Imiphumo: Indlela Umgaqo - siseko Wamazwe Asemzini WaseOstreliya Owawaguqula Ngayo Amalungelo Abahlali Ngaphesheya Kweziqithi ZePasifiki

Indawo yeOstreliya kunye nobunzima bezoqoqosho buyenza ibe ligunya elilawula ummandla wePasifiki. Ingakumbi ezo zenkqubo yayo zasemzini ezinxulumene nolawulo lomda kunye nolawulo lwendawo yokhuseleko . Zineziphumo ezinzulu, ngokufuthi ezingacwangciswanga, zezo mpilo-ntle yeimbacu nezokhuseleko ezibekwe kumazwe asePasifiki. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, iAustralia ikhuphe iinjongo zayo zokufuduka kubamelwane abafana noNauru, Papua New Guinea (PNG), kunye neTuvalu, idala ulwembutho oluntsonkothileyo lwamalungelo asemthethweni, obuntu, kunye neengxaki zezezonyango. Ukuqonda oku kufuna ukuba kuqwalaselwe imvelaphi yokusondela kwe-Australia, iziphumo ezithile zamalungelo abantu zaphawula kumhlaba, kunye neentshukumo ezijikelezayo ezinokuguqula ikamva lokukhuselwa kokhuseleko kwi-Pacific.

Embindini wayo, ukudibana kwemibutho yamanye amazwe ase-Australia kunye namalungelo eembacu zesiqithi sePasifiki libali lokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Iziqithi zePasifiki, ngeli xesha amazwe azimeleyo, zisebenza kwindalo yendalo ephenjelelwa kakhulu luncedo lwe-Australia, urhwebo, kunye nokhuseleko. Xa iCanberra itshintsha indlela yayo yokumisa okanye ukutshintsha okungqongqo kwendlela zobuntu.

Isiseko Sembali: Ukungakwazi Ukuzigcina Kunxweme

Ukwakhiwa kwendlela yokwakha yale mihla ye-Pasifiki yase-Australia kungalandelwa ekupheleni konyaka ka-1990 kunye nasekuqaleni kowama- 2000, xa inani labafuni bokhuseleko abafikayo ngephenyane lanyuka. Ekuphenduleni, i-Australia yazisa “ISicombululo” phantsi koMphathi omkhulu uJohn Howard, ithintela iinqanawa elwandle kwaye ifudusele abakhweli babo kwisakhiwo sokuvalela amabanjwa kwiNauru kunye neManus Island (Papua New Guinea). Eli cebo lijolise ekuthinteleni ukufika kwixesha elizayo ngokususa nasiphi na isiqhumiso sokwenza uhambo oluyingozi lwaselwandle, kodwa kwakhona lasusa ngokunempumelelo iimbopheleleko ezisemthethweni ze-Australia phantsi kweNdibano yeRhoverse ngo1959 kwababebekiwe kude nonxweme.

Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini elandelayo, inkqubo yaguquka kodwa yagcina ubuchule bayo bokunqanda ukuma. ummandla woshishino lwaselunxwemeni lwaba luphawu olusisigxina kumsebenzi wokunyanzeliswa kwelizwe lase-Australia, nangona kwanda ubungqina bokuba kukho ingozi. Urhulumente wempumelelo wase-Australia ``imisebenzi ne Coalition') yaqinisekisa ukuba la manyathelo ayefuneka ukukhusela ukufa elwandle nokukhusela imida yesizwe. Kodwa ke, kuquka iUnited Nations Human Rights Committee Comment, igxeka ngokuphindaphindiwe iimeko, ukukhathalela ukuva ukuvalelwa okungenanjongo, ukuvalelwa okungalawulekiyo, kunye nokungaphicotho lwengqondo yokungagobelwa ngokungapheliyo.

2013 Ingingqi yeSicwangciso sokuThintelwa kweMpatho phakathi kwe-Australia ne-PNG ilungiselelo eliqiniswe ngakumbi, ithetha ukuba nawuphi na umfuni wekhusi otshintshelwe kwiSiqithi seManus uza kusetyenziswa apho kwaye mhlawumbi unikwe ubume beembacu kwakhona ePNG okanye ebuyele ekhaya. Oku kwenza i-PNG ibe ngumququzeleli osisigxina weimbacu ze-Australia engazange avume ukwamkela. Isivumelwano esifanayo neNauru salandela, sidala inkqubo efanayo apho iimbacushe ezingenayo ikhuselwano olusemthethweni ebezinokunandipha kulo ilizwe lase-Australia.

