Ukuqonda UGrerymandering: Isikhokelo Esingunobangela Wokwenza Icebo

UGerymandering umela olunye lolona qheliselo lunempikiswano noluneziphumo eziphambili kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi yale mihla. Embindini wayo, ukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili yabanyuli ukuxhasa iqela elithile lezobupolitika, iqela, okanye ulawulo lwezopolitiko olunzima. Oku kuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo iziphumo zonyulo, ukugqwetha umelo, kwaye kuthoba umgaqo osisiseko wokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokusesikweni kwedemokhrasi. Ngoxa eli gama lingavakalayo ngobuchule okanye ngomthantamo, impembelelo yegerryrymander ichaphazela wonke umvoti, iqela elithile, iqela, okanye ulawulo lwezobupolitika ngendlela ezinzulu ezichaphazela izigqibo zenkqubo, ukuma koorhulumente, kunye nempilo yezolawulo-demokhrasi.

Uqheliso lokuzimela luye lwabakho ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini kwezobupolitika zaseMerika, kodwa lusasoloko lufanelekile kwaye lunengxabano namhlanje kunanini ngaphambili. Ngophuhliso lobugcisa, ugcino-lwazi oluntsonkothileyo, kunye nolwazi oluneenkcukacha, ukuvota kwangoku okuzingisileyo kuye kwaba yinyaniso kwaye okunempumelelo. Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenza kwenjongo, iindlela zazo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye iziphumo zalo ezifikelela kude ziyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda iimvoti zezobupolitika zokhetho kunye nommeli wobulungisa.

Yintoni IGerrymander? Ingcaciso Ecacisiweyo

IGrerymandering ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili ehambayo ukwenza iingenelo zezobupolitika zamaqela athile okanye amaqela. Le nkqubo iyenzeka ngexesha lokuvuleka, okuqheleke kwiminyaka elishumi emva kokuba kubhaliwe abantu besizwe. Iqela okanye iqela elilawula inkqubo yokuthambisa imimandla linokuzoba iilayini zesithili ngeendlela ezinokunyusa impumelelo yabo yokukhetha, ngokufuthi idala imimandla emile ngokungaqhelekanga ejongene nobuchule bokuyila indawo kodwa ephumele kwiinjongo ezicacileyo zezobupolitika.

Igama elithi "gerrymaningering" ngokwalo linebali elibangel ’ umdla. Laqanjwa ngo1812 xa iGavent Elbridge Gerry yaseMassachusetts yavuma isicwangciso sokubomvu esadala isithili esifana nesamander emile. Umdlali wezopolitiko udibanise igama likaGerry elino "salamander" ukuyila "igerrymander," kwaye eli gama liye lahlala ukususela ngoko. Lo mzekelo wembali ubonisa ukuba igerrymander ayiyo siganeko esitsha kodwa kunocelomngeni oluzingisileyo oluvelayo kwicala lolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Into eyenza ukuba unyulo lungaqondakali ngokukhethekileyo kukuba ivumela abezobupolitika ukuba bakhethe ngokunempumelelo abavoti babo kunokuba bavote bekhethe abameli babo. Kukhuphiswano olusempilweni lwedemokhrasi, ukhuphiswano lwabanyuliweyo kufuneka lubonakalise iinjongo zokwenyaniso zezobupolitika zabemi. Noko ke, xa izithili ziphenjelelwa, iziphumo zonyulo zinokumiselwa kwangaphambili phambi kokuba kuvotelwe uvote omnye, ukunciphisa ukhuphiswano lokwenyaniso lwabavotisi kunye nokunciphisa amandla omntu ngamnye okhetha ukuphembelela umelo lwabo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zale mihla kuthe kratya ngokuntsonkothileyo ngenxa yenkqubela yobugcisa. Amaziko ezobupolitika ngoku ayakwazi ukufumana ugcino-lwazi oluneenkcukacha, kuquka ukubhaliswa kweqela, imbali yokuvota, ulwazi lwamanani, kwanendlela yokuziphatha yabathengi. Ukusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo yekhompyutha enamandla kunye nenkqubo yolwazi lwengingqi, ayakwazi ukuzoba imida yesithili ngobuchule botyando, aqikelela iziphumo zonyulo ngokuchanekileyo. Oku buchule bezobugcisa buye benza ukuba i-gerryman derbed ibe luncedo kakhulu kwaye kube nzima ukuyiqonda kunanini nangaphambili.

Imbali Engokwembali YeGerrymandering EMerika

Ukuyiqonda ngokupheleleyo impembelelo ye-gerrymaning kwezobupolitika zale mihla, kubalulekile ukuhlolisisa inkqubela-phambili yayo yembali. Ngelixesha loqheliselo luqala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, iindlela nobukhulu balo buye baguquka ngokuphawulekayo ngexesha. Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, i-gerrymaning iye yasetyenziswa kungekuphela nje ekuncedeni abaxhasi kodwa kwanokuthintela amandla okuvota amancinane nokugcina amandla akhoyo.

Ngexesha le-Jim Crow, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuthoba i-ovel kwasetyenziswa rhoqo ecaleni kwezinye iindlela zokucinezela ukuphelisa amandla ezobupolitika kuluntu lwaseAfrika. Kwanasemva kokudlula koMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965, owalela ukusetyenziswa kocalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni, ukwenziwa kwemiqathango yokunqanda ukumela i-okisi. INkundla ePhakamileyo ithethe namatyala ahlukeneyo okuzingela amashumi eminyaka, imisela imida ethile kwimida ephakathi kwe-Rogerrymandering elwanyana lohlanga ngexa ihlala ithandabuza ukungenelela kwimicimbi ye-Rhoversantermaning.

Ubunzulu bokwenza i-germander buye banda kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ingakumbi emva kobalo-manani lwangowama-2010. Omabini amaqela amakhulu ezobupolitika aye abandakanyeka kwimigudu yokulungisa imibala enzima xa enikwe ithuba, nangona umlinganiselo kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwezi migudu kuye kwahluka. Umsebenzi we-REDMAP, umzekelo, umela umgudu olungelelanisiweyo weRiphabliki wokufumana izihlalo zomthetho phambi komjikelo wonyaka ka-2010, enenjongo ecacileyo yokulawula inkqubo yokuhlaziya nokukhusela inzuzo yezopolitiko ezithe .

Indlela IGerrymander Echaphazela Ngayo Umelo Lwedemokhrasi

Iziphumo zokusetyenziswa kwedemokhrasi kumelo lwedemokhrasi zinzulu kwaye zijikelele. Xa izithili zonyulo zisetyenziswa ukuxhasa iqela elinye, urhulumente ophumeleyo usenokungabonisi ngokuchanekileyo izinto ezikhethwayo zezobupolitika zabemi njengabo bonke. Oku kugqwethwa kungakhokelela kwiimeko apho iqela lizuza uninzi lwezihlalo zowiso-mthetho nangona lifumana amavoti ambalwa kunabachasi balo.

I-Gerrymandering yenza "ikhuselekile" izithili apho iqela elinye linoncedo olugqwesileyo, liphelisa ngokunempumelelo ukhuphiswano olunentsingiselo lonyulo. Kwezi sithili, ukhuphiswano lokwenene lubakho ngexesha lonyulo lokuqala kunokuba lube lunyulwe ngokubanzi. Le mpembelelo ikhuthaza abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba babhenele kwisiseko seqela labo kunokuba bavote ngokulinganiselweyo, befak ’ isandla ekuhlazisweni kwezobupolitika. Abameli abasuka kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo abanaso intshukumisa incinane yokulala okanye yokusebenza ngaphaya kwemigca yeqela, njengoko isisongelo sabo esiphambili sivela kubacebisi abangcekisi abagqithisileyo phakathi kweqela labo kunakubachasi bonyulo ngokubanzi.

