Imeko - ngqangi Yembali Nokwakhiwa Kwalo Mphetho We - 14

Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine, olwagunyaziswa ngoJulayi 9, 1868, lwavela kuthuthu lwemfazwe yamakhaya njengenxalenye yoHlaziyo lokuHlaziya iMpahla-mda emacaleni e-13 kunye ne-15th Amendments. Injongo yayo eyintloko yayikukuqinisekisa amalungelo ama-Afrika asandul'ukukhululwa kunye nokuphelisa ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente welizwe. Utshintsho yaba yintsebenziswano engqalileyo kwimfazwe [[FLT: 0] Iimithetho ezingekho mthethweni ezimiselwe ngamazwe aseMazantsi ngo18566, nto leyo eyathi ibeke imiqathango enzima yenkululeko yangaphambili yabakhonzi bangaphambili, eyabafaka kwizivumelwano, ingqina kwinkundla, okanye yahamba ngokukhululekile. Le mithetho izama ukugcina inkqubo ye-AI-FLTSCSCSD isetyenziswa ngomgaqo-Shulvenston.

Congress, ekhokelwa yiRiphabliki yamaRiphabliki eshabade, yaqonda ukuba uMthendeleko waMalungelo oNyaka woMzantsi 1866, onika ubumi kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho, ungapheliswa yiKhonkcotho yamva okanye upheliswe ziinkundla. Ukuqinisa ezi ntetho ngokusisigxina, bafaka iSimende se 144th Amend Amendment baza baludlulisela kumazwe ukuze bafumane ulwahluzo olukrakrazo. Utshintsho lwamanyathelo anzima eMzantsi kodwa ekugqibeleni lwagunyaziswa emva kolawulo lwe-Confera kumazwe angaphambili lwanyanzeleka ukuba avume ukuba afundelwe i-Union. [[FLT:]] Ugcino-Malityhiko lwesizwe lugcina umbhalo wokuqala, oluhlala lukwimbombo lomthetho womthetho womthetho.

Iintsika Ezintathu: Ubumi, Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Nokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Umgangatho kaNondyebo

Icandelo 1 loMphetho weshumi elinesine uqala ngeSiphendu sobuMonity Claus: "Bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States, kwaye bephantsi kwegunya labo, ngabemi baseUnited States kunye noRhulumente apho behlala khona. Eli binzana liyirhoxisile ngqo i- Dered Scott v. Sandford[[FLD:1] [1857] isigqibo, apho iJaji eyintloko uRoger Taney ivakalise khona ukuba amaMelika aseAfrika ayengekabi nako yaye akasoze abe yiyo. Abemi. Ngokuseka ubumi, i-andrendrendrendre iqinisekisa ukuba nabani na ozalelwe kumazwe aseMelika, ubuhlanga, okanye umzali umgangatho wobuhlanga, okanye umgaqo opheleleyo wokufumana amalungelo onke amalungelo. Lomgaqo-mgaqo uphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda ngokuphindaphindiweyo, uninzi lwabantwana abafudukiswe kubantwana.[3] [F3]

Ilindelekile Claus

INkqubo kaNombolo ka-Claus ithe: "Kwanaliphi na iZwe liya kuhlutha naliphi na umntu wobomi, okanye inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho." ekuqaleni, iBill of Rights (iziphendu zokuqala ezilishumi) kuphela yabeka imiqathango kurhulumente wezwe. Le nkqubo ye 144th IsiHlaliso seSicwangciso soMboniso uNondoloso-nkqubo kaNondolo lo-fafaya waba sisithutho [[FFO:2][FF3].[10][10] Imposiso ekhoyo i-FFON] iphendla.[10][10]

Ukukhusela u-Claus

UKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus luyalela: "Kungekhona ukukhanyela nabani na kwigunya lakhe ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho." Eli binzana lenzelwe ukukhusela iimeko ekuchaseni naliphi na iqela. Noko ke, ukutolikwa kwalo kwakuqala kwakumxinwa. [[[FLT: 0]][FLT]][12].[FLT][20][12][FLT]][19] [1866] [iNkunye], iNkuNkundla ePhakathi ePhakamileyo yalawula ukuba i-cawarame ye-cawa, ingu yenze ide i-'ekhomntswana ilinganiswe naka kakhulu, kodwa i-'imithetho yesizwe ilingana, kodwa i-'enzinye i-'.[FF] [5] i-egcumpse i-edition:[5]

