Ukukhetha Kwakho Impembelelo Ehlala Ihleli Kumalungelo Abafuduki

Ulwalamano phakathi kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kunye negunya lomgangatho karhulumente ekufudukeni belisoloko likhuphisana kumthetho waseMerika. Kwintliziyo yale nto inamandla lukho imfundiso [[FLT: 0]] ekhethe ukuququzelelwa , inkqubo esemthethweni eye yandisa amalungelo asisiseko ukusuka kuRhulumente wamalungelo orhulumente ukuya kurhulumente kurhulumente ongaphaya koMphetho-nyaka we-14. Abaphambukeli, abanesimo sabo sibabeka kufutshane nombuso, abakhethayo baye bangqinela ukuba yinkuselo engqongqo ekuphatheni idiski kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuqonda le mfundiso kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela umthetho wangoku wokusebenza korhulumente wokufuduka noluntu ngenkululeko, nendlela iinkundla eziye zakha umgangatho wokukhusela abantu bonke abasebenza phakathi kweUnited States, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabami baseburhulumenteni.

Isiseko Sokulungelelana Okukhethiweyo

I-FLT:0] ayingomthetho omnye kodwa imfundiso yezomthetho eyaphuhliswa kangangamashumi eminyaka ngesigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo. Yavela ekuqapheleni ukuba iBhili yamaLungelo, eyayihloselwe kuqala kuphela ukumisela igunya likarhulumente, kufuneka inyanzelise oorhulumente. Inqwelo yokuyandisa ingu Faurteen Demendition , egunyazisiweyo ngo1868, ekwalela ukuhluza nawuphi na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo iprojelo lomthetho kwaye iqinisekisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Ngenkqubo ye-STy Proces Clausces, iNkundla iye yawasebenzisa ngokuthe ngceleleka-the amalungiselelo e-Bill yamaLungelo kumazwe, egqiba ukuba amalungelo awo afanele ahlonelwe kuyo yonke indawo.

Imbali Ebonisa Ukungavisisani

Le nkqubo yaqala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Gitlow v. eNew York [1925], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yacebisa ukuba uKhuseleko lokuqala olukhululekileyo lusetyenziswe kumazwe. Kwiminyaka engamashumi alandelayo, iNkundla egunyazisiweyo ngamalungelo omnye ngamnye: inkululeko yokucofa, ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo, ukukhusela ekuphangweni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhwalekeni, ilungelo lokuzicebisa, kunye nelungelo lokuzikhusela ngokwayo, phakathi kwezinye izikhundla. Ngenkulungwane ezilandelayo, uninzi lwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho yalusebenzise ulawulo kumthetho. Le ndlela inikeza igama eliqhelekileyo igama elinguwo: iNkukhetha nganye inkululeko kunye nokumisela ukuba inelungelo lokuba ingulowo unelungelo lokuba unelungelo lokuba ngaba unelungelo.

Le mfundiso ixhomekeke kwindlela ebalulekileyo yokucaciswa kwe-Activement’s Access of Jeneth Programme Claus. Kunokusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo ukuququzelelwa kweBhili yamaLungelo .INkundla ikhethe indlela yokuchonga ngesiqu sentloko. Oku kuvumela ukuba ilungelelanise imfuneko yokulingana kwamalungelo asisiseko ngokunxulumene nokuzimela ngokwasemthethweni. Kumthetho wokufuduka, olu mlinganiselo lubuthathaka ngokukhethekileyo kuba urhulumente wesizwe unegunya elibanzi lokufuduka, kodwa abaphambukeli baphila kwaye basebenzisane noorhulumente borhulumente mihla le. Ngoko ke iNkukhetha kuye kwaba sisixhobo sokuqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente abanakukwazi ukuvala imigaqo yokuzikhusela okanye ukumisela imilinganiselo yabo yokugweba abangengokwasemthethweni.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwe - 14 Njengokhuselo Kwabafuduki

Ulwimi loMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine weSiphengululo sibalulekile. Ithetha ngabo bonke abantu abakhoyo eUnited States, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakwindawo enjani. Oku kuqukwa kwemijelo-mvume kuye kwangundoqo ekuhambiseleni phambili komgaqo-siseko wokhuseleko kubaphambukeli. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibambelele kwelokuba i-Sect Project neSikhuseliso soMgangatho ka-manani u-Celales sisebenza kubo bonke abantu abakhoyo ngokoqobo eUnited States, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakwindawo yabo yokufuduka. i-votiveltion, ngokubopha okuphakamisa oku, ivelise iqhina lokuxhasa la malungelo amalungelo angenakuphikwa limoshelwa ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Lo mgaqo uvavanywe ngokuphindaphindiwe kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukufikelela kwemfundo, ukukhusela abaphambukeli, ukukhusela ikhethe, nokukhusela i-enzaniso kwizenzo zolawulo.

