Umlo wehlabathi lonke nxamnye nobugrogrisi uye watshintsha ngokunzulu imigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya, imigaqo esemthethweni, kunye neempembelelo zentlalo kumazwe angamashumi amathathu eminyaka adluleyo. Ngoxa injongo ephambili yokukhusela abemi kugonyamelo, ukuphunyezwa kwabo kudla ngokubangela iziphumo ezifikelela kude zenkululeko yamakhaya, ulwalamano loluntu, kunye nenkcazo yolawulo-demokhrasi. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi, indaleko, kunye nempembelelo eninzi enxulumene nenkqubo yamakhaya nebutho labantu, isebenzisa imizekelo engokwembali kunye nengxoxo yanamhlanje.

Imvelaphi Nendaleko Yokuchasa UbuGqirha

Iindlela zokulwa nobunqolobi azizange zivele zingenandawo. Imigudu yokuqala eyayijoliswe kulwamkelo lwamaqela athile, njenge-Baader-Meinhof Gang eNtshona Jamani okanye iRed Brigades eItali ebudeni bee-1970 kunye nama-1980. Noko ke, isikali kunye nokufikelela kwehlabathi lonke kobugrogrisi bale mihla kwatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo emva komhla kaSeptemba 11, 2001 ukuhlasela eUnited States. Eso siganeko sabangela ukwanda okungazange kubonwe kubonwe kumthetho wokhuseleko, intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nomkhosi.

I-United States yakhawuleza yadlulisela ugunyaziso lokusebenzisa umkhosi waBangamkhosi (AMF) kunye noMthetho we-USA PATRIOT, owandisa amandla okuhlola, wadalula imiqathango yokwabelana ngobulumko, kwaye wadala amacandelo amatsha asemthethweni ababanjwa. Amanye amazwe alandela isuti: iUnited Kingdom yawisela umthetho wobuGrogrisi 2006, i-Australia yawudlulisa uMthetho ochasene ne-Trogrisism 2005, kwaye iKhwebela iKnothi ye-Anti-Troyistism ngo-2001, inkqubo eqalisiweyo yavela ukuchaza izisongelo ezinjenge-injini, i-groggnthe, kunye nohlaselo oluqhelekileyo.

IBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo lamkela iResolution 1373, la mazwe anyanzelisa ukuba anyanzele abanqolobi ukuba baxhase ngemali, baxhase ubuchule bokwabelana ngentlawulo, baqinise ulawulo lwemida.

Ukufuna Ukhuseleko Olulingayo

Uphawu oluchazayo lwasemva kwe-99/11 ubugrogrisi obuchasene nomthetho kukutshintshwa ukusuka kukhuseleko oluza kukhutshwa kwangaphambili. Oorhulumente baqalisa ukugxininisa ulawulo lobukrelekrele, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, nokujongwa kwabantu bonke kunokuba bakrokrelelwe nje ngabanye. Oku kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba "ngumgaqo oqhelekileyo" kwinkqubo yokhuseleko, kukhokelela kulwandiso lwamandla okuthobela umthetho ngaphandle kokuvelela okulawula. Umzekelo, urhulumente waseFransi wongxamiseko emva kohlaselo lwe-15 lwe-Paris ukuvumela ukubamba ngaphandle kokuphatha, ukuphendla okungenagunya, nokuvalwa kwezithuba zikawonke wonke.

Imilinganiselo yokuthintela ubunqolobi obusetyenziswa ngentsimbi kunye nemilinganiselo yokulwa namanani

Njengoko amaqela abanqolobi asebenzisa izixhobo zobugcisa ukuze afumane inkxaso, iingcamango, kunye nokuceba ukuhlasela, imigudu yokulwa nobunqolobi eyanwenwa kwikhompyutha. I-Programments njenge-Arhente yoKhuseleko yeSizwe yase-U.S. kunye ne-UK Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) zavelisa amandla okuhlola unxibelelwano olukwi-intanethi, ukuphazamisa ukuququlunqwa kokugqithisa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemijelo yendlela esetyenziselwa ukuxhasa imali. I-GU.