Kumgca wexesha ochazayo wezi ziphuhliso, iBhunga leRefugee laseOstreliya linika uqwalaselwa olufikelelekayo lweNguqulo yePasifiki kunye nomongo wezopolitiko owayixhasayo.

Iindleko Zoluntu: Ukophulwa kwamalungelo kunye nemithwalo yentsimi

Imida ekukhuselweni kwasemthethweni nakwinkqubo elindelekileyo

Enye yezona mpembelelo zithe ngqo zomgaqo-nkqubo wase-Australia kwiimbacu kwiPasifiki kukurhoxiswa kokufikelela kwiinkqubo zomthetho ezisesikweni. Abafuni be-Asylmum batshintshelwa eNauru okanye kwiSiqithi se-Manus bajongane nenkqubo ye-labyrinthine apho babengenathuba lakunikela iimfuno zabo ngokwabo. Uncedo olusemthethweni lwalunqabile, kwaye iinkundla zase-Australia zazingenagunya kumaziko angaphandle konxweme. Isiphumo yayiyinkqubo eyathi, ngokuka Ilungelo lamaHuman Watch, ishiye abantu kummandla ongwevukileyo osemthethweni--owe-Australia, nongakhuselwanga lungakhuselwanga ukhuseleko lwezakhiwo zelizwe longingingqi.

Iimbacu ezininzi zachitha iminyaka zivalelwe ngaphandle kokuzimisela ngokupheleleyo. Ngokomzekelo, iNauru, izibonelelo zomthetho zikarhulumente zazama ukusingatha intelekelelo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kuthathe ixesha elide. Kwanasemva kokuba ziqatshelwe njengeembacu phantsi kweNdibano yonyaka ka1959, abantu basoloko bevalelwe ngenxa yokuba iindlela zokuzimela indawo yokuhlala zazimbalwa okanye zazingekho. Inkundla ephakamileyo ye-PNG ekugqibeleni yavakalisa ukuba umzi wokuvalela iManus Island awubindiswanga kwiSiqithili ngo-2016, ikhupha ukuvalwa kwayo, kodwa oku kwakhokelela ekuthunyekisweni kweendawo zokuhlala ezingekho zinkonzo ezisisiseko [[FLTLT] imeko ekwakuqhubekeke iminyaka emininzi.

Imiphumo Engokwempilo Nengqondo

Iimeko ezingaphakathi kwezibonelelo ezikude nonxweme ziye zabhalwa kakuhle ziingcali zezamayeza kunye neentatheli. Isimo sokuzikisa ngokugqithiseleyo, ukungabi naziququ zobuqu, ukungabikho kogutyulo oluphantsi kolawulo lwezigulo zengqondo, kunye nokungafikeleleki ngokwaneleyo kokufumana unyango lwengqondo okufak'unegalelo kwingxaki yempilo yezempilo yengqondo. Iingxelo ezivela kwi-Australian Medical Association ephawulwe kakhulu yodandatheko, ukuxinezeleka kwasemva, kunye nokungazifumani koxinzelelo lwengqondo phakathi kwabanqolobi. Ukwahlukaniswa nokugcinwa kude kwentsapho, inkxaso engokwasemthethweni, kunye noluntu olubanzi luye lwandisa ezi ziphumo.

ENauru, uhlolo lorhulumente wase-Australia lonyaka wama-2018 (i- “Moss Review”) lwafumanisa ukuba abantwana abavalelweyo baboniswa“ iimeko zempilo yengqondo ezinamandla nezingapheliyo,” kuquka ukucinga ngokuzibulala. Phezu kwazo nje ezi zinto zafunyaniswayo, i-Australia yaqhubeka ifudusela iintsapho kwisiqithi de kwangowama-2019, xa umntwana wokugqibela wayekhutshwe phantsi kwengcinezelo yamazwe ngamazwe. Kubantu abadala, inani lengqondo labaninzi abakhululweyo ekuvalweni kwabantu baseNauru lahlala likhubethwe kakhulu, lingenamkrwelo lukhulu lokufumana ingcebiso okanye iinkqubo zokuzibandakanya nabantu.

Uxanduva lwezonyango lwaye luyehla kumazwe alapho. Inkcitho encinane yabemi baseNauru kunye nezibonelelo zezonyango ezilinganiselweyo zayalelwa ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwedialysis, ukunyanyekelwa kwabantwana abaza kuzala kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko kwiimbacu ezithi maxa wambi zininzi kunabemi basekuhlaleni. IOstreliya yanikela ngemali eninzi, kodwa abahlalutyi bathi akwanele ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezintsonkothileyo zeqela elihlukubekileyo.

