Ulwalamano phakathi kolawulo lowiso-mthetho kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kukarhulumente ngummandla obalulekileyo wokufundisisa kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika nakulawulo lukarhulumente. Ulawulo lomthetho lubhekisela ekuhlolweni, ekuhlolweni, nasekulawulweni kwamasebe karhulumente, iinkqubo, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo elawulwa yimibutho yezomthetho. Oku kuvelela kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba kumele kujoliswe kulawulo lomthetho, nokubonakala kwimisebenzi karhulumente. Xa kufeziwe ngokunempumelelo, kuqinisa amaqumrhu olawulo lwedemokhrasi, kuthintele ukuqhatha, kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba imali yokuhlawula irhafuthelwa isetyenziswa ngendlela enenjongo. Kodwa ke, ubuchule bokuvelela kwiinkqubo zezopolitio-mthetho, impembelelo, imiqatha, kunye nemisebenzi yezeko. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kungundoqo ekuhloleni indlela abaveleli abasebenza ngayo, nokulawula korhulumente.

Ukuqonda Ulawulo Lomthetho

Ulawulo lomthetho lusebenza njengovavanyo kwisebe eliphetheyo, lunceda ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla nokuqinisekisa ukuba ubuncwane boluntu busetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo. Luquka imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, kuquka ukuva, uphando, kunye nophicotho-zincwadi. Ngokubeka amagosa karhulumente etyala, iindlu zowiso-mthetho zingakhuthaza ulawulo olungcono nokuphucula uluntu. Enyangweni lwalo, ukuvelela akungokuba kufumana imposiso kodwa kubandakanya inkqubela eqhubekayo. Ingqungquthela, umzekelo, isebenzisa ulawulo ekucoceni imithetho, ukuchaza i-efficiencies, kunye nokulungisa imigaqo-nkqubo yokutshintsha iimeko. Ngokufanayo, iinkqubo zepalamente eYurophu zisebenzisa amaxesha okubuzwa, uphando, kunye nee-odosalmanman ukuze zigcine kungekho lawulo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

Kulawulo-mthetho oluninzi, amandla okuvelela ulawulo lowiso-mthetho asekelwe kukwahlulwa komgaqo-siseko wamagunya. Igunya lendlu yowiso-mthetho lokuphanda, amaxwebhu angaphantsi kwe-poena, nokuthumela amangqina linikela uvavanyo olusemthethweni kumphathi onegunya. Noko ke, ububanzi balo mandla buyahluka: kwiinkqubo zolawulo njengomongameli njenge-United States, ulawulo lusoloko lunentsingiselo engakumbi, ngoxa kumaziko epalamente afana noBukumkani boMgaqo-siseko, ukuvelela kuyenzeka ngeminye imisebenzi efana nokukhetha iikomiti. Ukuqonda ezi zisiseko somgaqo-siseko kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba ulawulo luguquke ngokwahlukileyo nendlela enokuqiniswa ngayo ngezindululo zeziko.

Ukufezekisa ulungelelwano

Uxinzeleko oluzingisileyo ekunyamekeleni lulungelelaniso phakathi kokuphendulana nokusebenza kakuhle. Ulawulo olugqithisileyo lungacotha ekwenzeni izigqibo, ukwenza itepe ebomvu, kunye nokudimaza ukuvela kwenkqubo yolawulo olutsha. Ngokuchaseneyo, ulawulo olunganelanga lumema ukonakala kunye nokulahlwa. Iinkqubo zolawulo olunempumelelo zenzelwe ukulungelelanisa------------------------------------------------kujongisa kwimimandla ephezulu, kusetyenziswa uphicola olusekelwe kumngcipheko, nokuphepha ukusetyenziswa kwemicrona. I-Athemngciphetho (GAO) eUnited States iveza le migaqo ngokujoyinayo kwimiqatha okanye imingeni ephezulu.

