Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yomthetho

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ingumthombo osisiseko wolawulo-demokhrasi. Yindlela eyakhiweyo apho iingcamango zemithetho emitsha ekhoyo zithenjiswayo, zidityaniswa, zihlaziywa, ziphinde zenziwe. Ngoxa le nkqubo isenokubonakala ingekho okanye ikude, iziphumo zayo zibumba inyani yemihla ngemihla yommi ngamnye. Kumgangatho wokhuseleko weenqwelo esiqhuba kuzo ukuya kumgangatho wamanzi esiwaselayo, phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi banamhlanje zichatshazelwa ngumthetho. Ukuqonda indlela le nkqubo esebenzayo engeyoyoyomfundo nje kuphela; ixhobisa abantu ngolwazi lwemihla ngemihla ukuze babandakanye norhulumente wabo kwaye bakhuthaze iinguqulo ezikhoyo.

Umgaqo ongundoqo osisiseko oxhasa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngucwangciso. Ngokungafaniyo nemiyalelo enokuthi ikhutshwe ingakhange iphinde isetyenziswe, umthetho ufuna isivumelwano esimanyeneyo sabameli abanyuliweyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezininzi ziqwalaselwe ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ube ngumthetho. Nangona amanyathelo acacileyo ahluka-hlukene ngokwelizwe (ngokomzekelo, inkqubo yepalamente efana nenkqubo yomongameli weUnited Kingdom efana neyoUnited States/indlela ephantsi yobulumko ihlala ihleli: ityala kufuneka lihambele phambili uthotho lweengo zeengxelo zokuhlola ukuqinisekisa ukuba ifakwe kakuhle, isandi somgaqo-siseko, kwaye ixhaswe ngokuphandle.

Iziqhobosho ezingundoqo kwinkqubo yoMthetho

Ngeli xesha ingcaciso ecacileyo kunye nemithetho yesithethe yahlukile phakathi kweendlu zowiso-mthetho, ezininzi zilandela isicwangciso esifanayo. Amacandelo adweliswe ngezantsi amela uhambo olusezantsi lwemali kwinkqubo ye-bidamal efana neyoMbutho wase-United States, kodwa imigaqo isebenza ngokubanzi.

1. Udrafti

Le nkqubo iqalisa ixesha elide phambi kokuba ityala liqaliswe ngokusemthethweni. I-drafting yenziwe ziingcali zomthetho ekudibaneni nabamisi-mthetho, amaqela enzala, okanye amasebe aphetheyo. Ityala kufuneka libhalwe ngocoselelo ukuze kufunyanwe iziphumo zalo ezicetyiweyo ngaphandle kweziphumo ezisemthethweni ezicwangcisiweyo. Umzekelo, IChonforn.gov[ isiseko sesiseko sesiseko sesiseko sesiseko sedata sibonisa ukuba iindleko ezininzi ezisebenza amaphepha kwaye ziquka iinkcazelo ezichanekileyo, ubuchule bokugcina imigaqo-nkqubo, kunye namalungiselelo emali. Inyathelo asoloko efuna uncedo kubenzi bezoomatilo-opera eqeqeshini ukuqinisekisa iimigangatho ezisemthethweni.

Ukwazisa Nokufunda Okokuqala

Xa sele ibhalisiwe, kuveliswa ityala lemali kwigumbi lendlu yowiso-mthetho (Indlu okanye iNdlu yeNdlu). KwiBhunga leNtlanganiso yase-U.S., ilungu kufuneka liyixhase ngokusemthethweni ityala. Ebudeni bokufunda kokuqala, ityala lifundwa ngokuvakalayo, kwaye linikwa inani (umz. H.R. 1 okanye S. 1). Eli qonga linento yokwenza isithethe kodwa liphawula ukuqala kohambo lwe-wisomthetho.