Isiphumo

I-otherobithi iwuguqule kakhulu inkqubo yasekhaya kwiingingqi ezininzi, ngezantsi, kwisebe, kwisebe lezolawulo, nakwimali. Amazwe amaninzi aseka inkonzo ezinikezelweyo, imikhosi yomsebenzi, kunye namaqumrhu agunyaziswe ngokukhethekileyo ngokuchasene nemikhosi yobunqolobi. La maqela asoloko esebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlulweyo kunye nohlolo lukawonke wonke olulinganiselweyo, olunokuphelisa ukuphendula ityala ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Umthetho Nokwanda Kwamandla Alawulayo

Umthetho we-USA PATRIOT usenokuba ngowona mzekelo ubalulekileyo wendlela umthetho ochasene nezenzo zobuphekula owandisiweyo ngayo igunya elilawulayo. Wavumela amaqumrhu akrelekrele ukuba afikelele kwiingxelo zeshishini, aqhube ii-wap, kwaye asebenzise iNational Security Letts ukufumana ugcino-lwazi ngaphandle kwemvume yenkundla. Imithetho efanayo kwamanye amazwe, efana nenkqubo engekho mthethweni yaseIndiya (Prevention), uMthendeleko weKracristism, kunye namandla e-Jamani anwebekileyo e-BKA, yanika amapolisa ukubamba nokuphendla. Amaqela enkululeko yamakhaya asoloko ephikisa le mithetho, ephikisa ukuba ayibeka phantsi inkqubo efunekayo kwaye abangela amathuba okuxhatshazwa.

EUnited States, uMthetho we-USA Freedom ka-2015 uqengqeleka uqokelelo lwemida emininzi yemetadata kodwa ugcinwe amandla amaninzi okuhlola. Ingxoxo ibonisa ukuxinezeleka okuqhubekayo: ngelixa isisongelo siguquka, isakhiwo somthetho esicetyelwe ukumelana nazo sisoloko sisongezela okanye siphaphazamile.

Imfundo Nento Efihlakeleyo

Enye yezona ndawo zilwayo zomthetho wokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho yiyokusetyenziswa koophando oluninzi. Iinkqubo ezifana ne-PRISM kaNontlalontle wase-U.S., i-UK’s Tempora, kunye ne-"Plan Vigiparate" ziqokelele imiqulu emikhulu yefowuni kunye ne-intanethi yogcino-lwazi. Abaxhasi baphikisayo baphikisa ukuba ezi zixhobo ziyimfuneko ekufumaneni amaqhinga ngaphambi kokuba zenzeke, bacaphula amatyala afana nokukhutshwa kwenqwelo-moya ezithengiswa ngo-2006. Abagxeki, noko, babonisa ukungaphumeleli okuncinane ekuthinteleni ubugrogrisi ngeli obu bobu bugciphelo obunje obunje bemi baninzi kunye nokuqhankca.

Inkundla yezobulungisa yaseYurophu iye yaphelisa ulawulo lwezibonelelo ze-data olugunyazisa ukugcina i-data yothungelwano, ifumana ukuba zingahambelani namalungelo obuqu phantsi kweNdibano yama-[FLT: 0] yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu. EUnited States, i-ACLU iphumelele uvavanyo olucelw' umngeni olungagunyaziswanga. Ezi zingenelelo zomthetho zibalaselisa ukhuphiswano phakathi kokhuseleko kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.