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo: Ilitye Lobulungisa

I [[Nkundla:0] yesiHlamlisi seNkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uza kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Ngokukhetha, esi siqinisekiso sinwebela kwizenzo zolawulo nxamnye nabaphambukeli. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba abantu abajongene nokugxothwa banelungelo lokukhuselwa ekukhuseleni, kuquka isaziso sezityholo, ithuba lokunikela ubungqina, kunye nelungelo lokumelwe licebiso. Ngelixa ilungelo lokutyunjwa lingafakwanga ngokupheleleyo kwimicimbi yokufuduka kwamakhaya, inkqubo ebanzi efunekayo ithintelwe ekugxothweni okanye ekugxothweni abantu ngabanye ngaphandle kwemigaqo elungileyo.

Izigqibo zophawu lwelizwe zifake isibindi kwezi zikhuselekileyo. kuMathews v. Diaz (776), iNkundla yaqonda ukuba abaphambukeli banelungelo lenkqubo efunekayo naxa iBhunga linegunya elibanzi kwimithetho yokungena. Inkundla yaseka uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo oluvavanya inzala yobuqu echaphazelekayo, ubungozi bokungaphikelwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yangoku, kunye nomdla karhulumente. Le mithetho iye yasetyenziswa kumgangatho ophezulu wokunyanzelisa ukufuduka, ifuna ukuba kunikwe izikhuselo ezifanelekileyo zomgangatho phambi kokuba ithathe inyathelo elingalunganga nxamnye nomntu ongengonyaka. Umzekelo, xa amazwe ezama ukukhankamela imvume yomqhubi okanye imvume esekelwe kwimeko yokufuduka, ivavanyanisa enoba zikho naloo nkqubo injalo yezenzo zokufuduko.

Ukukhuselwa Ngokulinganayo: Kulumkele Ukucalucalulo

[[Nkundla Ephakamileyo:0] UHlaliso lweMimiselo yeMiqathango ye-Fourtenth iye yasisixhobo esinamandla sokukhusela u-Claus ekwimeko enzima yemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho karhulumente ejonge abaphambukeli. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa uphando olungqongqo kwimithetho esekelwe kwi-odwa kumgangatho karhulumente, ithetha ukuba imithetho enjalo imele incede umdla karhulumente kwaye ilungelelene nokufikelela loo mdla. Lo mlinganiselo okhuthazo ubonakalisa imbono yeNkundla yamatyala yokuba abaphambukeli bafanelwe kukukhuselwa ngokulula kwesizwe ekukhuselweni kwemeko karhulumente.

Elinye lamatyala okhuseleko abalulekileyo lilo Plyler v. Doe (19982], apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho weTexas owakha walwayo ukuba imfundo kawonke wonke ifumane abantwana abangabhalwanga. INkundla yathi umthetho waphula umthetho olinganayo wokuKhuselwa kokhuseleko olulinganayo u-Calvis kuba ubeke ubomi bomntwana omsulwa obusekelwe kubume bokufuduka kwabazali babo. Ngoxa iNkundlalo ingazange isebenzise uphando olungqongqo, yasebenzisa uhlobo oluphezulu lokuhlola okuphakathi, ifumana ukuba imo ayilufuni ukuthethelela okugqithisileyo kokungafumani ithuba lokufundisa. Esi sigqibo sihlala sisesona sisesona sisesona sigotwelo samalungelo abarhwebini abaphambukeli bemi boMngxube-endo-elllmet sympty imigaqo eshipt sishipt sinomo i-gnel.

Udibaniso oluKhethiweyo kuNxulumaniso

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yokunyanzelisa ukufuduka kuye kwanda kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Amanye amaphondo aye amisela imithetho elungiselelwe ukuthintela ukufuduka okungekho mthethweni ngokuqinisekisa iimfuno zemisebenzi, imiqathango yezindlu, kunye nokusebenzisana namagunya alawula ukufuduka. Ukukhetha oku kubeke imida ebalulekileyo kule migudu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zokunyanzelisa akuwaphuli amalungelo omgaqo-siseko wabaphambukeli.

Ilungelo Lokunikela Icebiso Kwilizwe Eliqhubekayo

[[Nkundla ePhakamileyo:0] IsiHlamlisi-Mpanzi soMphetho-mvakaliso siqinisekisa ilungelo lokucebisana kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, yaye eli lungelo liye laququzelelwa ngokuchasene namatyala. Ngoxa ukugxothwa kwetyala kungurhulumente, hayi ulwaphulo-mthetho, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ukuba ukuvalelwa nokususwa kwetyala kunokuba neziphumo ezimandundundu ezibini. [[FLT:] Padilla v. Kentucky[[FLY:3] (2010]), iNkukholelwa ukuba iSixwexwexwexwe sifuna amagqwethanti angolwaphulo-mthetho afuna ukuba abarhwebi abangena emagxeni ngeziphumo zokufuduka. Esi sigqibo sinyuse senziwe siluncedo kwimeko echaphazaphuli-mthetho, ukudibanisa izigwebo zezaphuli-mthetho zelizwe ngoku, kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba anyanise iiziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezingo zamazwe ngoku ziphumele.

Ukukhuselwa Kuphando Olungenangqiqo

I- IsiHlamlisi-Mpanzi soMkhosi weNtlanganiso we-Fourth sikhusela ukuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, kwaye sidityanisiwe kumazwe. Olu khuselo lunzima xa urhulumente nomthetho wasekuhlaleni usenza imisebenzi enxulumene nokufuduka. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambe ukuba uhlanga okanye imvelaphi yesizwe iyodwa ayinakuthethelela ukumiswa okanye ukubanjwa, kwaye ukuvalelwa ixesha elide okusekelwe kubume bokufuduka kufuna ukukrokrala okusengqiqweni. Amagosa aseburhulumente athathe inxaxheba ekunyanzelweni kolawulo lwezinyulo kufuneka athobele imigangatho yesine yeSinyuso-Gando-Mmiselo, iqinisekisa ukuba abaphambukeli abaphambukeli abangaziswe ekuzisweni okanye ekuphekeni. Ngoko ke imigaqo yokukhetha ibeke imidali yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yentsebenzi yezamganga.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Neyonxulumano

UHlaliso lokuqala Ulwandiso-nkqubo lwamalungelo okuthetha, ukuhlanganisa kunye nomanyano luququzelelwa ngokupheleleyo nxamnye namazwe. Olu khuselo ludlulela kubemi basemzini, kuquka nabo bangenayo imo esemthethweni. Abaphambukeli banelungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi yezopolitiko, bathelele imibutho yoluntu, bathethe kwiinkqubo zokufuduka ngaphandle koloyiko lwempindezelo karhulumente. Xa amaphondo eye azama ukubonqinisa amalungelo abaphambukeli okanye athintele amandla abo bangengobangeni-mthetho ukuba babandakanye kwimisebenzi echazayo, iinkundla zingene ekuxhaseni ukhuseleko lokuqala lokuGqiniswa koMphelo. Umzekelo, imithetho iyakukhuthaza ukuba ubukho bolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukukhuthaza ulwaphulo-mthetho olusekelwe kwintetho yokuqala ehlaziweyo.

Izigqibo eziphambili zeNkundla Ephakamileyo Ephazamisana Namalungelo Abaphambukeli

Amatyala aliqela aphawulekayo abonisa indlela ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yelizwe elivela kwamanye amazwe okuye kwayitshintsha ngayo indlela abaphambukeli abaphila ngayo.

Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886)

Nangona igqitywe phambi kwexesha lokuququzelela langoku, Yick Wo imisela umzekelo obalulekileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathi uKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus lusebenza kubo bonke abantu, hayi nje abemi. Eli tyala libandakanya umthetho weSan Francisco osetyenziswayo kwindlela yolwaphulo-mthetho nxamnye nabaphambukeli baseTshayina abaqhuba imikhosi ephezulu. Inkundla yafumanisa ukuba ulawulo lomthetho luchasene noMthetho we-145th Amend. Lo mgaqo, `okathi awukwazi ukumisela imithetho yobundilele obungajoliyo nje kuphela nxamnye nabaphambukeli.---anti baqiniswa ngohlobo oluqhelekileyo kwaye luhlala lubalulekile namhlanje.

Plyler v. Doe (1982)

Njengoko kuchaziwe, iphelise umthetho karhulumente ongafuniyo ukuba abantwana bafumane imfundo kawonke-wonke. Inkundla yagxininisa ubumsulwa babantwana kunye nengozi ehlala ihleliyo yokungafuni imfundo. Ngoxa isigqibo singalicombululanga ngokupheleleyo iqondo lokuhlola yonke imithetho yelizwe ejolise kwingingqi yabaphambukeli, yaseka ukuba amaphondo amele abe nobulungisa obuqinileyo bokukhulula abangengobangeni kwiinzuzo zikawonke wonke. Plyler umboniso wendlela ukusetyenziswa ngokufihlakeleyo kwemithetho ekhuphiweyo ekhuphiweyo ye 145-Gene Demegrafection elawula ngayo imithetho xa bebeka imithwalo enzima kubemi abachaphazelekileyo.

Padilla v. Kentucky (2010)

Esi sigqibo sanxibelelana ngqo nelungelo eliqulethweyo lokunikwa icebiso kwiziphumo zokufuduka. Inkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba iSihlaziyo seSithandathu sifuna amagqwetha okhuseleko lwezaphuli-mthetho ukuba acebise abo bangangeniyo ngeengozi zokugxothwa kwesicelo setyala. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abaphambukeli abaphumiyo abaphumi ngenkululeko ngenxa yokusilela komthetho, kwaye eso sigqibo sigunyazisa isigwebo siwahlonela amalungelo abantu abangengomalungu oluntu. Isigqibo siye saba nempembelelo enkulu kwindlela abakhuseli bezomthetho namadoda azimeleyo asingatha ngayo amatyala athatyathwe abamangali.

IArizona v. yaseUnited States (202)

Kulo tyala likhulu lokutshatyalaliswa, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagatya amalungiselelo aliqela e-S.B. 1070, umthetho wesizwe owenzelwe ukuthintela ukufuduka okungekho mthethweni. Ngoxa ityala liguqulelwe kwintelekelelo karhulumente yokukhulula abantu phambi komthetho wesizwe. [[FLT: 0] umgaqo wokuba umthetho wolawulo lokufuduka ulawule uwise umthetho wesizwe ulawule ufanele uvumelane nokukhusela komgaqo-siseko. Uluvo lwaphawulwa ukuba ukuvalelwa ixesha elide kwemeko yokufuduka kunokwenza utshintsho lungquzukise ulwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye abaphathi-mthetho kufuneka bangabacinel ’ ucingela unyawo phambi kokuba bamise abantu ngabanye. [[FLT:]] Aringarmara uqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto ithetha ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho wokufuduka kwabantu njengetyala lokunga amalungelo omthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho.

Iingxaki Neengxubakaxaka Kwixesha Lanamhlanje

Nangona isebenza ngokukhusela, ukubandakanya okukhethiweyo kwimeko yokufuduka akunampikiswano. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi le mfundiso ingenza ungquzulwano phakathi kolawulo lukarhulumente kunye nenkqubo yokufuduka karhulumente efanayo. Amanye amagosa aseburhulumenteni aphikisa ngelithi ukudibanisa amalungelo athile kulinganiselwe ukukwazi kwawo ukusingatha amaxhala asekuhlaleni ngokufuduka okungagunyaziswanga. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba amalungelo abaphambukeli afanele achazwe kuphela yiBhunga kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo, hayi ngokutolika komgaqo-mthetho weMphengululo we-145.

Ulawulo lwesizwe

Ukuthatyathwa komgaqo-siseko kungummandla wamandla orhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko unika iKhomishini ebanzi ukulawula ukufuduka nokuhlaliswa. Xa amaphondo ezama ukunyanzela iinkqubo zawo zokufuduka, asengozini yokungqubana nomthetho wesizwe. Ukukhetha ulwakheko lolunye umaleko: nokuba umthetho karhulumente awuphikisani ngqo nemithetho karhulumente, usenokuchasana namalungelo omiselwe ngumgaqo-siseko. Oku kunokukhokelela ekungaqinisekini amagosa karhulumente amele ahambe ngokusemthethweni wezwelonke kunye nemithetho-siseko. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yongezelela omnye umaleko . Arizona v. United States [FLT] [1]] ibalaselubala olu khuthayo, urhulumente obekileyo ophazamisayokugcinwa ngumthetho wolawulo loluntu ngoxa esazisa ukuba alawula amanye amagunya ade njengoko ewawo onke ewaphula umthetho.

Umlinganiselo Wokhuseleko Olulinganayo Kubantu Abangenazinzulwane

Ngoxa i-Acten Protection Claus isebenza kubo bonke abantu, isicelo sayo kubaphambukeli asifaniswanga. INkundla Ephakamileyo iqaphele ukuba urhulumente uyakwazi ukuphatha abafuduki ngokwahlukileyo ngokwemeko yabo yokufuduka ngaphandle kokuxhobisa uxanduva olungqongqo, kuba ukufuduka yimbopheleleko karhulumente. Kumgangatho wesizwe, nokokuba, iNkundla isebenzise uphando olungqongqo kwimithetho ecalucalulayo kwisiseko sobuphambukeli. Oku kwenza umgangatho ophindiweyo: ucalulo lwamazwe azimeleyo ngokungenalusi, localulo lwelizwe luye luphinde luthathwe lula, ngoxa ucalucalulo lwamazwe lungachananga. Abagxeki-mthetho baphikisa ukuba olu nqulo lungakhokelela kwiziphumo eziguquguqukayo kwaye abaphambukeli bangashiywa ngaphandle kokhuseleko olufanelekileyo xa oorhulumente besenza imithetho engqongqo. Ukukhetha okulawulwa ngumthetho karhulumente, akunyanzelwa kwemithetho yesizwe, okulawulwa yimithetho eyahlukeneyo, okulawulwa yimithetho elawulwa yimithetho eyahlukeneyo.

Ukunyathela Isaphuli - mthetho Nokwahlukana Kwabemi

Amalungelo amaninzi aququzelelwe ngokuchasene namazwe, njengamalungelo okucebisa nokukhusela ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni, okuvela kumongo wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukunyanzelisa ukurhoxa kolwaphulo-mthetho kubandakanya ukuvalelwa kwemiqathango, ukuncinwa, kunye nezigwebo ezifana nezolwaphulo-mthetho. Iinkundla ziye zazama ukufumanisa ukuba ngawaphi amalungelo agunyazisiweyo asebenzayo kwiingxoxo zokufuduka kwabemi kunye nangamandla. Umzekelo, ukugxotha imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho akunalungelo lokumisela isiluleko somthetho-siseko, nangona iSiphendumiso seSithandathu siqinisekisa isiluleko kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Lo mda wokuzikhusela ukhuseli oye warhoxiswa ngabamangali abathi bemi bolwaphulo-mthetho abagunyazisa amalungelo ekwaphuli-mthetho. Ukukhetha okungagqibeleli mthetho akuwuvaliyo lo mqobo, ukushiya abaphambukeli abaninzi abaphambukeli bendlela yokuqhuba imvume esemthethweni.

Izicebisi Zexesha Elilandelayo Nendlela Ephambili

Indima yokukhetha ukuququzelela umthetho wokufuduka iyaqhubeka iguquka. Umthetho welizwe wakutshanje ojolise abaphambukeli kulawulo olululawulo olululawulo olululo, oluquka imithetho ethintelayo ukufikelela kwindlu, umsebenzi, kunye neengenelo .Nkundla zicetyiswa ukuba zifumane ukhuseleko lwe-Gqizelo lwe-145th. IiNkundla zicelwa ukuba zimisele imida yegunya lorhulumente kunye nomgangatho wokukhusela okukhoyo kwabangengobangenisi. [[FLT:]] Ulungiso lwendawo [FLT] [[FLT]] [FLT] olufanelekileyo] lwenkqubo yokukhusela kunye Fitenth IsiHAMBIthi sokuHAMBIselwa uGweso lwezomelo olulinganayokuhlala kuqinisekiswe ekulo oluphakathi kwezi mpikiswano.

Ukufumana Iingenelo Nelayisenisi Karhulumente

Amaphondo amaninzi aye azama ukunqanda abaphambukeli abangaxelwanga ukuba bafumane ilayisensi yobuchule, ilayisensi yomqhubi, okanye amaqondo okufumana inzala yomthetho. Abasebenzi baye bavavanya le miqathango phantsi kwe-Uncime Protection Claus, bephikisa ukuba bakhetha ngaphandle kwemiqathango. Ezinye iinkundla ziye zayixhasa imiqathango enjalo, ngoxa ezinye ziye zayibetha phantsi, kuxhomekeka kumgangatho wokusetyenziswa kwezakhono zomqhubi, okanye izilangazelelo ezigunyaziswe ngurhulumente. Iziphumo zezi meko zisoloko zixhomekeke ekubeni umthetho ujonge ukuba awuchaphazeleli kwilizwe elingaphandle (ngokungqongqo) okanye ngokusekelwe kwimeko yokufuduka (ngokunokuthi kufumaneke iziqinisekiso ezikhoyo). Ukukhetha kwezibonelelo ze-Mebrentellieting Dempletetionssss.

Iinkonzo ezingcwele kunye nongquzulwano lwesizwe neFederal

Ulwando lwemithetho yengcwele nezixeko ezimisela intsebenziswano nokunyanzeliswa kwabantu abafudukayo kwesizwe.

Utyekelo Lokwenza Isigwebo Nolwalathiso Lwexesha Elizayo

Ukuqanjwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nokukhutshwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kuza kubumba ikamva lokubandakanya ngokukhetha umthetho wokufuduka. Abanye abagwebi baye bagxeka ukusetyenziswa koMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine wokumisela igunya lombuso ekufudukeni, lo gama abanye bephinda beqinisekisa umlinganiselo oquququzelekileyo we-Sed Proces and Encilificial Provice Clauss. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zicelwa ngokwandayo ukugqiba enoba imithetho yokufuduka edityanisiweyo yaphulwa na amalungelo, kwaye iziphumo ziyahluka ngokwesijikelezi. Njengoko iinguqulelo zenkqubo yokufuduka kunye nemithetho emitsha yesizwe iya kuvela, imfundiso yokuqulukwanohlulwa komthetho ecacileyo iya kuhlala ingummiselo egxeka ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu bonke eUnited States.

Isiphelo

Ukuququzelela imigaqo-nkqubo emiselweyo kuye kwabuguqula kakhulu ulwalamano phakathi kwabaphambukeli noorhulumente borhulumente. Ngokusebenzisa amalungelo asisiseko ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuya kumazwe kuMazwe ngeSinyuselo seshumi elinesine, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqinisekisa ukuba abaphambukeli abaphambukeli abashiyelwa kwinceba yezindlu zowiso-mthetho ngaphandle kokuncedwa ngumgaqo-siseko. Ukhuseleko olulinganayo, ukukhululeka ekuphengululweni okungaqiqeshiyo, kwaye ilungelo lokucebisa izinto likwandiswa zonke zinikezelwe kwimithetho engekho semthethweni engekhoyo kule mfundiso, inika imigaqo esisiseko engenakuyekelela. Ngoxa imiqobo ihlala ingekho mgaqo-siseko phakathi kwemibango yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye noxandumiso yegunya lorhulumente kunye negunya lihlala lisesona sixhobo esibalulekileyo sokugcina ubulungisa nokulingana kwesizwe ekungeneleni kwesizwe ekufudukeni komhlaba. Njengokuba umgaqo-mthetho welizwe uyaqhubeka ukutshintsha umgaqo-mthetho, umele ukhuseleko, nokuba ulawulo lwabantu, nokuba ngaba bantu abangenayo, ngokokutsho.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, bona ingcaciso yeCornell Information ekhethayo ye-, umba we Plyler v. Doe, kunye nohlalutyo lwe-SCOTYBlog ye-Arizona v. United States