INgxelo yeKomiti

Iikomiti zilapho umsebenzi wokwenene wenkqubo yowiso-mthetho uyenzeka khona. Iikomiti ezikhoyo .Ikomiti ezisebenzayo .IKomiti zeMali yeNdlu yeMali okanye iKomiti yeNdlu yeNdlu yezeeNdlu neKomiti YezeMsebenzi . apha, ityala liqwalaselwa ngokunzulu: iindlebe apho iingcaphephe kunye nabagcini-matyala zingqinela, kwaye ikomiti ingaphawula ityala ngezo zilungiso. Ngokutsho kweKomiti ye- GovTrack. uhlalutyo, inkoninzi yemali yemali (ngaphezulu kwama-90%) iyafa kwikomiti, ingaze ifike kwisakhiwo esiphantsi. Le komiti isebenza njengecebo lokucoca, iqinisekisa ukuba kuphela izicelo ezithe ngqo ze-Aiceat-mocracment zijikeleza iinyanga ze-AS ezikwie-adics zayo ezibugqwetyise ii-adies.

4. Ingxoxo ehambayo kunye noqeqesho

Ukuba ikomiti ichaza ityala ngokufanelekileyo, iya kwigumbi elipheleleyo lengxoxo. Ingxoxo yemithetho elawulayo inokuba ngqongqo: kwiNdlu yase-U.S. iKomiti yeMimiselo isoloko imisela imida yexesha kwaye ithintela ukupheliswa, ngelixa iNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu ivumela ingxoxo engapheliyo ngaphandle kokuba kucelwe igalelo. Ingxoxo yomgangatho ivumela abalawuli bemithetho ukuba baphikisane okanye babalase iziphumo zabo ezinokuba negalelo kwi-Grandity. Ivoti yokugqibela ibhaliwe, kwaye ukuba uninzi luyavumelana, ithe mvume idlula elo gumbi.

5. Ukuqwalaselwa

Kwindlela ze-bidamaral, ireyithi isiya kwelinye igumbi, eliphinda ikomiti kunye nenkqubo yomgangatho. Ukuba igumbi lesibini ligqithisa uguqulelo olwahlukileyo, ikomiti yengqungquthela (iqokelelwe yamalungu asuka kuzo zombini iindawo zokuhlala/ifuneka ixolise umahluko. Eli nyathelo lingaba nengxabano, njengoko icala ngalinye lilwa nezipho ezingundoqo. Isiphumo sohlenga-mthetho kufuneka sivunywe ngamagumbi omabini akwimo efanayo. Umzekelo owaziwayo nguMphathi-Mphathi-majoni wesikhuseli kunye noMphathi-AFFOOK (ACA), ohamba kwimibutho emininzi ehlaziweyo kunye nenkqubo yengquthela phambi kokuba kungenelwe isikho yokugqibela ngo-2010.

6. Ukuvunywa nokugunyaziswa

Emva kokuba amagumbi omabini evumile, ityala lithunyelwa kumphathi-mandla, umongameli okanye irhuluneli. Umphathi-mikhosi angasayina ityala kumthetho, okanye alivumele ukuba libe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino (emva kwexesha elimisiweyo). Iveto ingaphathwa ngenani elizii-350 kwimibhobho yomibini, nangona oku kunqabile. Xa kutyikitywe, irejista inikwe inani lomthetho kawonke-wonke wonke kwaye idityaniswe kwimimiselo. Oku kusebenza kuzakulawulwa ngamaziko karhulumente ngokwenza ulawulo, njengoko kubonwa ngeencwadi FLD] FED.

Impembelelo Ebonakalayo Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Umthetho awungomntu nje ongenakuchazwa; uguqulela kwizinto zemihla ngemihla. Ngasezantsi yimida engundoqo apho inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ichaphazela abantu kunye noluntu.