Injongo kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokuchasa ubuphekula ikwayiguqula imikhwa yokuvalelwa. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.Gaantánamo Bay, eyamiswa ngo-2002, ibonisa ukuxinezeleka phakathi kokhuseleko nomthetho. I-Detaines yabanjwa iminyaka emininzi ngaphandle kokuvavanywa, yavavanywa ukuphucula ubuchule bokuncinwa kwe-athority, yaza yakha yangavunyelwa ukuba i-Habeas corpus. Ngelixesha iNkugqibela kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho ukuba ababanjiweyo banokuvavanywa, inkampu ihlala ivulekile. Izenzo ezifanayo zivele kwenye indawo: imiyalelo yolawulo ye-UK yaye kamva i-UK i-Terverivery ne-Action (TPIM) zilinganisa inyathelo kunye nokunxibelelana nabanqolaniswa nabagqeqesi abarhaneyo ngaphandle kwezaphuli-mthetho.

Le migaqo iphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko ngokuphathelele ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala elifanelekileyo nelokuba kuthethw ’ ukuba akukho tyala.

Iziphumo Ezibangelwa Bubuso

Ngaphandle kwamabala asemthethweni nasemthethweni, ubunqolobi bunemiqathango enzulu engokwentlalo. Bulolonga isimo sengqondo sikawonke wonke, buguqule ulwalamano lwabantu, kwaye buphembelela indlela abantu abaqhubana ngayo norhulumente kunye nomnye.

Ukuqhatha Nokunyelisana Kobuhlanga

Umlinganiselo wokhuseleko uxhomekeke kunqulo, ubuhlanga, okanye kwimvelaphi yesizwe. Ukuvavanywa kweenkqubo zenqwelo-moya, imiqathango ye-vsa, kunye nokumiswa kwamapolisa ngokungaqhelekanga kuye kwajolisa kuluntu lwamaSilamsi kunye nabantu bomnombo we-Mpuma ephakathi okanye kuMzantsi Asia. Umzekelo, inkqubo yokunqanda i-UK's Pretect ifuna abasebenzi becandelo likawonke-wonke ukuba baxele abantu abarhanelwa ukupheliswa, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizikhalazo zokuba amaSilamsi athelwe ngokungafanelekanga. EUnited States, ukuvalwa kohambo kwamazwe amaninzi angamaSilamsi-majorian, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho imingeni esasazelo neyo esemthethweni.

Oku kuhlazisa kungakhuthaza ukwahlukana nokungathembani kumagunya, ngokudidayo kuthob'amalungu asekuhlaleni afuna ukukhusela ubuphekula. Uhlolisiso lufumanise ukuba ucalulo lunyusa umngcipheko wokonyuswa, kudala intsebenziswano apho iinkqubo zokhuseleko ezinzima zinokunyusa isisongelo abafuna ukusiphikisa.

Ubandakanyeko Loluntu Nenkqubo Zokwenza Utyando

Ukuphendula ezinye zezi zixhobo zinamandla, oorhulumente abaninzi baye bafaka iliso kwizenzo zobuphekula ezisetyenziswa ngabantu. Iinkqubo ezifana ne-U.S. "Ukwakha uResilience Against Goldern Extremism" (BRAVE), inkqubo yeSiqhagamshelanisi seUK, kunye nemodeli ye-Aarhus ejongene nongenelelo lwangaphambili, ukucebisa, kunye nenkxaso yentlalo kubantu abasengozini yokonakalisa. Ezi nkqubo zigxininisa ukudibana nemibutho yasekuhlaleni, iinkokeli zonqulo, kunye neengcali zempilo zengqondo.

Uhlolo lubonise iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo. Ngelixesha imodeli ye-Aarhus inconyelwe ngokucutha ukuphinde iphinde idibanise ababesakuba ngamagxalaba, inkxalabo ngokudibanisa umsebenzi wentlalo kunye nokuhlanganisana kobuntlola kuyaqhubeka. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ezi nkqubo zingenza uluntu luphela kunye nengcinezelo yabantu ukuba bazise omnye komnye.