Ukungavisisani Kwamazwe Akho Lizwe Nezobupolitika

Inkqubo yamanye amazwe ase-Australia ayichaphazelekanga nje kuphela kwiimbacu ezizimeleyo kodwa kwakhona yatshintsha ubume bezopolitiko kunye nobume bentlalo-ntle kwiziqithi zePasifiki. Ukwamkela iindawo zokuvalelwa kwe-Australia kwazisa uncedo lwemali kunye nengqalelo yezizwe ngezizwe, kodwa kwafumana ukugxekwa yimibutho yamalungelo abantu kunye nengingqi yasekuhlaleni. Ngo-PNG, iManus Island yaba lisebe elijongene nemikhosi yasekuhlaleni, iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni zibuza ulawulo lwengingqi yoomatiloshe kunye nezoluntu ezifuna ingxwanguqungeko lokhuseleko lwengingqi yamazwe angaphandle.

Ngaphezu koko, izivumelwano ezibotshelelwe koorhulumente abaququzelela iinkqubo ababenazo amandla amancinane okuguqula. INauru ne-PNG zazingenakukwazi ukukhulula ababanjwa okanye iinkqubo zokulungisa ngaphandle kokubeka engozini ukonakalisa ulwalamano lwabo noCanberra. Oku kuxhomekeka kwawalinganisela amandla awo okuphakamisa imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu ebezinokuwamkela. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ezingooPopu abaphezulu kumalungelo abantu abafudukayo, kwingxelo [[FLT:] 2017], ichaza ukuhambelana nonxweme njengeyaphula izivumelwano ezininzi zezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka iConvention Against Hurvert, kwaye yaphawula ukuba umququzeleli wayeyikho kwingxelo echaphaza ekho.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje: Ngaba Kukuguquka Komoya Okanye Ishishini Njengomsebenzi?

Isakhiwo Sesiqithi SaseManus Nendaleko YaseNauru

Eyona ngxaki ibalulekileyo yokuvulwa kweminye imisebenzi yokungahlali mvalelo kwiminyaka yakutshanje yaba kukuvalwa kweManus Island ngo-2017, kulandelwa isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-PNG. Iimbacu zafuduselwa kumaziko okuthutha abantu zaza zasiwa kwizindlu zoluntu ePort Moresby, kodwa iimeko zahlala zingobungozi. Uninzi lwabangenamakhaya, ukutya okunganele, nezisongelo zogonyamelo kubemi basekuhlaleni ababenxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngo-2022, i-Australia yaphinda yavala inani elincinane laba banqolobi base-mkhosini eUnited States phantsi kwesivumelwano sokutshintshana, kodwa amakhulu e-PNG ngethuba elingaqinisekiyo. Ngelo xesha, isiko, isiko sokuvalelwa kweendawo zasuka kwindawo enkulu ekwindawo yogcino-omatshini, enamanani anciphayo emva kokuthumela okutsha ngo-2014. Noko ke, i-omatshini bahlala apho, kwathi baphuma ngethuba elikhoyo.

Ngo-2021, urhulumente wase-Australia wavakalisa ukuba ayisayi kuphinda isebenzise ulungiso lwaselwandle kwinqanawa entsha efikayo, ngokunempumelelo ivuma ukuba inkqubo iphumelele ukuthintela ukurhwaphiliza imisebenzi .Inani lezikhephe belikufuphi no-0 ukususela ngo-2014, hayi ngenxa yokunqanda, kodwa ngenxa yokuhlasela kwemikhosi yaselwandle kunye nezivumelwano ze-bitenatel ne-Indonesia. Kodwa esi saziso asizange sisombulule ngoko nangoko ishwangusha labo sele bekhona eNuru okanye ePNG.

Ngaba Intsebenziswano Yenqila Ephucukileyo Okanye Ukuthembeka Okungakumbi?

I-Australia ifake i-Pasifiki engqinelana ngokukhula ngelensizi yokhuseleko lwengingqi kunye nophuhliso. I-2018 Isindululo seBoera kunye neengxelo zeZiqithi zePasifiki zeForum ezilandelayo zagxininisa uxanduva olwahlukeneyo lolawulo lofuduko. Oku kuthetha ukuba iAustralia ixhasa ii-palikers zogada zonxweme kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko kumda eFiji, i-PNG, kunye neSolomon Islands, zisoloko zithethelele ngokulwa nokurhwaphiswa kwabantu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olusemthethweni. Ngoxa ezi migudu yayinosuke yagxininisa ingcamango yokuba iimbaculo kunye nabafuni bekhuseli beendawo zokhuseleko zisisisongelo esingundoqo sokulawulwa, kunokuba kukhusele amalungelo abo bamelelwe ngamalungelo.