Impilo

Imithetho yezonyango ilawula ukuba ngubani okwaziyo ukungena kwiinkonzo zezamayeza, kwiindleko, naphantsi kwazo naziphi iimeko. IACA eyandisiweyo igquma intlawulo kwizigidi, ukuvalwa kokungavumi ngenxa yeemeko ezikhoyo, kwaye ivumela abantu abadala abaselula ukuba bahlale kwizicwangciso zabazali de babe neminyaka engama-26 ubudala. Ngokwahlukileyo, umthetho wesigaba somgangatho wesizwe sokwanda kweMedicaid ubangela ukungalingani okubanzi. Ngaphandle kwe-inshorensi, imithetho elawula ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, ukhuseleko lwasesibhedlele, kunye nophando lwezamayeza (ngokufana ne-21 Centurs Centules Act) ubumba ubunjani kunye nobuchule bokuzinziswa kwemali. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomthetho, ezi zikhuselwano-mkelo nemigangatho ayinakubakho.

Imfundo

Imithetho karhulumente neyamasebe imisela iiprojekthi zemali zezikolo, iimfuno zokufundisa, imigangatho yokufundisa (njengeyoMthatho Wonke Womfundi Ophumeleleyo), kunye neenkqubo zokufundisa eziphezulu. Kwimfundo, inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iveze iinkqubo ze-GI Bill ukuya kuPell Grants, eyenza izigidi zabantu ukuba ziye ekholejini. Kwimigangatho yasekuhlaleni, iinkqubo zeklasi zemfundo , `ezizikomkhulu) ezilawula yonke into ekhokelwayo ukusuka ekukhetheni kwamaxesha okuqala. Ukutshintsha kwezomthetho kusenokuthetha umahluko phakathi kwesithili elinenkqubo ye-STEM eqinileyo okanye ukuhlawula inkxaso-mali yezobugcisa.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Umthetho umisela ukugcinwa komthetho, imigaqo yokugweba, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. ULawulo lobuGqwebedu beCrime kunye noMthetho we-Enforcement Act ka-1994, unika inkxaso-mali yamapolisa neentolongo kodwa ukwafak' isandla ekuvalweni kwabantu abaninzi. Imithetho yakutshanje efana ne-Fost Step Act (2088) ijolise ekulungiseni ukugwetywa nokuncitshiswa kwemiqathango yokuzikhulula. Kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, imithetho elawula ukunyanzeliswa kwezithuthi, izikhalazo zengxolo, kunye nemithetho yokwakha ichaphazela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ivumela abantu ukuba balungise le mithetho njengemimiselo yezo

Ukhuseleko Lokusingqongileyo

Umthetho wokusikelwe imida yongcoliso, yokukhusela izilwanyana ezisengozini, kunye nemigudu yokulondoloza imali. UMthetho weManzi acocekileyo, i-Cease Air Act, kunye noMthetho weNgqongqo-nkqubo yeNyangabume-bumelo-bumelo-bume be-U.S. Le mithetho ineziphumo ezinokuqhubekeka: ekubeni i-Ceane Air Act ecocekileyo yadluliselwa, izinto ezingcolisa umoya ezingundoqo ziye zaphoswa ngama-70% ngokwendlela EPA. Iimfazwe ezi-Le mithetho ekwinkqubo yemozulu, njengemiqatha ye-Inflatiodiation Reduction Act, imisela isantya sotshintsho lokuhlaziya amandla. Abahlali bebone iziphumo ezibangelwa lumgangatho womoya ongcono, iindawo zendalo, kunye nezikhuthazo ze-ogrozign

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezezoqoqosho Nemali Yobuqu

Imithetho yerhafu, imimiselo encinane yemivuzo, izivumelwano zorhwebo, kunye nemigaqo yokukhusela abathengi zizinto eziveliswe ngumthetho. UMthetho weNkxaso kunye noMthendeleko wemisebenzi ka-2017 waguqula izibiyeli zerhafu zomntu ngamnye nenani lemali efunyenweyo, okuchaphazela ukuhlawula ikhaya kunye notyalo loshishino. I-Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation kunye noMthetho we-Consumport Protection Act (2010) wadala i-Consurection Protection Bureagement, ebungasi bemali ebolekezeli. Izigqi zemithetho ye-Concitrolitistion ezithi ezithi zitshintsha amawaka engene kwiinzuzo zokungaqeshwa, ukutsala intlawulo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali ezinxulumene ngqo noziko lwezoqoqosho.

