Impembelelo Yokubolekisana Ngokubuyiselwa Nokunyanzelwa

Ukurhwebelana akuyona nto yonakele ngokwemvelo. Kwidemokhrasi esebenza kakuhle, inika abanikazi bomthetho ubuchule obukhethekileyo, ugcino-lwazi, kunye neembono ezidibeneyo abangenakukwazi ukufikelela kuzo. Kodwa ukuxineneka koovimba phakathi kwezilangazelelo eziphambili kudala ukungalingani okungokwemvelo. Ingcaciso yokukhuthaza iquka imigudu engqalileyo yokubumba amavoti kunye nemigudu engangqalanga yokuphembelela uluvo lukawonke wonke, njengamaphulo oonolwazi kunye neengcathiso. Umahluko ongundoqo ngowokuba ubhebhexelela ngokukhethekileyo imidlalo ye-ofisi karhulumente enenjongo yokutshintsha iziphumo, enoba ngomthetho, ummiselo, okanye izenzo zokugunyazisa.

Imizekelo yembali ibonisa indlela ehlala ihleli ngayo intsebenziswano. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, amaqela aqeshiweyo abaxhasi abaqeshi boololiwe ukukhusela umhlaba anika inkxaso kunye nomthetho olungileyo. Ngexesha leNkathi ehambela phambili, ababhexeshi babhenca “ukurhwebelana-thengiselwa kwe-” kweli xesha, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimithetho yokuqala yengingqi yokubhenela. Namhlanje, ukukhuthaza ishishini lolwazi elintsonkothileyo, apho amaqela eetanki, amashishini omthetho, kunye namaziko onxibelelwano lukawonke-wonke akhuphisana ukubumbana uludwe lwemi.

Indima Yezilobi

I-Lobbytes isebenza njengemibutho ephakathi kwamaqela abantu abanomdla norhulumente. Benza imisebenzi emininzi enzima ehamba ngaphaya kokwenza nje iphulo lemirhumo okanye ukuqokelela iingxowa-mali. Umxhasi onobuchule unika abenzi bomthetho ubuchule obunzulu kwimiba entsonkothileyo, unika intetho yemizobo yeendleko, kwaye unceda ekuququzeleni imiqobo ecwangcisiweyo yemithetho-mthetho kunye nemibutho elawulayo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abaxhasi basebenza njengenkqubo yokulumkisa, ukulumkisa abaxhasi ukuba bagcine iinguqu okanye izinto eziphambili ezinokuchaphazela imisebenzi yabo.

Abanikezeli Bolwazi

Enye yezinto ezixabisekileyo kurhulumente lulwazi olunokuthenjwa. I-Lobbyzist inika ugcino-lwazi, iziphumo zezoqoqosho, kunye nolwazi lobugcisa abasenokungabi nalo abasebenzi abasebenza kakhulu okanye amagosa oshishino. Umzekelo, xa i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) ijonga imigangatho emitsha yokukhutshwa komjelo-moya kwiilori ezinzima, abaxhasi beenqwelo-mafutha, abavelisi bezinto zokupheka, kunye namaqela ebhakaleyo yonke inikela iingxelo ezichaza iinkcukacha zezoqoqosho nobugcisa.

Abaxhasi

Ngapha koko, abaxhasi baxhasa intelekelelo elungelelanisiweyo. Banceda imiyalezo evakalayo kubenzi bomthetho abathile kunye nee-contiques zabo. Bachaza ukuba ngowuphi ummisi-mthetho obalulekileyo kwimbambano ethile, ngoko balungelelanisa iintlanganiso, umnxeba, kunye namaphulo oxinzelelo. Kwizikhuphiso ezidibeneyo, imibutho emininzi iqokelela izibonelelo zokukhuthaza isigidimi sayo. Ngokomzekelo, imibutho yeenkampani zobugcisa kunye namaqela ekhululekileyo ekhululekileyo ingenza ungenelelo oludibeneyo lwemithetho yemfihlo, inika isalathisi esimanyeneyo kwiBhunga.

Umgaqo-siseko ohlaziyiweyo

Mhlawumbi eyona ndlela ithe ngqo yempembelelo yiyo xa abaxhasi bezama ukuncedisa ekubhaleni okubhaliweyo kwetyala okanye imimiselo. Ngoxa oku kuyinto esemthethweni neqhelekileyo, kuphakamisa inkxalabo ngomntu onomdla wokufumana intsebenziswano nowakho umthetho. Uphando olucacileyo oluvela kwiLondon School of Economics lufumanise ukuba kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, ama-80% eenzame zokulungisa imigaqo yobugcisa ecetyiswa ngabaxhasi bezoshishino. E-U.S.

Iindidi Zokuqhatha

Ukudada asingomsebenzi wobunyani. Ithatha iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, nganye inezixhobo zayo namaxhoba ayo. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo kunceda kucacise iindlela ezahlukeneyo eziphenjelelwa kuzo.

Ukujija ngqo

Ukubhenela ngqo kubandakanya unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo nabenzi benkqubo. Umbhexeshi udibana nomphathi-mikhosi, umkhomishinala wolawulo, okanye ilungu labasebenzi abangundoqo ukuphikisana okanye ukuphikisa inkqubo ethile ekhethekileyo. Lo ngumfanekiso oqhelekileyo wokutsala okanye wokukhupha imvume/ukuqhuba i-arhente-ethemati eWashington, D.C., ipaseji. I-arhente ethe ngqo ilawulwa kakhulu kwaye kufuneka ichazwe phantsi koMthetho we-Lobbinding Disclorence. Inokuba luncedo kakhulu ngenxa yokuba ivumela ukuncelwano nokwakhiwa kolwalamano lobuqu.

Iintambo ezinomsila

Ii- Grasroot ezibhenela kwimibutho kawonke-wonke zitshintsha ukujolisa ekufikeleleni ngqo ekuququzelelweni. I-Lobbytes ilungiselela amaphulo akhuthaza abemi ukuba baqhagamshelane nabameli babo abanyuliweyo, izibongozo, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zentlanganiso, okanye ukufowunela kwimiboniso kanomathotholo. Injongo kukudala ukubonakala kwenkxaso kawonke-wonke (okanye ukuchasa) kwinkqubo ethile. Umzekelo, iNational Rifle Association iye yasebenzisa iziqhumiso zengca eziphembelela ukuvelisa amakhulu amawaka eefowuni kwiBhunga lonxulumano ngexesha lengxoxo elawula imipu.

Ukuqhatha Okubangelwa Kukuzingela

Xa imibutho emininzi ineenjongo ezifanayo zomthetho, idla ngokuseka umbutho. Ukukhuthaza izivumelwano kuvumela amaqela ukuba abelane ngeendleko, ubuchule, anikele ngolwazi olukhulu, nolunempembelelo enkulu. Umzekelo obalaseleyo nguwo “oMelika alungele uTshintsho lwerhafu” oludibanisa amashishini, amaqela athe rhoqo ajongeneyo, kunye nabanikela ngabanye ukunyanzela ukuhlawula iirhafu ezisezantsi. Intengiso zinokuba zezokwexeshana, zisenza ityala elinye kwaye zirhoxiswe xa nje ixanduva le mbambano.

Ukuphanga nokulawula

Ngeli xesha uqwalaselo oluninzi lujolise kwiBhunga eliphembelela umkhosi, umlinganiselo obalulekileyo wempembelelo uyenzeka kumgangatho womaziko. Amasebe olawulo anjengenkqubo yoLawulo loTyelelo neDDA (FDA), iKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loMbutho woLawulo loMkhosi noMbutho (FCC), kunye neKhomishini yoLawulo loMkhosi noMbutho (SEC) igxininisa kwimithetho ethwala amandla omthetho. Abaxhasi babandakanyeka inkqubo yomthetho wokwenziwa kwesaziso kunye nolawulo lwezikonga, ukunikela inkcazelo entlukwano kunye nokudibana kwamagosa ukubumba ukubumba umthetho wokugqibela. Oku kudla ngokubakho ubugcisa obuninzi kwaye bungaphantsi koorhulumente bokwamkela ukhuthumelo, kodwa bunokuba neziphumo ezinzulu ngokulinganayo kwimizi yoshishino.

Impembelelo Yokuzivumelanisa Nezinto

Impembelelo yokulawula ngobuchule obuninzi. Ezinye zezi zizinto ezichuliweyo, ezifana nokubumba uphando olusisiseko somthetho. Ezinye zingaphezulu, njengokufaka imigaqo ethile kwimali ekhulula iinkampani ezithile ekuthobeleni. Impembelelo yenethi ingaqinisa okanye ithobe ukhuseleko, kuxhomekeka ekubeni lumele phi na ukunyanzelisa nokusingqongileyo kwezobupolitika.

Iziphumo ezihlaziyiweyo zomthetho

Esona siqhagamshelanisi singqalileyo sisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. I-Lobbytes isebenzela ukwenza amalungu anobuhlobo eKhomishini afumane iindleko zokuxhasa, afake izilungiso, okanye amise umthetho ongafanelekanga. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo yimpumelelo yoshishino lwamayeza ekuthinteleni amaxabiso eMidicasu ekudibaniseni amaxabiso eziyobisi ngexesha lokudalwa kweMedicare Part D ngo- 2003. Lo shishino luchitha imali engaphezu kwama-100 ezigidi zeerandium kwimirhumo neminikelo yephulo kunyaka lowo, kunye nemali yokugqibela ekwalela urhulumente ukuba asebenzise amandla aphantsi entengo yemali e-akrwelo-mali. /a ilungiselelo elithelekelelwa kumawaka amabini ezigidi ezigidi zezigidi ezingama-500 (izigidi ezi-200)

Umgangatho wokulawula

Ukubanjwa kolawulo kwenzeka xa isebe eliyilwe ukuba lisebenze kwintsabelo yoluntu endaweni yokusebenza ekuxhaseni ushishino ekumele ukuba lulawula. Oku kunokwenzeka ngapha “kwimeko ejikelezayo”, apho amagosa amasebe aye ashiyela khona ukusebenza kwimizi-mveliso awayekhe ajonge kuyo, okanye ngempembelelo yenkqubela-phambili yezoshishino kubasebenzi besebe, uqingqo-mali, kunye nomthetho wokusebenza. Ufundo olubalulekileyo lwezezimali lukaJames Kwak noSimon Johnson luye lwachaza indlela icandelo lezimali elayibamba ngayo i-SEC kunye neFederal Reserve ekuhambeni kweminyaka elikhokelela kwingxaki, nto leyo ephumela ekuncipheni kwemijeko yezindlu zezindlu. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT:] i-Brookingstions[FFFLD] ibonise ukuba iibhodi ze-amaplan, inkcuka ngokufunyaniswe kakhulu ziimfuno zemali, iimfuno zemali, i-endleko yemali ezinyuselwa ngothe.

Umgaqo-nkqubo onyanzelisa uluntu

Ukuqhaqhatha kudla ngokudlulela ngaphaya kokudibana ngqo namagosa kumaphulo abhekiselwa ekutshintsheni uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Le migudu ingenza kube lula ngokwezobupolitika ngabenzi bomthetho ukuvotela okanye ukuchasa imimiselo ethile. Iphulo loshishino lwecuba elingamashumi eminyaka lokukhanyela ukudibana phakathi kokutshaya nomhlaza ngumzekelo ombi kakhulu. Kutshanje, ishishini lezinto zokuphehla amafutha liye laxhasa uphando nezibhengezo zokufaka uqikelelo lokuthanda ukuphikisa inzululwazi yemozulu nokubeka imithetho yemekobume njengemithwalo yokubulala umsebenzi. Ngokulungisa intetho kawonke, abacebisi befuna ukusetyenziswa kwe-arhentene ngezopolitiki.

Ukwenza ulawulo lwe-arhente kunye nokunyanzelwa

Nasemva kokuba umthetho uphunyezwe, iinkcukacha zisoloko zizaliswa ngamaziko alawulayo. Abaxhasi bale nkqubo banenxaxheba kakhulu kule nkqubo. Baya kumatyala kawonke-wonke, bakhuphe amagqabaza abhaliweyo, badibane ngasese namagosa omanyano. Phantsi koMthetho we-Administrative Proceduture Active, amaqumrhu kufuneka aphendule ku “amagqabaza oonobumba, kodwa ukungalingani kwezibonelelo kuthetha ukuba izilangazelelo ezifanelekileyo zemali zinokuyiphelisa inkqubo. Umzekelo, xa i-FCCC iqwalasela imithetho yobundilele ngo-2017, 23-34 000 yafunyanwa ngokuphengululwa okulandelayo ukuba izigidi zabantu zikhohliswa okanye ziveliswa ngamashishini, uninzi oluxhaswa ngamaqela eefekthta, umthetho wokugqibela, owenziwe ngokusondeleyo, iziphumo ze-ethenethi.

Ukunyanzeliswa kwesixhobo se-oyile kukwenye ibala apho kubhenela imicimbi. I-Lobbys zingaqhubela abameli ukuba bamkele iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa eziyekelelweyo, banciphise izigwebo, okanye balunyuse ukuphunyezwa. Ngokulandela ukuchitheka kwe-BP Deeater Hopeding oil, abangenisi bezoshishino baphikisa ngempumelelo ngejaji yetyala elalingaphantsi kakhulu kwelahleko ekhoyo. UMthetho we-Oil Deatmoc wonyaka ka-1990, ngelixa kubekwa imiqathango yokhuseleko entsha, kwakhona kwaquka amalungiselelo alinganisela ityala yemali yeenkampani ze-oyile-* iziphumo ezithe ngqo zokutsalana.

Uhlolisiso Lwempembelelo Ebolileyo

Uphando olungqalileyo lubonisa indlela yokukhuthaza imiqathango nokunyanzelisa. Lukwabonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobuchule kunye nendlela ehlala ikho impembelelo yeqela labantu abanomdla.

Ishishini Lecuba

Imigudu yemizi - mveliso yecuba ekhuthaza ifuthe elisusela amashumi eminyaka. Ukususela ngo-1950 ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka yowama-1990, iinkampani zecuba zazama ukulawula ukubhengezwa kwemidiza, ukuchaza imidiza ngezilumkiso zempilo, okanye ukumisela ukutshaya kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. Zaxhasa uphando lwenzululwazi ukuphikisana nonxibelelwano phakathi kokutshaya nomhlaza, zadala amaqela aphambili anjengeTobacco Institute ezama ukukhuthaza iBhunga, kwaye zathululela igalelo kwimibutho ephambili yemithetho-mthetho. Nangona kukho ubungqina obuninzi obubonisa umonakalo, yathabatha iMphathi weSivumeko-Sinyuko-Sinyuko somthetho wonyaka ka-1998 ukuze ekugqibeleni anyanze umthetho obalulekileyo. Kwanamhlanje, ishishini liyaqhubeka ukuphembelela i-Gcime ngokuchasene negunya le-FDAtettette nezinye izixhobo eziphambili.

Icandelo Lemali Emva Kowama - 2008

Emva kwengxaki yemali yowama-2009, iDodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation kunye noMthetho weNguqulo wamiselwa njengengxelo enkulu yokulawula. Kodwa, kwiminyaka ukusuka ngoko, ushishino lwezezimali lufake iphulo elizinzileyo lokwenza buthathaka amalungiselelo alo. Phakathi konyaka ka-2009 no-2015, iibhanki ezintandathu ezinkulu ze-U.S. ezichithe ngaphezu kwama-500 ezigidi zeerandi ekungeneni, ngokwengxelo [[FL:0] uGajiko-P [FUP].[FLT]. Ukhuthulo lwezentengiso lwezentengiso, u-Rhulumente olunelo, kunye noKhuselo lwe-Rhulumente oluthelwe yi-RD, kunye ne-Admigner, kunye ne-D.

Imithetho yokusingqongileyo kunye noshishino lwezobugcisa

Ushishino lweziphene zelaphu luchithe amawaka ezigidi echasa imithetho ejolise ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu. Imigudu yokuqhatha iquka ukulwa ngqo nomthetho wemozulu, ukuxhaswa kwemali yokungafunwa kwemozulu, kunye neengxaki ezingokwasemthethweni kwimimiselo ye-EPA. Umzekelo, iAmerican Petroleum Institute (API) ikhokela ingqokelela ye-oyile kunye neenkampani zegesi ezisoloko zichasa iCec Poweral Plan kunye neenyathelo elifanayo. Kumgangatho wesizwe, abaxhasi bezoshishino-omatshini baye basebenza ukuphelisa ukuvalelwa kwemiqathango-omatshini ekusebenziseni imigaqo yokwakha engqongqo ukuze ihambe kakuhle. Impumelelo yale migudu iyabonakala kwisantya esithelekisa imozulu ye-US.

Umthetho Onemichiza Nokwanelisa

Ishishini lonyango lorhwebo lelinye lamandla aphambili akhuthaza intsebenziswano eWashington. Ingqalelo yalo ephambili ibikukuthintela urhulumente ekuncitshiseni amaxabiso eziyobisi, ukunyusa imigaqo esemthethweni, nokuvala ukungeniswa kweziyobisi eziphantsi kwamanye amazwe. Ukurhwaphiliza koshishino ngethuba le-2021-20222 ePurcifiction Reduction Act kwakhokelela ekukhuselweni kwemiqathango encinane kakhulu yexabiso leziyobisi kunokuba kwacetyiswa ekuqaleni kwinani elincinane leziyobisi kwaye lilibazise de kube ngu-2026. Ngaphezu koko, impembelelo yeshishini kwi-Patenst ne-Trantirmark Office ikhokelela ekukhuseleni iproces ezingo zobugcisa ezinamandla ezigcina iziyobisi zingekho ngqiqweqweni ezitheneyo zingekho ngaphaya kwentengo.

Ukuqwalasela Okufanelekileyo Kokuqhayisa

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yokubhenela kuntsonkothile kwaye kuphikiswana. Kwelinye icala, ukukhuthaza kukuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika okusemthethweni. Kwelinye icala, umahluko omkhulu wobuncwane phakathi kwezilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo uphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngokulingana kwedemokhrasi nokusesikweni.

Ukucaca kunye ne-Diski

Enye yenkxalabo engundoqo yemithetho yokuziphatha kukungabina ngxelo. Nangona i-U.S. inemithetho yokubhenela, ineendlela zokuphepha ezibalulekileyo. Iintlobo ezininzi zempembelelo, ezifana “ziyi-adue ukukhuthaza ukubhalisa” izibhengezo ezingakhuthazi ncam ukuvota kumthetho othile, zinokuxhaswa ngaphandle kokutyhilwa. Ukusetyenziswa kwama-501(c) (4) imibutho engafaki mngeni-ngeniso kuvumela abanikeli ukuba bahlale bengaziwa xa besamkela inkxaso-mali. Oku kuthoba ukuthemba kukawonke-wonke kwaye kwenza kube nzima ukuvalela abasemagunyeni abasemagunyeni ukuba baphendule izigqi. Okungafana ne-Disfaease Act, okuya kufuna ukukhunjululwa kwemisebe yeempempesa neenza zempesasa neenza, eziyezo zenziwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ii-ompempere, ii-eacted trading, ink.

Ukufikelela nokungalingani

Ukufikelela kubenzi benkqubo akwabelwanga ngokulinganayo. Amaqela enzala athe tye anokukwazi ukuqesha abangenisi abaninzi, ucwangciso lweentlanganiso eziphindwayo, kunye nokuya kumaqumrhu emali apho amaqela amancinane engenakukwazi. Oku kwenza inkqubo apho amaqela amancinci avakalisa amazwi eenkampani nabantu abazizityebi anyuswe khona, ngelixa abo baqhelekileyo abemi, abathengi, nabameli bezentlalo-ntle bezolile. Uphando lubonise ukuba ulungiso lwenkqubo yeqonga lwezikhundla kunye noncedo lweshishini olulungelelanisiweyo lune neziphumo ezinamandla zenkqubo kuneziphumo ezithenjiweyo zokhetho lwabemi abaqhelekileyo, njengoko kuchazwe ngokweenkcukacha yisazinzulu sezopolitiki uMartin Gillen kwincwadi yakhe kunye ne-Implison.

Ingqibelelo Elawulayo Nomnyango Ojikelezayo

“Umnyango ojikelezayo” phakathi korhulumente noshishino lwabucala ubangela olunye ucelomngeni lwendlela yokuziphatha. Xa abalawuli besiya kusebenzela amashishini abakhe bawalawula, kukho ukungavumelani okungokwemvelo komdla. Basenokuyekelela ngexesha lokufumana kwabo umsebenzi ngethemba lexesha elizayo, okanye basenokusebenzisa ulwazi lwabo ngaphakathi ukunceda abaqeshi babo abatsha ukuba basebenzise imimiselo ephumelelayo. Ngokufanayo, abaqeshwa besebe abafudukela kwizikhundla zikarhulumente abayamkela ishishini labo. Ngoxa eminye imiqathango ikhona, ingathi ikho ngexesha lokuphola leminyaka elidlulileyo kubaphathi abakhulu abaphezulu, basoloko bengenamali ukuze bathintele ukubonakala bengenamali.

Iminikelo Yemali Neyezobupolitika

Ngokuxhaphakileyo ukudibanisa izivumelwano nemali yephulo. Imali yemali eninzi ephuma kubaxhasi ukuya kubenzi bomthetho, kunye neekomiti zezenzo zobupolitika (PAC) zichitha imali eninzi ekunyuleni abathathi-nxaxheba abaxhasa amashishini abo. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo yowama-2010 sikwalusela kwi- i-Unitedan. FEC ivule umnyango kwinkcitho ezimeleyo exhomekeke kwimibutho nakumanyaniswa kwezopolitiki, ithelela phambili impembelelo yezobupolitika. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba le nkqubo idala ukunyotywa okusemthethweni, apho abezobupolitika baxhasa ukubonelelwa kwemirhumo kuneetho kuno-64. Iingcebiso ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezifana nokuxhasa ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni nomthetho-mthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko sorhwebo [FLD:2] [FFFFOT] [3], kodwa bazuze igqweqweletiso kulawulo olunamandla kwegxosho olukhoyo.

Isiphelo

Impembelelo yokuphembelela ulawulo kunye nokunyanzelisa ukulawulwa kwemithetho yezomthetho. Inika ubuchule bokusebenza kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba, kodwa ikwanomngcipheko wokugqwetha inkqubo exhasayo yokuxhasa amandla. Uhlolisiso lwecuba, izimali, amandla, kunye nezonyango lonyango lonyango lubonisa ukuba ngoxa ukutsala intsebenziswano kuvelisa iziphumo eziluncedo zokwenza imigaqo-nkqubo yokhuseleko eveliswa yingeniso-lwazi. Ngokunjalo iziphumo eziphambili zengeniso zengeniso `Iprojective' zidla ngokwenza buthathaka okanye ukulibazisa imimiselo ekhusela impilo kawonke wonke, ukuzinzisazulu, ukuma kwemeko yezoqoqosho, kunye nemekobume. Ukuthetha ngemiqathango yemilinganiselo esebenzayo yokukhuthaza ukuvela kwemithetho eninzi, imiqatha engakumbi kwimiqatha yeminyango ejikelezayo, iprojelo yemali, kunye nokuzibongela ukuzimisela kokuzimela ngokwayo. Kuphela ngokuqonda okupheleleyo kwempembelelo yabemi abahlala kuleyo nokusebenza kwizixhobo zedemo-demodemokhn