I-Australia inyuse ulwamkelo lwayo lwe-visa yobubele kwi-Pasifiki Islands efudusweyo lutshintsho lwemozulu/a olwahlukileyo kodwa olunxulumene nalo. I-Australicastrian Labour Monility (PALM]) udweliso lwendlela [[[FLM:1] kunye [[FLT]] Placificament Visament [ Imfazwe ekhoyo ekhoyo] ivule izitrato ezisigxina ezisigxina ezihambayo zabemi bamazwe ePacific. Noko ke, ezi nkqubo zisusa ngokucacileyo iimbacubaluko kumazwe angengowaseOstreliya. Izibeko zilula: umntu obalekayo eAfghanistan owathiwe kufuphi nase-URhavian elungeleneyo okanye asebenza kwi-Wnvsan.

Ingcinezelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Neengxoxo Zotshintsho Emakhaya

Ukugxekwa kweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, kunye namaqela alwela amalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke kuye kwanda ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngo-2023, iNkundla yezizwe ngezizwe yeJaji (ngeembono zeQumrhu leSizwe lamaNgeniso) kunye neKomiti yamaLungelo oLuntu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yakhupha iziphumo zokuthi iOstreliya yayaphula iimbopheleleko zayo phantsi koMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe ngeMalungelo oMbindi kunye nelasePolitiki ngokusilela ukunikela amayeza asebenzayo kubabanjwa abasemanxwemeni. Nangona kunjalo, urhulumente wase-Australia uye walwa nokungawavumelanga amatyala embuyeko yaye akawarhoxiyiva amatyala ee.

Phakathi kwe-Australia, uluvo lukawonke-wonke luye lwatshintsha kancinci. Amanye amalungu ePalamente asuka kwiKhampethi ye- Imbindi ye-Kaldor yemithetho yeNtloko yeZibhedu zezizwe zelizwe lonke aye aqhubela phambili utshintsho lomthetho, ephikisa ukuba uqhubekeko lwangaphandle konxweme alusebenzi kwaye alusebenzi kwaye alunabudlelane. Njengomphumo, akukho lutshintsho lukhulu lukufuphi, kushiya iimbacu eziseleyo kwi-Pacific zisecele ukuphela kwinkqubo, kodwa iLiberal-Moral-Monaldal cont contism kunye necandelo le-Msebenzi i-caucus ihlala ibophe-mthetho yokugcina ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo xa kufuduko lwaselwandle luphinda-phindo.

Ikamva: Ngaba Kukho Umgaqo - siseko WePasifiki Ojongelwe Phantsi Ngamalungelo Angakumbi?

Ukuphinda Ufumane Isithuba Njengesikhokelo

Eyona mfuneko ikhawulezileyo yokunceda abantu yile imfuno yokuphinda ikhutshwa kweembacu ezisengxakini ngoku eNauru nase-PNG. I-United States ivumile ukwamkela ezinye phantsi kolungiselelo lotshintshiso, kodwa amanani mancinci. INew Zealand ithe yathembisa ukuthatha iimbacu ezili-1050 ngonyaka ukususela ngo-2013, kodwa i-Australia iye yavala uloyiko lokuyenza ibe “umnyango wangasemva” oya kukhuthaza ukufika kwesikhephe esingakumbi. Le blocangci ingathamba phantsi kotshintsho lukarhulumente okanye uxinzelelo lwamazwe athelelanayo. I-bidatel okanye i-translate rebitablesting inkqubo ebandakanya amazwe asePacific Island, New Zealand, eKhanada, nase-Australia iyakwazi ukwandisa uxanduva lwetyala olugqithisyo olungenayo kwaye ikhulula umthwalo kumazwe amancinane oluntu.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho

Inkxalabo engokwasemthethweni iyaqhubeka. EOstreliya, iNkundla ePhezulu ayikagqibi ukuba amabanjwa angenasiphelo angekho mthethweni abo bafunyaniswe njengeembacu kodwa abangenakubuyiselwa ekhaya. Ukuba inkundla ibingamisela ummiselo wexesha lokuvalelwa, ibiya kunyanzela urhulumente ukuba akhulule abantu abathile kuluntu lwase-Australia okanye afumane isisombululo esikhawulezileyo. Okwangoku, amatyala eenkundla eNauru amisela ngokuthe ngcembe iqumrhu elinomthetho elinokunyanzela urhulumente waseNauru ukuba alungiselele iimeko ezingcono okanye avumele iimbacubeko ukuba zihambe ngokukhululekileyo.