Uphando lwamajelo eendaba kunye nolungokwabantu

Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni ukuqondwa koluntu ngobugrogrisi kunye nobugrogrisi. Ingxelo ye-oatyraficist, ingakumbi emva kokuhlasela okukhulu, ingakhulisa uloyiko nenkxaso yee-draconian ezithe zathathwa. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ubundixesha obuphanda buye babhenca ukuxhatshazwa, njengokusetyenziswa kokuthuthunjiswa kwiindawo ezimnyama ze-CIA okanye ukujongwa kwabelelwa kweentatheli kunye nabaxhasi.

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lwahluka kumazwe ngamazwe. EUnited States, uhlolisiso lubonisa inkxaso eqhubekayo yokuhlola kodwa lukwabonisa ukuxhalabela ngakumbi inkululeko yabemi. EYurophu, isimo sengqondo siyathandabuza, ingakumbi emva kokuvuza ngokudibana kobulumko kunye nokugcinwa kogcino-lwazi. Olu mahluko lunika ingqwalaselo yemigaqo ekhethwayo kwaye lubalaselisa ukubaluleka kwengxoxo ekhanyayo.

Indima yobuntlola Kwiinkqubo Zobunqolobi Basekhaya

Amaziko obugcisa aye agxininisa ngakumbi kwimicimbi yasekhaya ngenxa yokulwa nobunqolobi. Phambi kweye-9/11, abameli abafana neFBI ne-MI5 bajolise ingqalelo ngokuyintloko kwiinkcubeko zamanye amazwe okanye kwiingozi ezithile. Namhlanje, baqokelela inkcazelo kubemi, basebenzisane namapolisa asekuhlaleni, babelane ngeenkampani zabucala ezinjengeenkampani zobugcisa kunye namaziko emali.

La malungiselelo athe awenza bhabhathane umgca phakathi komntu wasemzini nowasekhaya. Iinkqubo zomthetho ezifana noMthetho wobuNcutshe baMasipala ase-U.S. uBuntlola bamazwe angaphandle (FISA) ziye zalungiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuvumela ukujongwa kwasekhaya ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba ixhoba ligqalwa njenge "iqela lombuso wangaphandle". Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ingcaciso ibanzi, ibandakanya iintatheli, amagqwetha amalungelo abantu, kunye nabaxhasi bezopolitiko. umanyano olungenisa uphando olunzulu lokusebenza kobuntlola, hayi ukuba ngoxa inokuthi iyakwazi ukunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, ikwanyusa ulawulo.

Ukulawula nokuphendula

Uphatho lophatho lwe-Robustt lubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukuxhatshazwa kwenkcazelo. Amaqumrhu azimeleyo, anjenge-U.S. uphengululo oluzimeleyo kunye neNkululeko ye-onkitha ePhakamileyo okanye iKhomishoni ye-UK ye-Pintegionation Powers, adalelwa ukunikela uphando. Noko ke, ukuphumelela kwawo kuye kwabuzwa: akusoloko kungekho lungeko ukufumana ulwazi lwahlula ulwazi, asebenza nabasebenzi abalinganiselweyo, kwaye ajongene nengcinezelo yezopolitiko. Ukuqinisa la maqela ngokuyalela ukuchonga, ukunikela ingxelo kwimithetho yowiso, kunye nokukhusela impempetho kwimibutho ekhuthaza amalungelo abantu enjenge- ACU[FLT] kunye ne-AMERIst International.

I-Drobesm eLawulayo kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo wokuGqaba

Omnye ummandla obalulekileyo ochaphazelekayo ochaphazelekayo yinkqubo yokuthintela ubunqolobi kukufuduka. Amazwe amaninzi aneemfuno eziqinileyo zemvume yokubhaliswa, ukugxothwa okuthe kwanda kumabala okhuseleko esizwe, kunye nokurhoxiswa kobumi bobuhlanga obubini obubandakanyekileyo ekuvalweni kobugrogrisi. Ukungavunyelwa kohambo e-U.U.S.''''' "ukusingqongileyo", kunye nokungafunwa kwabantu ababonwa njengomngcipheko wobugqhinga kubonakalisa indlela ngoku ecacileyo edityaniswe ngayo imidabi.