Amalungelo abantu nokuSekela

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu owiswe emhlabeni owiswe yilizwe elinophawu lwamalungelo abantu lwangowe-1964, uMthetho Wamalungelo Oluntu Owothutho, uMthetho we-American OneMithetho Ekhubazekileyo (ADA) .

Ubomi bamanani nobobuxhakaxhaka

Njengoko ubugcisa buhambela phambili, kuvela imimiselo emitsha yowiso-mthetho elawula ulwazi-lwazi, ukhuseleko lwekhompyutha, kunye nezinto zempahla. I-European Union’s General Data Protection Regateption (GDPR) ngumzekelo oyintloko womthetho ochaphazela ihlabathi lonke ngendlela iinkampani eziphatha ngayo ugcino-lwazi lobuqu. KwiU.S., imithetho efana nenkqubo yomthetho ye-Annlyntion Protection Protection Act (COPPA) kunye nezenzo ze-mgaqo-m zikarhulumente (umz. CPA) i-CCCCC) imisela iimfunothelo kwiinkampani zobugcisa zobugcisa bobugcisa bobuzwelonke, ii-mediadio, kunye ne-nethithi ye-nethi ezithi eya kuxoko lwentetho ye-intanethi, iphembele kwii-almoteythis ezisebenzisa ii-almotethi ezisebenzisa iindaba zethu.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokusebenzisa Ngayo Inkqubo Yomthetho

Ukubotshwa akupheleli ekuvoteleni rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini okanye emine. Abemi banezixhobo ezahlukahlukeneyo abanokuzisebenzisa ukuphembelela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho nokugcina abamisi-mthetho benoxanduva.

Abameli Ababeboniswa

Iminxeba, ii-imeyili, kunye noonobumba zihlala zisebenza kakhulu. Amalungu abasebenzi afumana iminxeba edibeneyo, kwaye ukwanda koqhagamshelwano kwimbambano ethile kunokwenza ukuba ivoti ishukume ummisi-mthetho asebenze. Izixhobo zonxibelelwano ezifana ne-SUSA.gov yenza kube lula ukufumana ulwazi kurhulumente, kurhulumente, nakubameli basekuhlaleni. Amabali obuqu abonisa impembelelo yomntu womthetho anamandla ngokukhethekileyo.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kwiindlebe Zasekuhlaleni NeeHolo Zedolophana

IiKomiti zidla ngokuba namatyala asemthethweni apho abemi banokunikela ubungqina obubhaliweyo okanye, kwezinye iimeko, bathethe bebonke. iintlanganiso zeholo yedolo eziququzelelwa ngabamisi-mthetho zinikela igosa elingqalileyo ukubuza imibuzo nemibandela exhalabisayo. Ucwangciso lubalulekile: ukufunda isishwankathelo semali nokuqonda oko ikuthethayo kuvumela ukuba kuxoxwe ngencoko.

Ukudibanisa okanye Ukwenziwa Kwamaqela Orhwebo

Amaqela alungelelanisiweyo avakalisa amazwi afana nesizwe esifana noManyano lwaManyano lwabesifazane okanye umbutho osebenza ngengca yasekuhlaleni, amaqela okuphatha inzala aqhuba uphando, aququzelela abaxhasi, adibane nabaququzeleli bomthetho. Kwakhona ajonge inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ukwenzela inkqubela kwiimbambano ezingundoqo, alumkisa amalungu xa kufuneka athathe inyathelo.

