abanye baye bayigxininisa. Ngo-2013, uMongameli Obama wasebenzisa indawo yakhe kodwa akazange ayisebenzise kwisandla sakhe ngexesha lokufunza kwakhe ingxengxelo yonqulo.

Ukuguquka Kwemizimba Nezobupolitika

Kwixesha lokuthatyathwa kwemithetho-siseko, isifungo sihlala siyindawo enqabileyo yokuthethelela amandla olawulo oluphezulu. Bobabini ooDemocrates kunye namaRiphabliki baqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwesifungo, kwananjengoko bengavumelaniyo nenkqubo. Isifungo siyacelwa kwiintetho nakwingxoxo njengendlela yokuziphatha kamongameli. Noko ke, abanye abagxeki baphikisa ukuba esi sifungo sisetyenzisiwe ekuthetheleleni amandla egunya elikhulu, kwaye sikhotyokiswe yi-devicrioc. Amandla esifungo sokudibana avavanywa kuwo onke amanyulo. Kodwa, isibakala sokuba isifungo sisoloko sixhaswa njengomqondiso wobunyani bomgaqo-mgqeba sisenza ukuba sigcine amandla aso ekuthetheni kwemiqobo. Isifungo sisenokuba sinye semimiselo esikhoyo esisahlulayo sobugqebagqeba bomthetho wobugqesho-mthetho.

Amandla Ahlala Ehleli Esona Sigodlo Somongameli

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla siyinto encinci kodwa enamandla yempucuko yaseMelika. Ngamagama nje angamashumi amathathu anesihlanu, sichaza izifungo ezingundoqo zeRiphabliki: ukunyaniseka kumgaqo-siseko, ukuphunyezwa komthetho ngokuthembeka, nokudluliselwa koxolo komthetho, nokudluliselwa koxolo kolawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukufunxa izithethe zonqulo nezithethe zesithethe, kodwa isifungo saso asitshintshanga. Sisithethe esingumthetho olawulayo nowokuba negunya lomongameli kwaye sigcina oomongameli benoxanduva lomgaqo-siseko. Njengoko ilizwe lijongeneengxaki ezintsha, isifungo siya kuqhubeka sisebenza njengolawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nophawu lwesizwe. Sisiko esiphilayo esinxibelela ulawulo olutsha lombono woMquluko kunye nemigaqo yemigaqo ye-Rhubestrian, ikhumbuza iinkokeli kunye nabemi boburhulumente boburhulumente boburhulumente bobuzwe ukuba baqhubeke bekholosebugqeqeqeshina, kwaye singumthetho-Genestial.