Le nkqubo ingenza uburhulumente, iintsapho ezahlukeneyo, kunye nokudimaza abo bafuna indawo yokhuseleko ekusabeni kwiindawo ezingquzulanayo. I-UNHCR ilumkise ukuba ukuchaza bonke abafuni bekhusi abasuka kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo njengezinto ezisemngciphekweni eziphazamisa ukhuseleko lweembacu. Ngaphezu koko, uphando lubonisa ukuba imithetho ethintelayo yokufuduka ayibunciphi ubugrogrisi kodwa isenokunyusa izikhalo phakathi kwabantu abahlala kwii-diaspora.

Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuseleko Nenkululeko Yabemi

Ingxaki engundoqo yezobuphekula kukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ngaphandle kokuncama inkululeko echaza imimandla yedemokhrasi. Akukho ndlela yoluntu ngokubanzi; ilizwe ngalinye kufuneka lihambele phambili kwizithethe zalo ezisemthethweni, inkcubeko yezobupolitika, kunye nemekobume esongelayo. Noko ke, imigaqo emininzi ingakhokela ngokunempumelelo nokuhlonela amalungelo:

  • Iprojekthi: Imilinganiselo kufuneka ijoliswe, iyimfuneko, kwaye ilinganiselwe kubungakanani. Ukhangelo lwento engasetyenziswanga okanye uvalelo ngaphandle kokukrokra komntu ngamnye ayiyi kuphumelela uvavanyo lomlinganiselo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umahluko: [ Oorhulumente kufuneka batyhile ulwazi oluninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka malunga neenkqubo zabo zobuphekula, phantsi kwemiqathango esemthethweni yokhuseleko. Isithulelo sibangela ukungathembani.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukulawula okuqulethweyo: iinkundla ezizimeleyo kufuneka zibe namandla okugunyazisa okanye ukugatya izigqibo zolawulo kunye nokuvalelwa, kunye nenkqubo yokubhena ngamandla.
  • I- I-Canvoltion: i-Priciation kufuneka iphuhliswe ekubuzeni nabantu abachaphazelekayo, hayi ababekwe ukusuka phezulu. Isivumelwano sakha ukuthembana kwaye siphucula ubukrelekrele.
  • [[FLT: 0] Clauss: Amandla okwexeshana ongxamiseko kufuneka aphele ngaphandle kokuba avunywe kwakhona yindlu yowiso-mthetho emva kwengxoxo kawonke-wonke.

Amazwe afana neKhanada neNew Zealand asandul' ukuguqula imithetho yawo elwa nobuphekula ukuze aquke ukhuseleko olunamandla lwamalungelo abantu, ebonisa ukuba utshintsho luyenzeka. Impembelelo yasekhaya yezenzo zobuphekula ayisositrato sinye esihambayo, ingabunjwa kukungalawuleki, ukuphenjelelwa kwedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Impembelelo yokulwa nenkqubo yobuphekula yasekhaya kunye nebutho labantu inde yaye ihlala ihleli. Ibhale kwakhona imigaqo-siseko esemthethweni, ilungelelaniswe amaqumrhu karhulumente, kwaye iguqula ubomi bemihla ngemihla bezigidi. Engundoqo wayo, inkcaso ihlala ifana: indlela yokukhusela idemokhrasi ngaphandle kokuyitshabalalisa. Ezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokulwa nobuphekula zezo zigcina intembelo kawonke-wonke, ukuhlonela amalungelo asisiseko, kunye nokuziqhela ukutshintsha izisongelo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Njengoko ukuhlasela komzimba kuqhubekeka ukusukela kwi-intanethi kunye nemiqobo eyingozi exubeneyo, imfuneko yokusebenzisana nobungqina obusekelwe kuyo ayizange igxeke. Ukuqhubeka kwengxoxo phakathi koorhulumente, uluntu, kunye nabantu kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukulondolozwa kokhuseleko akufikeli kwiindleko zethu zokuzibo.