Uphawu lwetyala eliphakamileyo leNkundla noMphumezo wayo

IsiHlamlisi seshumi elinesine singundoqo kwizigqibo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo. Itafile elandelayo ibalaselisa amatyala angundoqo angaphaya koluhlu lokuqala, ebonisa ububanzi botshintsho:

Oonobumba Bokudibana

  • [FLT] GITLOW v. New York (25) – Idityanisiwe inkululeko yokuthetha ngokuchasene namazwe ngokugqitha kwi Inkqubo ka Claus, ivula ucango lokudibanisa phantse zonke iziqinisekiso zamalungelo.
  • [FLT] Mapp v. Ohio (1961)[FLT] – Yalulwe umthetho weSine woMphetho-Mdaba (ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngokusemthethweni abunakusetyenziswa kwinkundla yesizwe) kumazwe, uqinisekiso lobulungisa.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) – amazwe afunekayo ukunikela isiluleko kubamangalelwa abagwebi abangakwaziyo ukuhlawula igqwetha, ukuqinisekisa ilungelo kwityala elilungileyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966]- – kusekwa imfuneko yokuba amapolisa akrokrele amalungelo awo (ekunene ahlale athule, elungile kwigqwetha) phambi kokuba ancinwe phambi kokuba agunyaziswe, ngokusekelwe kuMgunyaziso wesihlanu ngokuchasene nolwahlulo lobuqu oludityaniswe kwi 145.

Ityala lokhuselo elilinganayo

  • [FLT] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) – Ngemxhelo ibetha icandelo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, igatya "ihlelo kodwa lilingana" imfundiso. Esi sigqibo saba sisiseko esisemthethweni sePolitiki Rights Movement.
  • ukuphuma v. Virginia (67) – imithetho yesizwe engasebenziyo ekwalela umtshato weentlanga ezahlukeneyo, ibambe ukuba imiqathango enjalo yaphula iSikhuseli sobulingani kunye neNkqubo ka-Celas. Isigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba ulwalamano lobuqu lukhuselwe kwingxube-phazamisano yombuso.
  • [FLT'] 'I-V. Ijongwe [[FLT] (1971] – yaphawula okokuqala iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha umthetho osekelwe kucalulo lobufana phantsi koKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus, ibeka indlela kumatyala okulingana kwesini.
  • San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez – Iwilizile into yokuba uKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus alufuni ukulingana okupheleleyo kwinkxaso-mali yesikolo, kodwa luvumele oorhulumente ukuba bathethe ngokuchasene nemithetho-mthetho.
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015) - Wamkela ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lomtshato omnye-oknaye phantsi kweNkqubo elindelekileyo kunye noKhuselo olulinganayo Claus, ukwandisa amalungelo asisiseko ku LGBTQ+ izibini kwilizwe lonke.

Oonobumba benkqubela abalindelekileyo

  • [FLT]Griswold v. Connecticut [1965] – imisele ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuba wedwa, igalela umthetho othintelayo izibini ezitshatileyo. Le meko yabeka isiseko samalungelo okuzala kamva.
  • [[NTLT:0] Roe v. Ihede [1973] – Isebenzisa iNkqubo Yokwemamela Yomfazi u-Claus] ukuqaphela ilungelo lomfazi lokukhetha ukuqhomfa ngexesha lomvalisi wokuqala. (INkawu: INkundla ilawule i Roe ] Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of Ady [[FLT:]]2022]), ibuyisela ukuqhomfa kuthetho.)
  • [FLT]Lawrence v. Texas (2003) – Imithetho egalelekileyo ye-Sodomy karhulumente, iqinisekisa inkululeko yabantu abadala ukuba babendakanyeke kwihambo yesondo yabucala phantsi kwe-STCLEct Clause.

IsiHlaliso Seshumi Eline NeNtlanganiso Yamalungelo Abemi

During the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, the Fourteenth Amendment served as both a legal sword and shield. Activists and lawyers from the NAACP Legal Defense Fund—most notably Thurgood Marshall—used the Equal Protection Clause to dismantle segregation in public schools, transportation, and public accommodations. The strategy was deliberate: chipping away at Plessy by proving that segregated facilities were inherently unequal. Brown v. Board of Education was the crowning achievement, but it was preceded by cases like Missouri ex rel.Igames v. Canada (1938) kunye [[FLT]] Sweatt v. Ipeyinti (1950).