Ubuchule Bokulawula

Ulawulo lomthetho lusebenza ngoluhlu lweenkqubo eziqhelekileyo nezingacwangciswanga. Inkqubo nganye inamandla ahlukeneyo kwaye ifaneleke kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo zobuveleli. Ukuqonda ezi zixhobo kubalulekile ekuhloleni impembelelo yazo kwimpumelelo karhulumente.

Iindlebe NeeApimon Eziqhelekileyo

Ukuvakala kolwazi lolona hlobo lubonakalayo lobuveleli. IiKomiti zithumela iintloko zesebe, oonobhala besebe, kunye neengcaphephe ezizimeleyo ukuba zingqine ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo, ukuphunyezwa koqingqo-mali, okanye ukuvela kwemiba. Ukuchotshelwa kwamapolisa kusebenza ngokuphanda kunye nomsebenzi wokunxibelelana: ziyabazisa oorhulumente kunye noluntu ngexesha elinye. Noko ke, iindlebe zinokusuka zibonakale zizimele zinyuke, zime zinyuke kunokuba zifumane uphando olusezantsi. Ukunciphisa oku, izikhulu zendlu zowiso ziye zamkela imithetho efuna ubungqina bokunikezelwa phambili kwaye zimisele ixesha lokuvavanyazisa ukuqiniseka ukuqwalaselwa.

IKomiti yoPhicotho-zincwadi

Iikomiti zophando zimiselwe ukuphanda izityholo ezingqalileyo zokungahambi kakuhle, ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo yokuziphatha, okanye ukuwohloka kwenkqubo enkulu. Ezi komiti zisoloko zinamandla angaphantsi koovimba abaphezulu kwaye zinokunyanzela ukuveliswa kwamaxwebhu angaphakathi. Imizekelo ephezulu-profile iquka iKomiti yokuKhetha yeNdlu eU.S. ekuHlaseleni kweNdlu kunye neKomiti yoLuntu ye-UK. Iikomiti zoPhinigatigati zingenza utshintsho oluhlala luhleli, kodwa zifuna oovimba ababalulekileyo kunye nokuthanda kwezobupolitika. Zikwabeka engozini yokuba ziinqobo zedabi yemfazwe ukuba azinamalungu alungelelanisiweyo kunye neemigaqo ecacileyo ye-Arhenters.

Uhlaziyo nophicotho-zincwadi

Amandla esipakethi angomnye wezixhobo zolawulo ezinamandla zendlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngohlalutyo loqingqo-mali, iikomiti zemithetho zihlola iinjongo zokuchithwa kwemali, izabelo zemibuzo, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kweenkcitho zokwenene. Uphicotho-zincwadi lweNdebenzo luhambela phambili ngokuvavanya ukuba iinkqubo ziyayiphumeza na iziphumo zazo ezicetyiweyo. Amaziko ophicotelo-zincwadi oluzimeleyo, njenge-Oficial Accodefication (GAO) okanye iNkundla yeNkundla yaseYurophu Yophicotho-zincwadi-zincwadi, inika uhlalutyo olungathathiso oluxhomekeke kuyo.

IMicimbi yoPhicotho-zincwadi yeNkcubeko noluHlolwano lwenkqubo

Ngaphandle kophicotho-zincwadi lwemali, uphicotho-zincwadi lomsebenzi luhlola ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziyasebenza, zisebenza kakuhle, kwaye zilingana na. Ezi nkcukacha zisebenzisa iindlela zokulinganisa isayizi kunye noHlahlo lweSizwe loHlahlo, kuquka uhlalutyo lwesiphumo semali, kunye nodliwano-ndlebe. Imithetho efaka imali kwicandelo lokuvavanya uvavanyo olunikezelweyo.

Iingenelo Zolawulo Olusemthethweni

Ulawulo olusebenzayo lowiso-mthetho lungakhokelela kwiingenelo ezininzi zobuchule noxanduva lukarhulumente.

Ukubonisa ngaphaya

Imisebenzi yokusebenza ngaphezulu inyanzela amaziko ukuba asebenze ngokucace gca, anike uluntu ulwazi malunga nezenzo zikarhulumente. Oku kukhanyisa kunciphisa ulwazi phakathi kwabemi kunye norhulumente. Xa iindlebe zikhutshelwa kwaye kupapashwa iingxelo ze-intanethi, uluntu lufumana ingqiqo kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo. Ukubonakala kwelinye icala kuthintela ukuziphatha okubi: ukwazi ukuba izenzo ziza kuhlolisiswa ngokuthobela imithetho nemigaqo. Uphando olusuka ku- [OECD] Lerogate Calmment Outlook [ lubonisa ukuba amazwe anemilinganiselo eqinileyo yokubonakala ngaphaya kobuqhophololo.

Ukubekwa kwetyala okunyusiweyo

Xa abenzi bemithetho beqwalasela izenzo zikarhulumente, amagosa asenokubekwa ityala kakhulu ngezigqibo zawo nangemali. Ukuphendula kusenokuthatha iindlela eziliqela: ukuphendula kwezopolitiko (ngokhetho nokuyeka kobulungiseleli), ukuphendula ngokusemthethweni (ngeenkundla nangezigwebo), nokuphendula kwezolawulo (ngezivumelwano zomsebenzi kunye nophicotho-zincwadi). Iinkqubo ezithe gqiza zidala umtya wokuphendula okudibanisa izenzo zolawulo emva kwenjongo yowiso-mthetho. Umzekelo, xa umbutho karhulumente ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana nemiqathango yomthetho, iikomiti zemithetho-mthetho zinokufuna iingcaciso nokumisela umthetho olungisayo.

ISebe linika inkxaso-mali

Uphando oluthe rhoqo lukhuthaza amaziko ukuba aphucule ukusebenza kwawo kunye nokunikezelwa kwenkonzo. Isiganeko esibizwa ngokuba yi- “Hawnamee project" siyasebenza apha: xa abameli besazi ukuba baqwalaselwe, batyekele ekusebenzeni ngokunempumelelo. Ukulawula kuyakwazi ukuchaza ezona zinto zilungileyo ezinokuphinda zifunyaniswe kumaqumrhu. Umzekelo, igayo's“SHEAP - Risk List” ibalase iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezichanabekelwe ukulahlwa, ukuqhatha, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi, ukukhuthaza amaziko ukuqinisekisa izenzo zokulungisa. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, inkqubela ye-gao ikhokelela kwiziphumo ezingcono kubemi.

Ukukholosa Kuluntu Lonke Nomthetho Wedemokhrasi

Ulawulo lomthetho lukhuthaza ukuthembana koluntu ngokuba kuboniswe ukuba abameli abanyuliweyo babandakanyeke ngokukhutheleyo ekujongeni imisebenzi karhulumente. Kwixesha lokuthotywa kokuthenjwa kwamaziko, ukuvelela okusebenzayo kungasebenza njengokuphikisana nokuqonda ukunganyaniseki okanye ukungafezeki. Uphando oluvela kwiZiko lophando [[FLT: 0]] lubonisa ukuba ukuthemba urhulumente kuphezulu xa abemi beqonda ukuba uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso luyasebenza. Ukuva okusebenzayo, xa kuqhutywa ngobuchule, kuqinisa ingcamango yokuba akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho.

Ucelomngeni Lokuphumelela Ebuvelelweni

Nangona ibalulekile, ulawulo lwemithetho luneengxaki ezininzi ezinokuthintela ukuphumelela kwayo.

Ezopolitiko Nezokuguqulelwa Kwabantu

Ucalucalulo lwezobupolitika lungakhokelela kwimilo ephazamisa intsebenziswano ye-bipartis efunekayo ukuze uphakanyiso luphumelele. Kwimekobume ehlukeneyo, ulongamelo ludla ngokuba sisixhobo esisetyenziswa sisininzi nxamnye nabambalwa okanye ngokuchaseneyo. Oku kungaphumela ekuphandeni ngokukhetha, ubuncwane obuchithwayo, nokuphulukana nokuthenjwa nguwonke wonke. Ukuthoba oku, ezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho ziye zamkela imithetho efuna amalungu ekomitini ye-bipartis, ukujikeleza kweqela losihlalo, okanye amaqumrhu azimeleyo. Noko ke, xa ukuhla komgangatho wolawulo kugqithiselwe, kwanale nkqubo ingasilela.

Ukungabikho Koovimba Nobuchule

Imithetho ingangabi namali efunekayo kunye nabasebenzi abaqhuba imisebenzi yobuveleli ngokucokisekileyo. Iipalamente ezininzi, ingakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo, zisebenza ngoqingqo-mali oluncinci kunye nokungeniswa kolwazi oluncinane lokuhlaziywa kolwazi. Kwanakumazwe afumileyo, imigaqo-mthetho nganye isoloko inemibutho emincinane kwaye ixhomekeke kubasebenzi abanokubekwa phambili. Isiphumo kukungajongi nzulu kokufumana imiba yenkqubo. Ukuveliswa kwemiqathango ezimeleyo kunye nokuqeqeshwa kweemithetho-mthetho kunganceda kulo bhulorho. [[FLT: 0] GA] umbango womsebenzi wenkonzo wobuqu ugxininisa ukubaluleka kokulungiselela iBhunga ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ulwazi lokuxhasa izigqibo.

Ukuchaswa Ziimeko zikarhulumente

Amasebe karhulumente angaxhathisa imigudu yobuveleli, eyijonga njengengenamsebenzi okanye esongelayo. Oku kuxhathisa kungathatha iindlela ezininzi: ukuthabatha ixesha kwizicelo zolwazi, amaxwebhu aqinisekisiweyo, ukuchaza ilungelo eliphezulu, okanye kwanokungahambelani ngokupheleleyo. Ukuxhathisa kwe-arhente kuba yingxaki ingakumbi xa imigaqo-siseko yowiso-mthetho ingenawo amandla okuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa athotyelwa phantsi. Ukuqinisa izigwebo zokungadibanisi nokuqinisekisa ukuba iikomiti zobuphathi zinesiluleko esizimeleyo somthetho kunganciphisa ukuchasana okunjalo.

Ulwazi lwe Asymmetary

Abaququzeleli bomthetho basenokungafumani nkcazelo yonke efunekayo ukuze basebenze kakuhle. Amasebe karhulumente alawula ubuninzi bogcino-lwazi, kwaye ngokukhethayo angabelana ngolwazi olubonisa umfanekiso olungileyo. Le nkcazelo idityaniswe ngobuchule obuntsonkothileyo bemimandla emininzi yezomthetho, njengokufumana inkxaso-mali ye-intanethi, okanye ukuxhasa kwezempilo. Ukuthetha ngale mithetho, iingcubeko zingaqesha iingcali ezichaphazelekayo, zifune ukuba abameli banikele ugcino-lwazi olusemgangathweni, baze basebenzise izixhobo zogcino-lwazi ukuchaza ii-data ezisemgangathweni. Ulawulo lwe-khompyutha nolawulo lwezentlalo-ntle yabemi kunye nezonyango lukwanika nezo ezinye iimvelaphi zobuchule.

Uvavanyo lwetyala lokulawula lusetyenziswa

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala athile kunokusibonisa indlela ulawulo lwemithetho oluye lwanempembelelo ngayo ekusebenzeni nokuziphendulela korhulumente.

Isikwenkwe Samanzi

Ihlazo eliyiWatergate elikwiminyaka yee-1970 ngumzekelo ophambili wendlela ukujongana norhulumente okunokutyhila ngayo ukusetyenziswa kakubi koburhulumente. Iingcebiso zowiso-mthetho zityhile ukungalungisi okugqithisileyo kolawulo lweNixon, kuquka ukujongwa ngokungekho mthethweni, ukuvalela okusesikweni, nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla. Iindlebe zasasazwa zisebenza, zibamba ingqalelo yesizwe kwaye ekugqibeleni zikhokelela ekuyekeni kukamongameli. Ngomva koko, iBhunga le ngqungquthela lavelisa uthotho lweenguqu, kuquka iMithetho ekwiSigaqo-mthetho somthetho somthetho kunye nokudalwa kwamaqhinga azimeleyo. Watergatel ibonisa ukuba ukuphatha kwana amagosa aphezulu aphetheyo kumele aphendule, kodwa kwakhona kwabalase imfuneko yokuba amagosa anamandla eencwadini aphezulu asebenza kunye ne-bistaten.

Ingxaki Yemali Yowama - 2008

Ingxaki yemali yowama-2008 yakhuthaza ulawulo lweziko lezezimali kunye neequmrhu zolawulo. Uphando olungezono lwengxaki lwakhokelela kwiinguqu ezazijolise ekuthinteleni ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho kwixesha elizayo, ibonakalisa indima yokuvelela ekukhuthazeni ukulawulwa kwemali. IKomiti yeMali yezakhono zemali, nangona yayingeyoqumrhu lemithetho yemithetho-mthetho ngokwalo, elisebenza ngokusondeleyo neKhomishini ukuvelisa ingxelo echaza imvelaphi yengxaki. Umthetho we-Dodd-Frank waquka amalungiselelo amakhulu okuvelela iimarikethe, uxinzelo lweemabhanki, kunye nokudalwa kwe-Consurence Provision Provicestion Bureaurage. Le meko ibonisa indlela ulawulo olunokuyiguqula ngayo iinguqu-moduracle.

Ukusabela kwe-COVID-19

Isifo solawulo se-COVID-19 sadala ucelomngeni olungathethekiyo njengoko oorhulumente bekhawuleza bafumana izigidi zezigidi zeerandi kwinkxaso-mali yongxamiseko. Amaqumrhu alawulayo ehlabathini jikelele amisela iikomiti ezikhethekileyo ukuqwalasela ukuchithwa kwemali, ukufunyanwa kwemichiza, kunye neemilinganiselo zempilo yoluntu. EUnited States, iKhomishoni yeKhomishini yeKhomishini yoLawulo (eyilwe yi-ACAPS Act) kunye neRhulumente yeSebe leMali yaziphanda ngokukhawuleza indlela imali eyayisetyenziswa ngayo nguMphathi kunye neFederal Reserve. Le migudu yokuhlola ibonelela amathuba okuqhatha, ukubek-lutywa koncedo, nokungabi namathuba okuvela. Isifo sagxininisa ukubaluleka kwexesha lokwenene lobungameli kunye nemfuneko yemithetho-mthetho yemithetho-mthetho yokulungisa imicimbi engxamisekile.

Imikhosi yokulawula ulawulo lomthetho

Ukuphucula ulawulo lowiso-mthetho, kunokwenziwa amaqhinga amaninzi.

Uqeqesho nezibonelelo zabaPhathi-mikhosi nabasebenzi

Ukunika abamisi-mthetho uqeqesho kunye nobuncwane bungaphucula ubuchule babo bokuqhuba uphando olunempumelelo. Iisethi zohlolo-lwazi, uphando lophicotho-zincwadi, kunye neenkqubo zomthetho zingaxhobisa abenzi bomthetho ngobuchule obufunekayo bokuncinanisa imiba entso. Ngaphezu koko, ukwandisa inani labasebenzi bekomiti yobuchule abanobuchule kwimimandla ethile ekhethekileyo kungaphucula ubunzulu bophando. Iipalamente ezininzi, ezinjenge-German Bundstag, zigcina iinkonzo zophando ezibanzi ezixhasa umsebenzi wekomiti. Ukuveliswa kwezi mbopheleleko kungumsebenzi omde onika inzuzo kulawulo olungcono.

Umanyano noluntu

Ukusebenzisa imibutho yasekuhlaleni kunganceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imigudu yolawulo ibanzi kwaye ifundiswa lulwazi olupheleleyo lulwazi lukawonke-wonke. Amaqela ajongileyo, amatanki, kunye namaziko emfundo asoloko enolwazi olukhethekileyo olunolwaneliseko lwezibonelelo zemithetho. Iinkqubo zobuchule zokuncedisa uluntu, ezifana nokuva, ukuthobela okubhaliweyo, kunye nokukhuthaza ulawulo loluntu, zingenza iimbono ezahlukeneyo ekujongeni imibuzo. Umzekelo, ukuvelela kwePalamente yorhwebeko kwishishini elizimeleyo likarhulumente ziqiniswa nentlalo-ntle yoluntu olufana noHwe-Rhubhisi.

Ukusebenzisa ubuxhakaxhaka bobugcisa kunye nogcino-lwazi lokuzinzisa

Ubugcisa obunika amandla bungaphucula ukubonakala nokuqinisekisa imisebenzi karhulumente. Amaqonga amanani apapasha ugcino-lwazi loqingqo-mali, ukuqokelelwa kwezivumelwano, kunye nobuchule bokwenza izinto benza ukuba ulawulo lokwenene lusebenze ngabamisi-mthetho kunye noluntu ngokufanayo. Ugcino-lwazi lwezixhobo zokudambisa ukusetyenziswa okungaqhelekanga, ukuxela ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo, nokuchonga iindawo zomngcipheko ophezulu. Amaqumrhu amanani apapasha ugcino-mali kumazwe anjenge-Estonia noMzantsi Korea athe aqalisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinamandla ezihambelana neesiseko sorhulumente. Noko ke, ubugcisa bunokulawula kuphela njengomgangatho wogcino-mali nokuvuma kwemithetho yowiso-mthetho ukuze isebenze kwiingqiqo ezinika ulwazi.

Ukukhuthaza uBumbadushe kunye neNkxaso yeZiko

Intsebenziswano ekhuthazayo ye-bipartisan inganceda ekoyiseni ulwahlulo lwezobupolitika kwaye iphucule imigudu yokuvelela. Enye indlela kukuyila ulawulo oluzimeleyo olusebenza ngaphandle kolawulo oluthe ngqo lwamaqela omabini. Imizekelo iquka i-ofisi yokuphendula kaRhulumente kaRhulumente, engeyoyamapartistan, kwaye i-UK’s National Picorence Office. La maqumrhu avelisa iingxelo zenjongo ezinokusetyenziswa ngawo onke amaqela. Enye indlela kukuguqula iikomiti zosihlalo phakathi kwamaqela kwaye aqinisekise ukuba amaqela amancinane aneekomiti zomelo olulungelelaniso. Ukuphembelela ukhokelo lweqela kwimibamelo yeekomiti kukwakhuthaza uphatho olunyanisekileyo.

Isiphelo

Ulawulo lomthetho lunendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukuphumelela noxanduva loburhulumente. Ngokubeka amagosa karhulumente etyala nokuqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zingakhulisa ukuthenjwa nokuphuculwa komsebenzi woluntu, ziphucule ukusebenza kwamasebe karhulumente. Ngoxa imingeni enjengee-propati ezidibeneyo, ukunqanda izibonelelo, kunye nokuxhathisa kwezibonelelo ezikhoyo, imigaqo esebenzayo ekhoyo, inkcaso yoqeqesho, ukuxhasa iprojekthi, ukuqulu-siseko soluntu, kunye nokusebenza kunye noluntu kunye nokusebenza kunye noluntu kunye noluntu kunokwenza ulawulo-demokhrasi lube namandla angakumbi.