Impembelelo ekubopheleleni nabavoti ayinakuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo. Xa abavoti beqonda ukuba iziphumo zonyulo zimiselwe kwangaphambili ngenxa yokungathabathi nxaxheba, bangadimazeka kwaye bangathathi nxaxheba kwinkqubo yokhetho. Lo mvoti akanamdla unyusa amandla abo bangenelwayo ekulawuleni, beyila umjikelo wokuzithoba idemokhrasi.

UGerymandering ukwachaphazela iziphumo zenkqubo ngendlela ezibalulekileyo. Xa abamisi-mthetho beziva bekhuselekile kwizihlalo zabo ngenxa yesithili esithe sapheliswa, basenokungasabeli kwinkxalabo edibeneyo kwaye bakulungele ngakumbi ukusukela imimiselo yengqiqo engabonisi zikhethelo zesithili sabo njengesonke. Oku kungaphumela kwimigaqo esusela kwiimbono zikawonke-wonke kwimibandela engundoqo, ukusuka kwinkcubeko yempilo nemfundo ukuya kwirhafu kunye nomgaqo wemeko-bume. Ukuqhawula phakathi koluhlu lukawonke kunye nezenzo zomthetho kuphelisa ukuthemba urhulumente kwaye kunegalelo kwimibutho yezobupolitika egxekayo.

Iindlela Ezibalaseleyo Zokuvelisa Intsholongwane Zicaciswa

Ukusebenzisa ubuchule obuninzi obuyeleleneyo, nganye yenzelwe ukwandisa inzuzo yezobupolitika ngokusetyenziswa kwemida yezorhwebo. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukusetyenziswa kwe-gerrymander xa isenzeka nokuxabisa ubuntsonkotha bobuchule bokulungisa iinguqu zale mihla.

Ukujija: Ukuphelisa Amandla Enkcaso

Ukujika kungumkhwa wokwahlula uxinzelelo lwabavoti benkcaso kwisithili esininzi, benciphisa amandla abo okuvota ukuze bangabi nako ukwakha uninzi lwabo kuzo naziphi na isithili esinye. Khawucinge ukuba isixeko esinabo uninzi lwabavoti abasuka kwiParti A engqongwe ziingingqi ezixhasa iQela B. Ngokukrala, igunya elibomvu lisenokusahlula isixeko sibe yimimandla emininzi, nto nganye iquka ummandla onamandla wasemaphandleni. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iPar Par Acoffice, nangona isongelwe kwisixeko, likhulu kwisithili ngasinye ngeParti Bvtivti kwimimandla engqongileyo.

Ukusebenza kokuqhekeza kuxhomekeke kusasazo lomhlaba lwabavoti kunye nobuchule bokuyila kwezo migca yesithili. Ngokuqhelisa, ukuqhekeka kusenokuphumela kwimimandla emile ngendlela engaqhelekanga leyo inyoka ihamba ngoluntu, idibanisa iindawo ezihlukeneyo ngaphandle kwemiboniso yazo yokuvota. Ezi mimandla zingahlula imimandla, izixeko, okanye izixa-manani ngendlela engakuchazi ngqiqo ngokwembono yoluntu kodwa ecacileyo iphumele kwiinjongo zobuphengululi.

Ukujika kusebenza ingakumbi xa kudityaniswe nogcino-lwazi olunenkcukacha ezivumela abasemagunyeni abanobuchule bokujika ukuba baxele kwangaphambili indlela yokuvota kumgangatho wobundlavini. Ugcino-lwazi lwangoku lungachaza iipateni zokuvota phantsi kwibloko nganye okanye kwanakumakhaya, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubonakale umahluko omkhulu obangela ukuba umahluko ube luncedo ngakumbi ngeli xesha ugcina ukubonakala kwemida yesithili esengqiqweni.

Ukupakisha: Ukuphelisa Iindawana Zenkcaso

Ukupakisha kumela indlela echaseneyo nokonakalisa. Kunokusasaza abavoti ababhityileyo, ukupakisha kugxila kwisithili esimbalwa kangangoko. Ngokudala imimandla apho iqela lenkcaso liphumelela ngemida eyongameleyo, igunya elihlaziyayo "ii-wastes" ivoti yenkcaso enokuba ikhuphisana kwezinye iindawo. Ngoxa iqela lenkcaso lingaphumelela lula kwezi mimandla zipakiweyo, bazuza imimandla edityanisiweyo eninzi kunesabelo sabo sonke sokuvota bekufanele.

Umzekelo, ukuba iQela A lilawula ukukhutshwa kwemiqathango kwilizwe apho iQela B line-40% yenkxaso kumazwe akhoyo, iQela A lingadala imimandla embalwa apho iQela B linama-80% okanye 90% inkxaso. Oku kuqinisekisa iQela B liphumelela ngokulula kodwa alinankxaso eneleyo yokukhuphisana kwimimandla eseleyo. Isiphumo siskuba iQela B lifumana izihlalo ezincinci kunepesenti yevoti yalo ebanzi liza kubonisa ukuba lifanele, lo gama iQela A landisa ubalo lwalo lwalo nangona linenkxaso yama-60% kuphela.

Ukupakisha ngamanye amaxesha kungenza imibutho engaqhelekanga yezopolitiko. Kwezinye iimeko, uluntu oluncinane luxhase iindlela zokupakisha ezidala iziphakamiso ezincinane ezizingisele kwimimandla encinane, ziqinisekisa ubuncinane ukuba kukho umelo lwengingqi zoluntu lwalo. Noko ke, ngokungazi oku kunganceda iqela lixhathise izilangazelelo ezincinane ngokunikela ingqalelo kubavoti abambalwa (abadla ngokuvota iqela elinye) kwisithili ezimbalwa, ukwenza isithili ezingqongileyo zikhuseleke kwelinye iqela.

Ukuxilonga: Ukuxhobisa Abasebenzi

I-hijacking yenzeka xa imida yesithili iphinda itsalwe ukuze ifake ababini abamisela imithetho abakwiqela elinye kwisithili esinye, ibanyanzelela ukuba bakhuphisane. Eli qhinga lidla ngokusetyenziswa xa iqela elilawula ukudityaniswa kombandela lifuna ukuphelisa inxenye ethile ekwiqela elichasayo okanye esenokuba isuka kwiqela labo kodwa igqalwa njengenyani engoneleyo okanye elungelelaniswe ngokweengqiqo.

Le ndlela inokuba luncedo ngokukhethekileyo ekususeni abamisi-mthetho abalungeleleneyo okanye abazimeleyo abanokukwazi ukoyisa kunyulo jikelele. Ngokunyanzelisa ukuba bakhuphisane ngokuyintloko nxamnye nomnye ongomnye ongomnye, igunya lokulungisa izinto lidala imeko apho omnye wabasebenzi bengxube ekwakungaphephekiyo engayi kuphulukana nesihlalo sabo. Eli qhinga lingasetyenziswa kwakhona ukuqeqesha abenzi bomthetho abaphule ukhokelo lweqela kwivoti enkulu okanye abamele imingeni ekhoyo kwixesha elizayo kukhokelo lweqela.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-hijack kubonakalisa indlela ukuqhuba kungasetyenziswa ngayo kungekuphela nje ukwenzela uncedo lwabaququzeleli phakathi kwamaqela kodwa kwanoxanduva lwamandla olunecandelo. Kumela isixhobo sokhokelo lweqela ukunyanzelisa ingqeqesho nokuphelisa amalizwi aphikisanayo, okungakumbi ukufak' isandla ekuhlaziyweni kwemimandla yezobupolitika nokuncitshiswa kweembono ezahlukeneyo kwimibutho yemithetho-mthetho.

Ukuthumba: Ukungabeki Abameli Abangalungelelananga

Ukuthumba kubandakanya ukutsala imida yesithili ukufudusa indawo yokuhlala yommeli osisigxina ukuya kwisithili esahlukileyo, isoloko ingenamdla kwiqela labo okanye apho omnye umntu onobuhlanga sele ekhonza khona. Nangona abenzi bemithetho bemithetho bengasoloko befuneka ukuba baphile kwisithili abasimeleyo, ukushenxa ikhaya labo ukuya kwisithili esahlukileyo kungadala iingxaki zezopolitiko kwaye kwenza unyulo lube nzima ngakumbi.

Eli qhinga lingaphazamisa kakhulu kuba linyanzelisa ukuba lisebenze kwisithili esitsha apho bengenagama kunye nolwalamano oluqinileyo, okanye ukufudusa indawo yabo yokuhlala ukuze bahlale kwisithili sabo esitsha. Kunye ukhetho lunika imingeni kwaye lungenza buthathaka indawo yabo yokukhetha. Ukuthumba kungadityaniswa nezinye iindlela zokulungisa, ezifana nokwenza isithili esitsha somqambi singabi luncedo kwiqela labo ngokukrala okanye ngokupakisha.

Iziphumo ezingokwengqondo nezisebenzisekayo zokuqweqwedisa zidlulela ngaphaya kweso silwanyana. Ithumela umyalezo kwabanye abamisi-mthetho ngemiphumo yobunkokeli beqela elichasayo kwaye ibonisa amandla abo balawula inkqubo yokulungisa. Oku kunokuba nemiphumo elusizi kwinkululeko yowiso-mthetho kwaye kukhuthaza ukuthobela izikhundla zeqela.

Ukuhlaseleka Kwezilwanyana Ngokwahlukileyo Kukungqubana Kwamasiko Ohlanga

Kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi komququzeleli osuka kuhlanga nomkhosi wohlanga, njengoko bebandakanya iintshukumisa ezahlukeneyo kwaye bejongene nemigangatho eyahlukileyo yomthetho. IPartisan gerrymandering ijolise ekuncedeni iqela elinye lezobupolitika kwelinye, ngelixesha ukuzoba kwemida yesithili esekelwe kuhlanga ukuthomalalisa okanye ukugxininisa amandla okuvota amancinane.

INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yamisela ukuba ukuphembelela kobuhlanga kwaphula izicwangciso ze-Actal Protection Claus of the 14th Amendment xa uhlanga lungunobangela oyintloko wokuzoba iilayini zesithili ngaphandle kobulungisa obaneleyo. UMthetho wamaLungelo oMgaqo-nkqubo wamaLungelo ukwalela ukuncitshiswa kwamandla okuvota okuncitshiswa kweqaqo. IiNkundla bezikulungele ukuphelisa izicwangciso zokukhusela i-oyileni, ezifuna ukuba kuphinde kudityalwe amaphondo adibene achasene nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibimadolw'a amathandabuzo ukungenelela kwiimeko zabahlaseli. Kwityala lama-2019 iRucho v. IMbangi ePhakamileyo, iNkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba abaxhasi bamangalele ukuba bathethe imibuzo yezopolitiko engaphaya kwendlela yokufikelela kwiinkundla zephondo, bevakalisa ngokuphumelelayo ukuba iinkundla zemali azinakuziva iingxaki kuquququzelelwa kwabahlali. Esi sigqibo sashiya i-parax gerryman ingcel ityala elicekruza kwiinkundla zorhulumente nakwinkqubo yezobupolitika, isithiye yazinzisa kakhulu iingxelo zezomthetho zokuphelisa ukuququququzeleka kwe-Ruceriti.

Umahluko phakathi kocalucalulo kunye noknano lobuhlanga ungafihlwa, njengokuba unxulumano lwesizwe kunye neqela lusoloko lunxulumene. Kwimimandla emininzi, abavoti abambalwa baxhasa ngokunamandla iqela elinye lezobupolitika, bekwenza kube nzima ukufumanisa ukuba amaxhoba abomvu ajoliswe kwiqela elisekelwe kuhlanga okanye kwiqela. Oku kudala imibuzo entsonkothileyo engokwasemthethweni nakwezobupolitika ngentshukumisa yokwenene ebangela izigqibo zokuhlaziya i-dificimination kunye neengcaciso ezifanelekileyo zokufuna ukuguqula i-disciminalium.

Indima Yobugcisa Kumatshini Wanamhlanje

Ubugcisa buye baguqula i-gerrymander, buyenza ichane ngakumbi, ibe luncedo, kwaye kunzima ukuyibona kunangaphambili. Ukujongwa kwale mihla kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwi-software entsonkothileyo, isiseko sogcino-lwazi esinenkcukacha, kunye nemithetho-manani enamandla enokuhlalutya izigidi zeezalathiso zogcino-lwazi ukwenza uqwalaselo olungcono lwesithili ukwenzela uncedo lwe-Riphabliki.

Iinkqubo zolwazi lwe-Goographic (GIS) zivumela abasemagunyeni abalungisa umlinganiselo wemida yokufakela nokulawula imida yesithili ngokuchanekileyo okungakholelekiyo. Ezi nkqubo zingaquka imaleko emininzi yogcino-lwazi, kuquka i-data yokubala abantu, imbali yokuvota, ukubhalisa iqela, ulwazi lwabemi, kwanendlela yokuziphatha yabathengi. Ngokuhlalutya le data, i-software yokulungelelanisa iziphumo zonyulo, ivumela ezo mimandla ukuba zifakele ekuvavanyeni amawaka eemaphu enokwenzeka zikhethe ezona zisebenza kakuhle kwiinjongo zazo zezobupolitika.

Ukufumaneka kogcino-lwazi lomvoti ohamba ngobuchule kuye kwenza ukuba igosa langoku libe nempumelelo engaqhelekanga. Amagunya alawulayo angafumana ulwazi malunga nokubhaliswa kweqela ngalinye, imbali yokuvota kunyulo oludlulileyo, iimpawu zamanani, kwanemodeli abaxeli bokuziphatha kokuvota kwixesha elizayo. Le data ivumela ukuba batsale izithili ngobuchule botyando, ukuqinisekisa ukuba isithili ngasinye sinendawo enqwenelekayo ngeli lixa sigcina ukubonakala ngokuhambelana neemfuno zomthetho ezifana nomlinganiselo kunye nokulingana kwabemi.

Okubangel ’ umdla kukuba, ubugcisa bukwasetyenziswa ekulweni ne-gerrymaning. Abaphandi kunye nabaxhasi botshintsho baye bavelisa i-algorithm ezinokuvelisa amawaka eemaphu ezinokusetyenziswa ngokusekelwe kwimilinganiselo yobundilele, ukwenza isiseko sokulinganisa kunye nezicwangciso ezizizo. Ukuba imaphu eqingqiweyo ingumzobo othelekisa namanani athelekisa neemephu eziveliswe ngokungaqhelekanga ngezantsi ezibonisa uncedo olugqithisileyo olunqabileyo olunqabileyo okanye olungaze luvele kwiimaphu ezingathathi qhathanga `lerirymanning'. Ezi ndlela zezibalo zinganika ubungqina obunika inkxaso enika ukuchonga nokucelwa kwe-gerrymerder.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yeGerrymander

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo engqalileyo ye-gerrymaning kunceda ubone indlela ezi ndlela zobuchule ezisebenza ngayo ekuqheliseni nakwiziphumo zazo zokwenene zehlabathi. Amazwe amaninzi aye afumana iinkqubo zokuhlaziya eziphikiswayo eziye zafumana imingeni esemthethweni nokugxekwa nguwonke-wonke.

I-Riphabliki ye-Riphabliki ibiyeyona ndawo iphambili ekulwa kuyo iimbambano. Emva kobalo-miba lwangowama-2010, indlu yowiso-mthetho elawulwa yiRiphabliki yatsala imimandla edibeneyo eyaphumela ekubeni iiRiphabliki ziphumelele izihlalo ezilishumi zezili-13 zombutho wonyaka ka-2012, nangona zafumana malunga ne-49% yemibutho yengingqi yengingqi ebanzi. Isithili zaquka ukumiselwa okubunjwe ngendlela engaqhelekanga okuye kwabeka yingenelo entlalo-ntle kuluntu. Emva kweminyaka emininzi yeengxaki zomthetho, iinkundla ekugqibeleni zabetha ezi maphuphazamisi njengeephu ezingekho zicatshulwano zohlanga, nangona iimaphu ezilandelayo zaqhubeka zijongena nokugxekwa kwe-grogrigost.

Maryland unika umzekelo we-Democratic gerymandering. Isithili sesizwe sesithandathu sombutho saphinda satsalwa emva kobalo-nyaka ka-2010 ukuquka iindawo zeDemocratic Montgomery County ngexesha lokususa imimandla yeRepublicaan-leaning. Oku kwaguqula isithili seRepublica se-democratic sinye, ebonisa indlela ukusetyenziswa kweqonga ekukhupheni iziphumo zesithili. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathatha ucelomngeni kwesi sithili kwiBenek v. Lamone, nangona ekugqibeleni imeko yayiyi-Republican kwaye yagxothwa emva kwesigqibo sikaRucho.

Izihlalo zombutho wePennsylvania ezizotywe emva kokuba ubalo lweziko lePennsylvania lowama-2010 luye lwaduma kakhulu ngenxa yokuma kwazo okuzimo ezimanyeneyo kunye ne-skewskew. Ezi mimandla zazisoloko zisongiwe kangangokuba iiRiphabliki zaphumelela ngokuzinzileyo izihlalo ezilishumi elinesibhozo kwishumi elinesibhozo leengqungquthela nangona urhulumente wahlulelwa ngokusondeleyo kunyulo lwezwe. Ngonyaka ka-2018, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasePennsylvania yabulala ezi mimandla ngokuchasene nomgaqo-siseko, iyalathisa iimaphu ezintsha ukuba zizotywe. Iimaphu ezintsha zaphumela ekubeni abathunywa abathathi beminginyathe nangakumbi abavela ngakumbi kwimibutho yezopolitiko yesizwe.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba ukuqhuba akuzange kupheleliselwe kwiqela elinye lezobupolitika okanye kummandla. omabini amaqela amakhulu aye abandakanyeka ekulungiseni izinto ngogonyamelo xa enikwe ithuba, kwaye umkhwa uyenzeka kwiimeko zelizwe lonke. Umsonto oqhelekileyo ngowokuba nawuphi na umbutho olawula inkqubo yokubomvu ulungelelaniso uthanda ukusebenzisa loo mandla ukuze anyuse unyulo lwawo, ngokufuthi ngokungendleko yokusetyenziswa komfanekiselo olungileyo nonyulo olukhuphiswano.

Ukumanyana Kwasemthethweni Nezigqibo Zenkundla

Isakhiwo somthetho esijikeleze ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho sitshintshe ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, inkundla ixabana nemibuzo malunga nokuqatshelwa kwemiqathango yezopolitiko ukusuka kwimisebenzi esemthethweni yezobupolitika ukuya ekusebenziseni imigaqo engekho mthethweni. Ukuqonda izigqibo ezingundoqo zenkundla kunceda kucacise ukufaneleka okusemthethweni okukhoyo ngoku kokuzingela iphondo kunye namayeza akhoyo okuvavanya iingingqi ezingekho sesikweni.

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiBaker v. Carr (1962) samisela ukuba imibandela yokulungisa ityala ingaxoxwa ziinkundla zikarhulumente, ivule ucango lweengxaki zomthetho zokungalungisi. Oku kwalandelwa nguReynolds v. Sims (1964), owamisela "umntu omnye, uvoti omnye" umgaqo, ofuna ukuba imimandla yemithetho ibe nabemi abalinganayo. Ezi zigqibo zadala imiqobo ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni iphondo kodwa zangathethi ngqo ku-gerrymanling.

IVoing Rights Act ka-1965 kunye nezilungiso ezalandelayo zanikela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo kwiinjongo zokuzikhusela ezicalucalucalulo kwii-canvoans ezijongene neqela elincinane. Icandelo 2 loMthetho likwalela izenzo zokuvota ezicalucalucalucalulo ezicalulweyo ngokwezizizizizizinziso zohlanga, kwaye iinkundla zikutolike oku kuquka izicwangciso zokuhlaziya amandla okuvota okungaqali ncam. Noko ke, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiState County eScheunt eSyby County v. I-Raker (2003) yawisa imfuneko yokuba kubekho imigaqo ethile efuna imigaqo ethile enxulumene nekhethelo, ukuze kufumane uvukelo lwemithetho yokuvota, eyenza kube lula ngakumbi amanye amazwe asebenzisa iinjongo zokuhlaziya iinjongo zokuhlaziya ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Isigqibo sophawu lwemeko kaRucho v. Isigqibo esiQhelekileyo sango-2019 samela incopho enkulu yokuguqula isigwebo somthetho. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba i-gerrymandering ayiyiyo imigaqo yedemokhrasi kodwa iphikisane nemibuzo yezopolitiko yokuba iinkundla zephondo azinakukwazi ukuyicombulula, naxa iiplani zokuzinzi zibonisa ubungcatshi obugqithisileyo. IJaji enkulu uRoberts, ibhalela uninzi, ivuma ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-Garhenterba kungqubana nemigaqo yedemokhrasi kodwa iphikisa ukuba iinkundla zephondo azinakukwazi ukufikelela kwisigqibo xa iingcebiso ze-Rhosaster zihambe phambili.

Emva kwe-Rucho, ingqalelo ibhekiselwe kwiinkundla zorhulumente kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. Iinkundla ezininzi zelizwe ziye zagqiba kwelokuba ukuhlaliswa komgaqo-siseko worhulumente, ukubonelela enye indlela yeengxaki zomthetho. Ama-ogxamesi kuquka iPennsylvania, umNtla Carolina, ne-Ohio zibone iinkundla zawo eziphezulu zibetha iimaphu ezibekwe phantsi ngokwemimiselo yezomgaqo-siseko. Oku kuye kwenza ukuba umgangatho wesizwe ulwelo lwesizwe nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko lwamazwe lubaluleke ngakumbi ekulweni negerrymanning.

Imigudu Yotshintsho Neendlela Ezizezinye Zokuhlaziya

Ekubeni beqonda iingxaki ezibangelwa kukulungisa, abaguquli baye bacebisa baza basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa. Ezi nguqu zijolise ekususeni okanye ekunciphiseni ucalucalulo kwinkqubo yokulungisa nokudala ukhuphiswano oluninzi olumele abanyuli.

IiKhomishini zokuLungisa ezizimeleyo

Enye yezona ndlela zithandwayo zokuguqula iquka ukwenza iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokuzoba imida yesithili endaweni yokuvumela izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ukuba zilawule le nkqubo. Le misebenzi iquka amalungu asemaqulungwini amakhulu nazimeleyo okanye angenazo izikhuseli, kwaye asebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyenzelwe ukukhuthaza okusesikweni nokubonakala mhlophe.

I-Redifeliging Commission yaseCalifornia, eyamiselwa ngenyathelo lokuqala lokukhetha ngo-2008, inika umzekelo obalaseleyo woku kusebenza. Le khomishini inamalungu ali-14.(55 Democrates,5 Republicans, kunye nezine ukusuka kwiqela ngalinye) ezikhethwe kwinkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuba zifanelekile, abakhomi basemgadeni abangakhethi cala. Ikhomishini kufuneka ilandele iinketho ezithile xa izoba isithili, kuquka ukubandakanya ingingqi yenzala kunye nokwakha imimandla edityanisiweyo. Ngoxa i-Calfonians idia ithe yajongwa njengendawo elungileyo kunemidabi ye-yo yocawaterss.

IArizona, iMichigan, iColorado, namanye amazwe amisele imisebenzi ezimeleyo okanye exhomekeke ngokungephi ekwakhiweni ngezakhiwo nemithetho eyahlukeneyo. Uphando lucebisa ukuba le misebenzi idla ngokuvelisa imimandla ekhuphisanayo nengenalukhethe luninzi kuneemaphu ezitsalwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho, nangona impumelelo yayo ixhomekeke kwisakhiwo sayo esikhethekileyo kunye nomo-meko yezobupolitika apho isebenza khona.

Indlela Yokwamkelwa Kwemithetho Yomthetho Nezibalo

Abanye abaguquli baye bacebisa ukuba basebenzise i-algorithm yezibalo ukuzoba izithili ezisekelwe kwimilinganiselo yobundilele enjenge-compty, ukudibana, kunye nokuhlonela imida yezopolitiko ekhoyo. Ezi ndlela zobunzululwazi zijolise ekususeni ikhethe lomntu kwimigaqo yezibalo enenjongo kunokuthembela kwimigaqo yezopolitiko esekelwe kwezobupolitika.

Enye indlela esetyenziswayo ibandakanya ukusebenzisa i-algorithm yekhompyutha ukuvelisa amawaka okanye izigidi zeemaphu ezinokusetyenziswa ngokutsha ezihambelana neemfuno zomthetho, ngoko kukhethwa iimaphu ezanelisa kakuhle iindidi zobundilele. Enye indlela isebenzisa imilinganiselo yezibalo yokudibanisa kunye nezinye izinto ze-prografis ukuvavanya isithili esicetyiweyo, ukukhaba ezo zibonisa ubungqina bokusebenzisa i-algorithm. Ngoxa ezi ndlela zibonisa ukuba isithembiso, ziphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuba zeyiphi na imilinganiselo emele ibekwe kakuhle kwaye kulungelelaniswe njani na amaxabiso akhuphisanayo afana nokugcina intlalo kunye noluntu olunomdla.

Ukubonakala Kwabantu Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke

Ukwanda kokubonakala okucacileyo kwinkqubo yokulungisa kumele elinye iqhinga elibalulekileyo. Ngoku amaphondo amaninzi afuna ukuba amagosa ahlaziyayo agcine amava kawonke-wonke, amkele igalelo likawonke-wonke, awenze ugcino-lwazi oluhlaziyayo kunye neemaphu ezicetyiweyo zifumaneke kuluntu. Amanye amazwe avumela abemi ukuba bangenise iimaphu zabo ezicetyiweyo ukuze baqwalasele, bamisele inkqubo yokulungisa i-redicure kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba amazwi abantu bayaviwa.

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye benza ukuba ukuba inxaxheba kawonke-wonke ibe nokwenzeka kunanini na ngaphambili. Izixhobo zokuzoba imaphu zivumela abemi ukuba badwelise izindululo zabo zokwahlula-hlula nokuzibeka phantsi. Ii-database zikawonke-wonke zenza ukuba ugcino-lwazi olunogcino-lwazi olubomvu lufikeleleke kuye nabani na ononikezelo kwi-intanethi, hayi nje ii-internames ezinezibonelelo ezizodwa. Ezi zinyathelo zokubonisa ngaphaya kombane ziqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zenziwe ekuhleni kwaye zibekwe ekuhlolweni nguwonke wonke, zenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuzenzela ngaphandle kophatho loluntu.

Impembelelo Ekuphenjelelweni Kwezobupolitika

Ukulawula imimandla ekhuselekileyo ejongene nolawulo-melo lwezikhundla zephondo. Ngokudala imimandla ekhuselekileyo apho iqela elinye lilawula khona, ukuqhuba i-germander kunciphisa ukhuphiswano olunyuliweyo kwaye kuguqula iintshukumisa ezijongene namagosa anyuliweyo ngeendlela ezikhuthaza ukulalanisa okugqithiseleyo nokudimaza ukulalanisa.

Kwizithili ezithe tye, unyulo oluphambili lusoloko lubaluleke kakhulu kunonyulo jikelele. Ekubeni isithili sikhuselekile kwiqela elinye, ukhuphiswano lokwenene lubakho phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abasukela kulo maqela abakhuphisanayo ngemibutho yabo. Abanyuli abaphambili batyekela ekutyekeleni kakhulu kuneengcamango zokuvota ngokubanzi, njengoko inkoliso yabaxhasi beqela bebonke benokuba negalelo kwizinto eziphambili. Oku kwenza izikhuthazo ezikhuthaza abatshazi ukuba bafumane izikhundla eziphezulu ekubheneleni kwipopusi enkulu, benikela ekunyulweni kwepolanti.

Xa benyulwe kwisithili esikhuselekileyo, abamisi-mthetho abanazikhuthazo zincinane zokuthoba iindawo zabo okanye ukusebenza ngaphaya kwemigca yeqela. Ukhuseleko lwabo luxhomekeke ekulondolozeni inkxaso phakathi kwesiseko seqela labo, hayi ekubheneleni ekujikeni kovoti okanye amalungu eqela elichaseneyo. Oku kuthintela uhlobo lokulalanisa kunye nentsebenziswano ye-bipartisan efunekayo ukuze ulawulo luphumelele, ingakumbi kwimibandela ephikisanayo apho izikhundla zeqela zingqubana ngokuphawulekayo.

Ulwalamano phakathi kwe-gerrymandering kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali luntsonkothile kwaye luxakekisa phakathi kwezazinzulu zezobupolitika. Olunye uphando lucebisa ukuba igalelo lokuphelisa uthuli lithoba xa lithelekiswa nezinye izinto ezifana nokukhetha indawo, ulwahlulo-mali, kunye nokwenza utshintsho lwezimvo. Noko ke, nokuba i-gerrymanderngeng asiyo i-oyena mqhubi wentlalo, ngokucacileyo ikhuthaza intsingiselo ecacileyo kwaye yenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuguqula imbonakalo yazo ngokhuphiswano lokhetho.

Imiphumo Engokwezoqoqosho Nentlalo

Iziphumo zokunyuswa konyulo zidlulela ngaphaya kwezobupolitika ezikhethiweyo ukuphembelela inkqubo yezoqoqosho, iinkqubo zoluntu, kunye nophuhliso loluntu. Xa izithili zitsalelwa ukwandisa inzuzo yabaxhamli-mazwe kunokuba zimele imimandla engqinelanayo, umelo oluphumeleyo lungathetha ngokuphumelelayo ngeemfuno okanye izinto eziza kuqala.

Izithili ezithe tye ezithe tye zidla ngokwahlula izixeko, imimandla eqengqelekayo, okanye abamelwane ngendlela ekwahlulwa ngayo uluntu olunomdla. Isixeko sisenokuhlulwa phakathi kwesithili esininzi, ngasinye siquka amaphandle okanye ingingqi yedolophana, sinciphisa ilizwi lesixeko kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kunokwenza kube nzima kwimimandla yasezidolophini ukukhusela umgangatho ofanelekileyo kunye nobuncwane obufanelekileyo, imfundo, izithutho zikawonke wonke, nezinye izinto eziphambili. Ngokufanayo, abantu basemaphandleni bangazifumanisa behlukene phakathi kwemimandla emininzi ephantsi kwedolophu okanye kwedolophu, abavoti abaneziphaka eziphambili ezahlukeneyo.

Ukunqongophala kokhuphiswano lweziphakamiso ezithe tye kungazichaphazela inkqubo yezoqoqosho. Xa abamisi-mthetho beziva bekhuselekile kwizihlalo zabo, basenokungasabeli kwinkxalabo yezoqoqosho enjengenkxalabo yokwenziwa komsebenzi, ukuhlawulwa kwemali, okanye ukulawulwa kweshishini. Bangabeka inkcitho yemiqathango okanye ulawulo lwezikhundla zolawulo lwezilangazelelo zezoqoqosho kumazwe abo. Oku kungaphumela kwiinkqubo ezingabonisiyo iimeko zezoqoqosho okanye iimfuno zezoshishino.

Ulungiselelo lwenkonzo yentlalo lungachatshazelwa yi-gerrymaning. Izithili ezizongezelelweyo ukuze kungenelwe abaququzeleli zisenokungangqinelani nemimandla yoncedo lwendalo okanye abantu abahlala kunye neemfuno zoncedo lwentlalo. Oku kungenza ukuba kube nzima ukusingatha imigudu efana nokufikelela kwempilo, umgangatho wemfundo, ukukwazi ukubonelela ngemali, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwezindlu. Xa amaphondo owiso-mthetho engavumelani noluntu ekumele ukuba asebenze kulo, kuba nzima ukuphuhlisa nokuzalisekisa imigaqo esebenzayo ethetha ngeengxaki zasekuhlaleni.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngokugula

Ngelixesha ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kunxulumene kakhulu nezobupolitika zaseMelika, ezinye idemokhrasi ziye zaxabana neembambano ezifanayo zaza zaphuhlisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa uqikelelo. Uhlalutyo lwemisebenzi yezizwe ngezizwe lunika imbono exabisekileyo kwezinye iindlela zokuzoba imida enyuliweyo nokuthintela ukuphatha.

Ulawulo-melo oluninzi lwepalamente lusebenzisa iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokutsala imimandla ekhetha unyulo, isusa inkqubo ekulawuleni okuthe ngqo kwezobupolitika. I-United Kingdom, iKhanada, i-Australia ne-New Zealand zonke zisebenzisa iikhomishini ezizimeleyo ngemiqathango eyahlukeneyo kunye nemiyalelo. La masebe asebenza phantsi kwemigaqo-nkqubo esesikweni emisela imiba efana nokulingana kwabemi, imida yeendawo, nemida yoluntu kunokuba axhase abantu.

I-UK's Boundary Commissions, umzekelo, ngamaqumrhu kawonke-wonke azimeleyo ahlola nokutsala imida enxulumeneyo ngamaxesha athile. Asebenza phantsi kwemithetho emiselwe yiPalamente kodwa enza izigqibo zawo ngokwawo, ethetha ngokuzimeleyo, ejongene neemfuno zikawonke-wonke phambi kwemida egqibekileyo. Nangona engeyoyoyomnqali kwimpikiswano, le nkqubo idla ngokuphepha ukuxhatshazwa okugqithisileyo okubonwa kwamanye amazwe aseMerika.

Amanye amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo zomelo ezinciphisa okanye eziphelisa ukubaluleka kwemida yesithili. Kwezi nkqubo, amaqela afumana izihlalo zowiso-mthetho ngokuhambelana nesabelo sawo sovoti yesizwe okanye yengingqi, eyenza ukuba imigaqo yomelo yolwahlulo ingabalulekanga kakhulu. Ngoxa iinkqubo zolwahlulo zineenzuzo zazo nezingezizo, abonisa ukuba izithili ezimalungu elinye aziyondlela yokulungelelanisa umelo lwedemokhrasi kuphela.

IJamani isebenzisa inkqubo edityanisiweyo edibanisa izithili ezidityanisiweyo kunye nomelo olulungelelanisiweyo, izama ukuthatha iingenelo zazo zombini iindlela. Ivoter ziphosa iibhola ezimbini ``/enye kumncedisi wobulali kunye nenye yoluhlu lweqela, kwaye isakhiwo sonke sendlu yowiso-mthetho sibonakalisa uvotelo olulungelelanisiweyo ngexa igcinwa umelo lwengingqi. Le nkqubo yenza i-gerrmander engaphantsi kwesiphumo kuba ilungu lolwahlulo liqinisekisa ukuba umelo lomthetho lwamaqela luhambisana nesabelo sovotilitho lwawo kungakhathaliseki indlela imida yesithili etsalwa ngayo.

Ikamva Lokuhlaziya Nomelo

Njengoko sijonga kwimijikelo etshintshayo yexesha elizayo, iziphumo eziliqela kunye nenkqubela-phambili ziza kubumba indlela etsalwa ngayo imida yonyulo nendlela ebhekiswa ngayo. Ubalo-manani lwama-2020 kunye nokuphinda-phinda okulandelayo kunikezele ngemeko yovavanyo kwezi mpawu zilandelayo, kwaye iziphumo ziya kuphembelela ukumelelwa kweshumi leminyaka elizayo.

Ukuqhubekeka kobugcisa kungenza ulungiso lwazo zombini ezintsonkothileyo nezicace ngakumbi. Kwesinye isandla, abo bafuna uncedo lwabaququzeleli bazakuba nonikezelo kwizixhobo ezinamandla zokuphucula imida yesithili. Kwelinye icala, abaguquli namaqela ajongileyo ayakuba nezixhobo ezingcono zokufumana igerrymander kunye nokuvelisa ezinye iimaphu ezibonisa ufikelelo olufanelekileyo. Olu gqatso lwezixhobo zobugcisa luza kuqhubeka, ngamacala omabini avelisa amandla aphucukileyo.

Ukuqonda okuthe kratya koluntu ukuqokelela ipropati kunyuke ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuqhutywa ngamatyala aphezulu enkundla ye-profile, ukukhutshelwa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha, kunye namaphulo okulawula i-arhente. Oku kuqonda oku kugqithiseleyo kuye kwaguqulela kwisenzo sezobupolitika kwamanye amazwe, namanyathelo okuvotisi avumayo ukwenza iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokuzidipolisa okanye ukuseka iinkqubo ezintsha zokuzoba imimandla. Impumelelo yale migudu icebisa ukwanda kwenkcitho yoluntu kwiinkqubo zobulungisa zobulungisa, nangona inkcaso kwiinjongo ezingundoqo zezobupolitika ihlala iqinile.

Indima yeenkundla zikarhulumente kwimithetho yokwandiswa komthetho wobupolisa i-gerrymander iyakukhula ukulandela isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo eRucho. Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente kumaphondo amaninzi zibonise ukuvuma ukubetha iimaphu ezixhotyiswe ngokusekelwe kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko wesizwe, kwaye abameli basukela ukuhlaziywa komthetho-siseko ongezelelweyo. Ukuphuhliswa komthetho-siseko wesizwe ekuvuselelweni komgaqo-siseko kuyakuba ngummandla obalulekileyo wokugada, njengoko amaziko awahlukeneyo enokuthi avelise imilinganiselo neengenelo ezahlukeneyo.

Iinguqu zobuzwe ziya kuchaphazela utshintsho olunamandla. Ukuguqukela kwabantu kwimimandla yasedolophini nasedolophini, ukwanda kobuhlanga nobuzwe, kunye nokutshintsha kwesizukulwana kwizinto ezikhethwayo zezobupolitika konke kuchaphazela indlela ezinokutsalwa ngayo izithili kwaye ziziphi iindawo ezinamandla ezobupolitika. Ezi ngcamango zoluntu zingenza iindlela ezithile zokulawula amaxabiso aphantsi okanye zivelise amathuba amatsha okusebenzisa iziyobisi, kuxhomekeka kwindlela abaqhubana ngayo nenkxaso yezopolitiko.

Oko Abemi Banokukwenza Ngokusebenzisa Izaphuli - mthetho

Ngoxa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kuyingxaki entsonkothileyo, abemi ngabanye nabantu banokuthatha inyathelo elifanelekileyo lokulwa nokungalungisi nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo. Ukuqonda izinto ezikhoyo kunika abantu amandla okuba bangenelele ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yokulungisa izinto nokuxhasa utshintsho.

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokulungisa icandelo limele inyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo. Amaphondo amaninzi athetha ngoluntu apho abemi banokungqina khona ngezicelo ezidityanisiweyo, ukwabelana ngolwazi ngoluntu, kunye nokuxhasa iindlela ezithile zokuzoba isithili. Ukuya kwezi ndlebe, ukunikela amagqabaza abhaliweyo, okanye ukukhuthaza ezinye iimaphu kuvumela abemi ukuba babe negalelo elingqalileyo kwindlela ezitsalwa ngayo izithili zabo. Nokuba amagqabaza ngamanye amazwe angawutshintshi umphumo wokugqibela, ukubophelela kukawonke wonke kungaphembelela ukuphembelela izigqibo ezizigqibileyo nokuyila ingxelo yeencwadi zokhetho lwengingqineno.

Ixhasa imigudu yokuguqula iinguqu inika enye indlela yokwenza. Imibutho emininzi isebenza ekuguquleni umgangatho wesizwe nombuso, ikhuthaza ulawulo oluzimeleyo, iinkqubo ezicace gca, kunye nemigaqo elungileyo yokuzoba isithili. Iintlangano ezinjenge Common Part, uManyano lwaMasipala Ooters, kunye noFairVote isebenza kule miba, inkxaso yesisa, iminikelo, kunye neengca. Ukubandakanya nezi ntlanga-ntle zombutho ziphakamisa amazwi omntu ngamnye kwaye zinegalelo kwimibutho eguqula iinguqulelo.

Amanyathelo ebhola anikezela ngendlela ecacileyo yokulungisa utshintsho kwiimeko ezivumela amanyathelo ahlaziyiweyo abemi. Iivoter kumazwe amaninzi zivumile inyathelo lokuyila ikomishini yokufaka unciphiso oluzimeleyo okanye ukuseka iinkqubo ezintsha zokudibanisa utyikityo. Ukuxhasa imigudu yokudibanisa utyikityo, ukuxhasa iphulo lotshintsho, kunye nokuvota ukunyuka amanyathelo xa zivela kwibholoti ingavelisa iinguqu zekonkcenkceshela kwindlela ezizotywa ngayo imimandla.

Ukufundisa abanye ngokuqhuba ingeniso kunceda ukwakha uphando lukawonke-wonke kunye nokuxhasa utshintsho. Abantu abaninzi abaqondi indlela yokulungisa imisebenzi okanye indlela echaphazela ngayo umelo lwabo. Ukubelana ngenkcazelo emalunga nokuqhubana nabahlobo, intsapho, kunye namalungu oluntu, ukubhalela amaphephandaba asekuhlaleni iileta, okanye ukusebenzisa ijenali yezentlalo ukugxininisa imiba efuna ulawulo-melo. Abantu abaninzi bayayiqonda i-gerrymanning, okuya kuba nzima ukuba abezobupolitika babandakanye norhintyelo olugqithisileyo ngaphandle kokujongana noluntu ngaphandle kokuphazamisa uwonke wonke.

Ukuhlola iinkqubo zokulungisa nokugcina amagosa ebeke ityala kumele olunye uhlobo olubalulekileyo lokuganana kwesizwe. Ukunikela ingqalelo kwindlela ezizotywa ngayo izithili, ukuthelekisa iimaphu kwezinye iindlela ezingathathi-nxaxheba, nokubiza igalelo elicacileyo lidala uxinzelelo lokulungisa okufanelekileyo. Ukuqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo ukuze avakalise inkxalabo ngokulungisa, ukubuza abathathi-nxaxheba ngezikhundla zabo ekuguquleni, nokukhupha umqondiso wokuvota kubefundisi abafuna ukuchaza intelekelelo elungileyo.

Ukuqonda Amayeza: Indlela Yokubona Intsholongwane

Ukuqaphela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kufuneka uqonde imilinganiso neempawu ezicebisa ukuba izithili zisetyenziswe ukuze kungenelwe abalawuli. Ngelixesha kungekho mlinganiselo unye ungqina ngokuqinisekileyo igerrymandering, izixhobo eziliqela zenkcitho zingatyhila imilinganiselo ekrokrelayo efuna ukuxilongwa ngokusondeleyo.

Umgama olungileyo ulinganisa indlela ephumelelayo ngayo imivoti yeqela ngalinye eguqulelwa kwizihlalo. Kwinkqubo elungileyo, omabini amaqela kufuneka "aphose" phantse amanani alinganayo evoti ````''''' aphoswe ukuphulukana nabavuli-mali okanye amavoti ngaphaya koko kufunekayo ukuze baphumelele. Xa elinye iqela lichitha ivoti eninzi kakhulu kunenye, licebisa ukuba imimandla iye yazakhelwe ukunika eloqela uncedo. Isithuba esikhulu sibonisa ukuba elinye iqela liphumelele iphondo ngemidaba elimxinwa ngemida encinane ngelinye iqela liphumelela ngemida emikhulu, ipateni ehambisana nokucwikisha nokupakisha.

Partisan symmetry uhlola ukuba ulwalamano phakathi kwevoti nezihlalo luyafana kumaqela omabini. Kwindlela yokukhetha, ukuba iQela A lamkela uX% wevoti, kufuneka liwine ngokufutshane inani lezihlalo ezifanayo neqela B eliza kuwina nge X% yevoti. Ngokubalulekileyo i- aymmetry . apho iqela elinye lifuna isabelo esiphezulu sokuvota kunabanye ukuzuza inani elifanayo lezihlalo.

Imilinganiso yokuhlanganisa ivavanya ubume bengingqi yesithili. Ngexa izithili ezidityanisiweyo zingasoloko zilungile, imimandla engahambelaniyo nengafaniyo nengaqhelekanga isoloko ibonakalisa ukuxhatshazwa. Iimilinganiselo ezahlukeneyo zezibalo zokudityaniswa kwe-popur, kuquka i-Polsby-Popper yenqaku neReock, ezithelekisa indawo yesithili neperimeter yayo okanye kwisangqa esincinci kakhulu esinokuyiqulatha. Imimandla eneengxelo ezincinci ezidityanisiweyo zifanele ziqwalaselwe ukufumanisa ukuba imbonakalo yayo isebenza kakuhle okanye ibonisa iinjongo ezifanelekileyo okanye igerrymanling.

Ukuthelekisa iimaphu ezifakelwe kwikhompyutha esetyenziswayo kunika ubungqina obunamandla bobukho be-gerrymanider. Abaphandi bangavelisa amawaka eemaphu ezihlaziyayo ezihambelana neemfuno zomthetho ngexa belandela iinketho zobundilele, besenza usasazo lweziphumo ezinokwenzeka. Ukuba imaphu emiselweyo yi-afrigitation-asts eneziphumo ezinqabileyo okanye ezingenakuvela kwiimaphu ezingathathi cala. Le ndlela isetyenziswa ngokuqhinga. Le ndlela isetyenziswe kwiimeko zenkundla ukubonisa ukuba iimaphu zithanda ukubonakala zingenakubonwa njengezinto ezinokwenzeka ngethuba.

Ukuhlolisisa indlela izithili ezahlula ngayo imida ekhoyo yezobupolitika kungabonisa ukuqhekeka. Ngoxa ukwahlulwa kolwahlulo lwamazwe, izixeko, okanye amanye amazwe kungaphepheki, ukwahlukana okugqithisileyo kusoloko kubonisa ukuba ingqwalasela yolwahlulo ingaphezulu kwentlonelo kuluntu olukhoyo. Imimandla yesithili leyo inyoka ngemithetho emininzi, idibanisa iindawo ezihlukeneyo ngelixesha uthintelo oluqhelekileyo, ibonisa ukwenziwa kweemaphu ezichaseneyo kunokuba kwenziwe umgudu ukugcina uluntu lukunye.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Kwemilo Ebolileyo Neegesi

Ukwenziwa kwe-Gerrymander kukho kwimikhwa emininzi enokuthintela umvoti ukubandakanyeka nokugqwetha umelo lwedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda indlela i-gerrymander enxulumene ngayo nezinye iintlobo zokucinezelwa kovoti kunika umongo obalulekileyo wokucombulula le mingeni idibeneyo.

Ngelixesha imida yesithili elawulayo ilawula imida yokuthoba amandla okuvota, ezinye iindlela zokucinezela zijolise okanye zidimanise abantu ekuvotini ngokupheleleyo. Iimfuno ze-ID ezingqongqo, ezisikelwe umda wamathuba okuvota, ukuvota, ukuvota, ukurhoxa komvoti, nemiqathango yokuvota ingenza ukuba zonke zinciphise ukujika, ingakumbi phakathi kwabambalwa, ukungena phantsi, kunye nokuvota okuncinane. Xa zidityaniswe nokuvota okuncinane, ezi ndlela zinokudibanisa iziphumo zabo, zikwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuba amaqela angakholiswangafunwayo ukuze afumane umelo olulungileyo.

Kwanabadlali bezobupolitika abangenelwayo ekuxhaseni ukucinezelwa kwevoti rhoqo, kwaye ezi ndlela zimbini zingaqinisana. Oku kungenza izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo zowiso-mthetho ezivumela abezobupolitika ukuba baxhase ukucinezelwa kwemiqathango yokuvota engathandwayo ngaphandle kokujongana neziphumo zonyuso. Ngokuchasene noko, unyanzelo lomvoti lunganceda ekulondolozeni amandla ezobupolitika afunekayo ukulawula ukupheka nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho elawula. Oku kuzenza umjikelo wokuzimisela ngokwawo umjikelezo wokuzixhasa okungathandwayo okubangela ukuba uxhase amandla ezobupolitika kwaye kuyenze kube nzima ngakumbi utshintsho.

Zombini ukuthomalalisa kunye nokucinezela abavoti ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kuchaphazela abantu abambalwa, kuphakamisa inkxalabo enzulu ngokulinganayo ngokobuhlanga ekumelweni kwezobupolitika. Iindlela zembali zocalulo ekuvoteni ziyaqhubeka ziphembelela uqheliselo lwangoku, kwaye ukuthomalalisa koMthetho wamaLungelo kukwenze kwaba lula ukuzalisekisa zombini izithili eziphelisiweyo kunye nemithetho yokuvota. Ukuphendula le miba kufuna ukuqaphela ukudibana kwazo nokusukela utshintsho olubanzi olukhusela amalungelo okuvota nokuqinisekisa ukuba kumelelwa kobulungisa.

Isiphelo: Indlela Engaphambili Yomelo Olulungileyo

Ukwenziwa kwe-Gerrymander kumela ucelomngeni olungundoqo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukugqwetha umelo nokuphosa umgaqo wokuba abavoti kufuneka bakhethe abameli babo kunokuba babuyele emva. Lo mkhwa uguqukele ukusuka kusetyenziso olungaqhelekanga ukuya kubuchule obuntsonkothileyo bedata obulungelelaniswayo, uyenza ibe luncedo kakhulu kwaye ibe nzima kunanini na ngaphambili. Ukuqonda indlela yokulwa, ukwamkela iindlela zayo ezahlukeneyo, nokuqonda iziphumo zayo ezifikelela kude kungamanyathelo okuqala abalulekileyo ekucombululeni le ngxaki engapheliyo.

Impembelelo yokulawula idlulela kude ngaphaya kweziphumo zonyulo ukuchaphazela iziphumo zenkqubo, ukwenziwa kwemimandla yezobupolitika, ukulawulwa kwesizwe, kunye nokulawulwa kwedemokhrasi. Xa izithili zitsaleleka ekumiseleni iziphumo, abavoti bayadimazeka, ukhuphiswano luyaphela, kwaye abameli abakwazi kubonakalisa ukhetho lokwenyaniso lwabemi, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimigaqo-nkqubo engqubana nolusuka kwiimbono zikawonke wonke nokuphelelwa kokuthembana kwamaziko edemokhrasi.

Imigudu yotshintsho inika ithemba kwiinkqubo zokulungisa ezithe tye. Iikhomishini ze-endex, iinkqubo ezicace gca, iindlela zezibalo, kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko worhulumente zonke zinika iindlela ezinokwenzeka ekunciphiseni usetyenziso lwezikhundla kunye nokwenza isithili esinceda abantu abalunge ngakumbi. Nangona kungekho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, ubungqina bucebisa ukuba utshintsho olumiselwe kakuhle lungaphucula ngokuphawulekayo ulungiso lokuncitshiswa komdla kwaye luvelise unyulo oluthe lulungela ukhuphiswano, oluvelayo lwabameli.

Ikamva lokulungisa imimandla liya kuxonxwa yinkqubela-phambili yobugcisa eqhubekayo, ejikelezisa imilinganiselo yomthetho, iinguqu zamanani, kunye nokuganana kwabantu. Abami banamathuba amaninzi okuphembelela iziphumo zokubomvu nokukhuthaza utshintsho, ukusuka ekubeni nenxaxheba ekuchongeni abantu ukuya ekuxhaseni amanyathelo okugcina amagosa ebeke ityala. Ukwakha ukuphandle nolawulo lwezopolitiko kuhlala kubaluleke, njengoko izilangazelelo ezizinzileyo zingenelwa kwimeko yobume kwaye zixhathisa iinguqu ezisenokusongela iingenelo zabo zezobupolitika.

Ekugqibeleni, ukuthetha nge-gerrymander kufuna ukuzinikela okuqinileyo kubemi, abahlaziyi, kunye neenkokeli zobupolitika ezibeka imilinganiselo esesikweni kuncedo lwabathathi-nxaxheba. Ucelomngeni lubalulekile, kodwa izibonda `esona sibalulekileyo nempilo yolawulo lwedemokhrasi'. Ngokuqonda i-gerrymanndering, ukuqonda iingozi zayo, nokusebenza ngokubhekiselele ekuguquleni okunentsingiselo, singasondela kwinkqubo yezobupolitika emela bonke abemi kwaye isabela kwiimfuno zabo nezinto abazithandayo. Umelo olufanelekileyo asingombandela nje wobuchule bokuzoba nemigca edwelwayo kwiimaphu.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngotshintsho oluqulunqweyo kunye nokubandakanyeka kwimigudu yokulawula, imibutho enjenge iBrennan Center yeJaji inikela ubuncwane obuninzi, uphando, kunye namathuba okuthembisana. Umlo nxamnye negerrymaning uyaqhubeka, kwaye uxelelwe, abemi abathenjiswe i-ofisi bahlala bekho nawona mandla anamandla okudala i-fashoni, idemokhrasi emele i-demokhrasi efanelwe ngabo bonke abemi.