Ulungiso lwasekugqibeleni kwemithetho-siseko yalo mbutho. [[FLT: 0] UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1942 [FLT: 1] waxhomekeka kuMthetho wezorhwebo ka-Claus noMgangatho olinganayo ka-Claus ekwalela ucalucalucalulo kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke kunye nomsebenzi. [[FLT:]] Ukukhutshwa kwamalungelo oMkhosi [[FLT] [[FLT:]], okwasusa iimvavanyo zobugcisa ufundo nolunye ukhupho-mthetho, kwasekwa kwi-Projekthi ye-15thmeterting Complete kodwa kwaqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwe 144 kweSinyuko sokhuseleko isiqinisekiso sokhuseleko. [FT][5] [F]

Imibhiyozo engaphazanyiswanga ngezantsi. njengeMontgomey Bus Boycott (1955-1966), i-gades-enovers eGreensboro ekhankanyiweyo yesidlo sasemini (1960), kunye neSelma ukuya kuMontgomery (65). kwaye uSelma wanyanzelisa ilizwe ukuba lijongene nomsantsa phakathi kwezithembiso zentengiselwano kwaye liphile. ISindululo seshumi elinesine soMphetho sasingeso sisixhobo esisemthethweni nje; sasiyindawo ebonakalisa ukuziphatha okuhle ekhutshwa nguMartin Luther King Jr. kwi "Letter ukusuka eBirming Jail" nakwintetho yakhe "Inephulo". UKumkani wathiwe ukuba i-mendimfo imele iphetshana "proschory" elayilwayo" elasetyenziswayo iMelika ebhay, kwaye i-'intengx.

Izicelo zaNgoku kunye neNkxaso eziBalekayo

ISindululo Se - 14 sisenguxwebhu oluphilayo, olusetyenziswa phantse kuyo yonke impikiswano eyintloko yamalungelo abantu kule nkulungwane yama - 21.

Isenzo Esiqinisekisayo

Ukususela ngo-1970, iLinganiso lokuKhuselwa kuka-Claus ibingundoqo wokuphikisana ngoenkqubo yovulo lwemfundo nomsebenzi. [[FLT:][FLT]] [1] I-Bakke. [[FLT]][FLT]] [127] [1978], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ixhasa ukuqwalaselwa kohlanga njengefektha enye ekhoyo kodwa eshwabeleleyo kwimiqathango yebala. [[FT][FLT:][4][FLT][5].[FLT].[FLT][FLT][10] kunye nenkqubo yemfazwe yemfazwe.[12]

Amalungelo

ISigqibo soMgqibeko se 14th Silinganise I-Suclement Claus sisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya imithetho yokuvota, kuquka iimfuno zovota ze-ID, igerrymandering, kunye nefelony disencencer. [[FLT]][FLT]]] Shelby County v. [[FLT]][3][FLT][3]] [iiiiimfuno] [iiimfuno] [iiiindawo engundoqo] yeSibonelelo somthetho [iSibonelelo se-Rightast Act, i-Genethiwer, i-'ivot'ethentiat', isithi i-DFoctivecr.[5] iKomiti ye-National F2]

LGBTQ+ amalungelo

IsiHlaliso seshumi elinesine siye saba sisiseko sokwandisa amalungelo ku LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye. Obergefell v. Hoddell (20]) umtshato osemthethweni ofanayo, kodwa ukulungisa kukhusela ukucalucalulwa (njengoko kuqiniswe ngu [[FLT:]4]][FLT]][FLT]BOstock v. County[[FLT:][FLT][25]] [2020]) phantsi kweSihlomelo VII) kwaye kusenokunwebela kwezinye iindawo ezinje njengezindlu kunye nezempilo. Iimeko ezininzi ziye zazama ukugqithisa imithetho enqamlezayo okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba kwemidlalo ephakathi kobufana nolutsha, i-ognomenti ye-etingstings sykt sycreat.[FUl]