Ukunqongophala Kwemozulu Nendawo Yendawo YePasifiki

Njengokuba ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuqhubela phambili phakathi kwe-Pacific, umahluko phakathi “kokhuseleko” kunye“ nomntu ophambukeleyo” ungamfiliba. Ukusabela kwenkqubo yelizwe langaphandle kwe-Australia kuncedo lwemozulu olushenxiswayo/ngoncedo, ukunciphisa umngcipheko, kunye namaqhinga okusebenza ngokusebenza ngokunzima, kungenza umzekelo omkhulu wendlela ephatha ngayo bonke abantu abafudukayo abafudukayo. Indlela esekelwe kumalungelo abantu, nokuba bafika njani, ingaba linyathelo elibalulekileyo. Ngokuphikisana noko, ukuba i-Australia iyaqhubeka iphatha i-Pacific ngokuyintloko ngereyireyi, elifa lemiqobo erhabalwayo iya kuqhubeka.

Indima Yoorhulumente Besiqithi SasePacific

Iinkokeli zeZiqithi zePacific zikhule kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Icebo lobungangamsha lwe-Blue Pacific Continent ligxininisa ulawulo lwengingqi kunye nesenzo somanyano. Ezinye iinkokeli zePasifiki, ngokukodwa owayenguMongameli weNauru Baron Waqa, ukhusela ukuboniswa kwesi sikhungo njengobungane ne-Australia. Kodwa amalizwi amatsha, njengalawo aseFiji naseKiribati, aye athandabuza ukuba ngabaxhasi bezinto zokuvalelwa zihambisana namalungelo abo. Ukuba iPasifiki ifuna ngokweqela iimeko ezingcono okanye ukungavuli ukuphinda izivumelwano ezikhoyo, iAustralia izakunyanzelwa ukuba ilungelene nolwalamano lokwenene kunokuba kufune ucwangciso lokuthengisa.

Isiphelo: Imbopheleleko yaseOstreliya Nokuhlala

Inkqubo yamazwe asemzini ase-Australia ishiye uphawu olungasokuze lucinywe kumalungelo eembacu kwiZiqithi zePasifiki `a uphawu oluphawulwa ngokubalelwa, ukugqwethwa komthetho, nokubandezeleka kwengqondo. Imodeli yokulungisa yonxweme, ngexa yenzelwe ukuthintela ukufuduka okungaqhelekanga, iye yabeka iindleko ezinzima kubantu ababanjiweyo ngaphakathi kunye nakumazwe akhoyo abafumana amagunya ababa ngabameli bomda we-Australia. Phezu kwazo nje iinguqu ezandisiweyo . "$closureyifti yesiQithi se-Manus, i-Nauru, kunye nentswana yentswana yentsebenziswano yengingqi ihlala ihleli ingadityani, ishiya abantu abancinane be-'litye.

Ukuhambela phambili, i-Australia inobunini bobunini kunye noxanduva lokuziphatha lokukhokela ugcino lwengingqi olubeka ukhuseleko lwengingqi kwindawo enqanda ukunqanda ukunqanda. Oku kungabandakanya umanyano lokwenyaniso, ukhathalelo lonyango olwaneleyo kunye nenkxaso esemthethweni kwabo basekummandla, kunye notshintsho olubanzi ekuphatheni abantu abahambayo njengabagcini bamalungelo kunokuba bakhuseleke. Iziqithi zePasifiki, ngokwenxenye yazo, ziyaqhubeka ziqhuba umlinganiselo othe ngcembe phakathi kolawulo noxhomekeko, kodwa ukuthembeka kwazo okukhulayo kwezobuzwe kucebisa ukuba bangahlali abamkeli bomgaqo-nkqubo wase-Australia ngonaphakade.

Ibali leembacu kwiPasifiki alibhekiseli nje kuphela kwinkqubo yase-Australia, kodwa lithetha ngokuzinzisa nokuhlala kwabantu ababaleka iimeko ezingacingwanga, kodwa bazithole bedibene nobalo lwezopolitiko lwehlabathi olungaphaya kwamandla abo. Umlinganiselo opheleleyo wenkqubo yamanye amazwe ase-Australia uya kuba kukuba ingaba inokuba yiyo na loo nto ithe jijeke ngokuzingisayo ukuba yindlela yesidima nokuba ngamalungu.