Igalelo elithe ngqo lokuthatha inxaxheba ngokusetyenziswa kwabathathi-nxaxheba kunye neeNjongo

Kumaphondo amaninzi, abemi bangawugqitha ngokupheleleyo umthetho-siseko wendlu yowiso-mthetho ngamanyathelo okuvota kunye nee-arhente. Le nkqubo ivumela ukuba kubekwe izicelo kwi-colot ngokuqokelela inani elaneleyo lemityikityo. Imizekelo iquka ukwenziwa ngokomthetho komjuxuzo, unyuko oluncinane, kunye notshintsho oluncinci. Nangona lunamandla, lufuna ulungelelwaniso olubalulekileyo kunye nobuncwane.

Ukwazisa Kwizinto eziphambili neziqhelekileyo

Unyulo lubonisa ukuba ngubani obhala imithetho. Unyulo oluphambili lubaluleke kakhulu kuba lukhetha abathathi-nxaxheba abasoloko bemela iindawo ezingaphantsi kunokuba lungacebisa. Umvoti osezantsi kwi-primes uthetha ukuba inani elincinane labemi abazimiseleyo linokuba nempembelelo engalinganiyo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abenzi bomthetho bayasabela ngakumbi kwimibutho evota rhoqo.

Imiphumo Ebuhlungu Yomthetho

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho asiyondlela enye ehamba ngayo ukusuka kwindlela ukuya kwenye yomthetho. Xa iwiswa umthetho usoloko uvelisa iingcaciso: inkundla icela uvavanyo lomgaqo-siseko wayo, imimiselo enokuthi iphume kwiinjongo zomthetho, kwaye ukuphendula kukawonke-wonke kukhokelela ekufuneni ukubuyiselwa okanye ukupheliswa. Umzekelo, uMthetho weTeMENXIT ojolise ekukhuthazeni ukhuphiswano kodwa wenza ukuba kuhlangane nabahlalutyi ukuba baxambuli baxabanise ubugxwayiba bobuni basekuhlaleni.

Ngaphezu koko, umthetho unokuba neziphumo ezinqamlezileyo. Izivumelwano zorhwebo, izivumelwano zemekobume, kunye nemilinganiselo yobugcisa ebekwe lilizwe elinye idla ngokuba yimilinganiselo yehlabathi lonke. I-GDPR ngumzekelo obalulekileyo: iinkampani ehlabathini lonke ziye zamkela imilinganiselo yazo yokukhusela ulwazi ukuze ziqhubeke zisebenza kwintengiso yaseYurophu. Ngokufanayo, umthetho we-U.S. owezonyango lwezezonyango uchaphazela ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kumazwe asakhulayo. Ukuqonda inkqubo yomthetho womthetho kunika abemi ukuba baqonde indlela ilizwe labo elingazilawuli ngayo kuphela kodwa likwalawula ngayo iinkqubo zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ayingomthetho oqhelekileyo owenzelwe abezobupolitika. Yi-injini eguqulela iimfuno zikawonke-wonke kwimiqathango, iinkonzo, namalungelo. Wonke umthetho ophuma kwinkqubo yemvume, ukhusela umntwana kwi-intanethi, okanye izimali zezempilo kawonke wonke ngenxa yamanyathelo akhe obuqu, ukuhlolisisa, nokuvunywa kwemithetho. Ngoxa inkqubo inokuba yethezekile, ingcolise, kwaye iphantsi kwe-drock, ihlala iyinjongo esemthethweni yokuyila imithetho ebophelela kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Ngokufunda indlela esebenza ngayo nokusebenza kwayo, abemi banokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho idlulise amaxabiso abo kwaye ithethe iingxaki zabo. Impembelelo yobomi bemihla ngemihla ayikude ngenjongo ye-gcontropt probility.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya ngendlela yokufumana ityala, tyelela [[FLT: 0].gov. Kwinkcukacha zomgangatho womthetho wezwe, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yemithetho yelizwe inika ugcino olubanzi. Ukuqonda inkqubo linyathelo lokuqala ukwenza ilizwi lakho liviwe.