Ukufuduka Nokuzalwa Ngokufanelekileyo

Ingingqi yobuSiziko uClaus iseyindawo ephambili kwingxoxo yokufuduka. Abanye abezobupolitika baye bacela ukuphelisa ubumi bobuzibulo kubantwana abafuduki abangaxelwanga, bephikisa ngelithi ibinzana elithi "bathobela igunya labo" alibafaki bonke abo bangekho phantsi kolawulo lwe-U.S. kodwa, ukucaciswa okusemthethweni okukhoyo, okuxhaswe ku-[FLT][1] United States v. Umculo we-Kim Kim [18], uqinisekisa ukuba nabani na ozalelwe ku-U.S...[1]

Ucelomngeni Nempikiswano Yokutolika

Nangona intsingiselo yayo ehlala ihleli, uMphengululo weshumi elinesine uhleli ungenampikiswano. Abaphengululi besithethe baphikisa ngelithi intsingiselo yentsingiselo yentelekelelo kufuneka iqiniselwe ekuqondeni abaxhasi bayo ngo1868, abanokuthi bagqibelele ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwimiba yangoku efana nomtshato osukruqulayo okanye uvuselele. Kwesinye isandla, abahlali bomgaqo-siseko baphikisa ukuba ukulungiswa kolwimi olubanzi", "inkqubo yangaphambili," "ukhuseleko olulinganayo"" lumele lungaguqulwa nokutshintsha kokuqonda kwebutho labantu. Ukutshintsha kwembono yeNkundla Ephakamileyo kuthetha ukuba ukukhuselwa kweNkundla kunganwela okanye kuxhomekeke ekuqululweni kweNkundla.

Enye ingxubusho ibhekisele kubungakanani bomsebenzi karhulumente. UHlaliso lweMimiselo yeshumi elinesine luthintela kuphela isigqeba ucalucalulo, hayi ucalulo lwabucala. Olu lwahlula-hlula lwaba lunzima ku [[FLT]] . Kraemer[FLT][4] [FLT] [1948], olwalukholelwa ukuba iinkundla azinakunyanzela ukuba izivumelwano zezindlu ezingqongqo ngokwezizwe kuba oko kuza kubandakanya isenzo sikarhulumente. Kodwa umgca phakathi kwezenzo zikawonke kunye nezobucala uhlala ungenabucala, ngokukodwa kwimimandla efana neendawo zokuhlala noluntu nemfundo.

Ngaphezu koko, isithembiso sokulungisa ukulingana asizange sibhaqwe ngokupheleleyo. Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ukuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi, kunye nokwahlukahlukana kobutyebi nempilo kuyaqhubeka kuxhomekeke kwimida yobuhlanga. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla bezimadolw'a ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto ukubetha imithetho echaphazela amaqela azimeleyo ngaphandle kokuba kukho ubungqina obucacileyo benjongo yokulingana. Ingcamango "ukungalingani", enokuthi ivumele iingxaki ezisekelwe kwizinto ezidibanisayo, zithintelwe yinkundla kwiimeko ezifana . [[FLT]] ugnobo olucacileyo lwenjongo yokukhupha iziqu zamagama.[12][12][12][12][12][12] [7].66]. IsiHomjinisi senkqubo esizinzileyo sihlala sisisixhobo sokulwa kwe-onkrenti ye-enjini, kodwa sisebenza ngokuchasene nemithetho yemithetho eqinileyo

Isiphelo

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine lulelona lungiselelo libalulekileyo lomgaqo-siseko lokukhusela amalungelo abantu eUnited States. Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yalo ekuvuselweni kwakhona ukuya kwindima yayo kwiNtlanganiso yaMalungelo e-Civil kunye nokusebenza kwayo kwimiba yale mihla efana neLGBT+ ukulingana, uvunywa, kunye namalungelo okuvota, ukulungiswa kwemithetho-siseko kuye kwaba ngamandla anamandla okukhusela okusesikweni. Izindululo zayo `````ICitacized''''',' ne-Cecurifizete Projectal proted'''', kwaye isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka silwe ngentsingiselo yaso sobucala. Ngoxa isiphelo singakhange siphelise zonke iintlobo zocalucalucalucalucalucalucalu-calulo, sinikezela ngamandla ngenxa yokunga okunzima. Ukuqonda imbali yaso naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi