Ingcamango yenkqubo yomthetho efunekayo ime njengentsika echaza ulawulo-mGaqo-siseko waseMelika. Ngaphezu kokuba yinkqubo esemthethweni, imela ukuzinikela okunzulu koluntu ekugqibeleleni, ukuqiqeka, nesidima somntu ochasene namandla amakhulu esizwe. Olu hambo lusuka kwisiqinisekiso somthetho esiqinisekisiweyo kwiNgilani yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo ukuya kwinkcaso yempatho yempatho-siseko enamandla, eninzi, ekwimfuno yesizwe senkulungwane yama-21 yenkulungwane esoloko isenza umlo oqhubekayo wokuzama ukugqibelela imanyano yalo lwaso nokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ezikhuselwe ngayo ngokungxamisekileyo, ingcungxuswa ngogonyamelo, kwaye iqhubeke ichazwa ngokuphindwayo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zentlalo-manyeneyo yesizwe.

Imvelaphi Enzulu Yesithembiso: Ukuyeka Ukuzikhusela Ukuya KwiBhili Yamalungelo

Umnombo wenkqubo efunekayo uqala ngodumo lwawo oluphambili e-Runnymede ngo-1215, apho amaNgesi avukeleyo alawula uKumkani uJohn ukuba afake itywina lakhe kwi- Magna Carta. Ngelixesha isivumelwano soxolo esithetha ngezikhalazo ezithile zetyala, ezona zihlala zihleli ziqulathe imbewu karhulumente wezomgaqo-siseko. Yathi akukho mntu okhululekileyo unokubanjwa, afakwe entolongweni, okanye agxothwe "ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni wabalingane bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe." lesi sibinzana, "ngomthetho welizwe," singukhokhokhokho walo "wenkqubo emiselwe ngumthetho osemthethweni.""""."

Kangangeenkulungwane, lo mgaqo waphelelwa de kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17, xa uMhlekazi Edward Coke, ugwebi oliNgesi, wavuselela uMagna Carta kumadabi akhe nxamnye negunya lobukumkani. Coke waphikisa ngelithi "umthetho welizwe" wawuthetha into ecacileyo: wawuqinisekisa ukufikelela kwiinkundla zomthetho zoluntu kwaye unamathela kwiinkqubo ezisemthethweni. Le nkcazelo yaphembelela kakhulu abalandeli bama-Melika, ababezigqala njengabazukulwana bamalungelo amaNgesi amandulo. I-1628 Lire of Iburyo neBhill yamaNgesi yamaLungelo athelelayo ngokubhekeneyo kwisenzo sombuso esinetyala esinetyala esinetyala, kuquka ukukhuselwa kwesicelo nesohlwayo esingekho mthethweni nesohlwayo nesohlwayo.

Kumathanga aseMerika, inkqubo efunekayo yaphoswa kwilaphu lokulawula kwakudala. IMassachusetts Body of Liberles (1641) luxwebhu olunesiqu sentsimbi, oluqinisekisa ukuba ubomi bomntu ngamnye, inkululeko, kunye nempahla yayinokuchukumiseka kuphela "ngesidima sabanye abantu belizwe eligunyazisa into enye. Oku kwabonisa ukuzimisela kwamaPuritan ukulawula ngomthetho, kungekhona ngabantu. Umthetho weStamp Act kunye noncedo lomntu ngamnye kwixesha langaphambi kwenguquko yayiyinkqubo esisiseko yokukhalaza. Abalawuli bamatyala babegxeka "irhafuthelo ngaphandle komelo" nokusetyenziswa kweenkulelo-mthetho, ezazisebenza ngaphandle kokusebenza kwentloko. Ummiselo we-Eyodwa yinkqubo ye-Eyodwa ehambayo, ngokukhethekileyo yenkqubo yenkststcioklicesss (iiiiiiences) ngokweeeeeethi zemeko ezininzi ze-Juiv.

Emva kokuzimela, abaququzeleli beSivumelwano somGaqo-siseko babekholelwa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe onemiqathango elinganiselweyo, odweliswe ngamagunya ancinci asongela inkululeko. Oku kwangqina ukungagqibeki komthetho. AbaLawuli-Fedalist, banyanzela iBhili yamaLungelo njengemeko yokufumana imvume, baphikisa ukuba isiqinisekiso esibhaliweyo sikuphela kwesiseko esikhuselekileyo senkululeko. UJames Madison waphendula ngokufaka uChibelo lwamalungelo, oluquka iSihlanu seSinyulo: "Akukho mntu... uza kuhluthwa ubomi, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho."

IsiHlomelo Sesihlanu Nezikhuseli Zaso

I-Aws Procession Clause yeSiHlomelo sesihlanu soHlaliso isebenza ngokufaka ezinye izinto ezizikhuselayo ezingaphakathi kwentelekelelo ukulungiselela ikhaka elibanzi labantu abajongene namandla karhulumente wezwe. Sisiqinisekiso sokubonakalisa ubulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente asuse ubomi bomntu, inkululeko, okanye impahla, kufuneka ilandele imithetho emiselweyo yomthetho kwaye inike ithuba elinentsingiselo lokuviwa.

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Umthetho omkhulu obhaliweyo: kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu lwamaqumrhu, uMphetho-mthetho wesihlanu ufuna ukunikelwa okanye ukugwetywa ngumgwebi omkhulu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokuqhubekeka nokuvavanywa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhuselo oluchasene noMngxuma Ophindwe kabini: abantu abanakuvavanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo, ukuthintela urhulumente ukuba angasebenzisi ubuncwane bakhe obuphezulu ukukhathaza okanye ukusonakalisa ummangalelwa.
  • Ukhuselo oluchasene nozingca-bucala: Ilungelo elidumileyo lokuhlala buthule liqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu unokunyanzeleka ukuba abe lingqina elichasene nabo. Olu khuselo, olusekelwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo, lugatya iindlela zokuncina amakholwa kwaye lubeka umthwalo wokuqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo kwityala.
  • Ukuthatha u-Claus: "Impahla yabucala iya kuthathwa ukuze isetyenziswe nguwonke-wonke, ngaphandle kwembuyiselo nje." Eli binzana limisela urhulumente ummiselo othe ngqo wegunya eliphezulu, ufuna ukuhlawulwa ngokufanelekileyo xa impahla iphangwa ukwenzela imisebenzi kawonke-wonke.

La malungiselelo ahlanu ahlukeneyo adityaniswe ngokuqinisekisa ngokugqithisileyo kwenkqubo efunekayo, idala ulwakhelo oluqinileyo lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko iwatolika ngokuphangaleleyo la magama ukuqinisekisa ukuphumelela kwawo kwixesha langoku.

IsiHlanzi Seshumi Eline: Ukudlulisela Imfihlelo EUnited States

IBhili yamandulo yamaLungelo yathintela urhulumente wengingqi kuphela. Oku kwaqinisekiswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo Barron v. Baltimore (1833), apho iJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall wakholelwa ukuba iSindululo seNhlanu soHluliso asisebenzi kurhulumente okanye koorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Oku kungabi nabulungisa okugqithisileyo kunye neziphumo zemfazwe yamakhaya kwaphelisa esi siseko silinganiselweyo. I-post-Implainmentation amenendimentments, ingakumbi Fitenth Amend Amend Amendment [Geneset] [1868]), ngokuyintloko umgaqo-mthetho-siseko waseMelika.

Icandelo Elinye loMphetho-Mgaqo weshumi elinesine liqulethe amacandelo amathathu agxekayo: Amalungelo okanye amaGama a-Immony Claus, i-Act Procession Claus, kunye noKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus. I-UMsebenzi weNkqubo apha u-Claus ubonakalisa isihlanu kodwa ukhokelwa kumaphondo: "... okanye naliphi na iLizwe liya kumhlutha na umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho. Ukusetyenziswa kuka-"person" endaweni ye-"Citizen" kwakungukhetho lwamabomkhethelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amakhoboka amatsha akhululwe kunye nabo bonke abanye abemi baya kukhuselwa.

Imfundiso Yokwahlukahlukana

Indlu yokulala-. Oku kwashiya ityala leNdlu yeNdlu ePhakamileyo (1873), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yanikela isibetho esitshabalalisayo kuMalungelo okanye u-Immunio Claus, eyifunda ngokunempumelelo ukusuka kumGaqo-siseko ngaphezu kwenkulungwane. Oku kwashiya i-'UMsebenzi weNkqubo ka-Claus'e' njengesithuthi sesikhulu sokukhusela amalungelo asisiseko kwisenzo sikarhulumente. Oku kwaqalisa imo kancinci, unobumba-mendo-mcimbini wenkqubo ye- i-'udioperation[] . . .

Umbuzo ongundoqo wawungu: ngawaphi amalungu eBhili yamaLungelo abaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba "asekelwe kwingcamango yenkululeko eyomelezekileyo"? Palko v.Connecticut [1937]), Justice Cardozo waphikisa ukuba kuphela lawo malungelo "asekelwe kwizithethe nezazela zabantu bethu ukuze abekwe kwindawo esisiseko" kufuneka afakwe. Le ndlela yokukhetha" ingeniso efunyenwe ngaphandle kwembono yeJaji Hugo Black Black Complete yayizimisele ukudibanisa uBill we-Gadenti (udition").

Kwiminyaka engamashumi aliqela eyalandelayo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaquka phantse onke amalungiselelo amakhulu eBhili yamaLungelo anxamnye namaphondo. Iimbalasane ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Gitlow v. New York (1925): IsiHlaziyo sokuqala (inkululeko yokuthetha).
  • [FLT] Near v. Minnesota[[FL:2] (1931):[[FL:3] IsiHlalisi Sokuqala (inkululeko yokucofa).
  • [FLT] Cantwell v. Connecticut[FL:2] (1940): IsiHlaziyo sokuqala (ukuqhelisela unqulo ngokukhululekileyo).
  • [FLT]Everson v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1947): IsiHlaziyo sokuqala (igalelo lommiselo).
  • [FLT] Mapp v. Ohio (1961): IsiHlayiso-Mbeko sesine (umthetho wesiGqeba).
  • Gideon v. Wainwright [1963): Isinyibilikisi sesithandathu (ikunene kwisiluleko).
  • [FLT] Malloy v. Hogan [1964]): IsiHlalisi sesihlanu (ukukhusela ngokuchasene nonikezelo lobuqu).
  • [FLT] Pointer v. Texas (1965): IsiHlayiso sesithandathu (kulungile kumangqina).
  • [FLT][1] Duncan v. Louisiana (1968): IsiHlaziyo seSithandathu (kunene kwityala labachopheli-tyala).
  • Benton v. Maryland [1969]: IsiHlayiso sesihlanu (ubungozi obuphindwe kabini).
  • McDonald v. Chicago [2010]): IsiHlaziyo sesibini (ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo).

Oku kuqukwa kwemvukelo kwaqinisekisa ukuba isiqinisekiso seBhili yamaLungelo saba ngumgangatho wokukhusela ummi ngamnye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba wayehlala kweliphi ilizwe.

Inkqubo Ebalulekileyo Elindelekileyo: Inkululeko Engaphaya Kwendlela

Ngelixesha inkqubo yokuchaza intsingiselo efunekayo iqinisekisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo (ingcaciso, iindlebe, ijaji engakhethi camagushela), inkqubo efunekayo enamandla kakhulu nephikisanayo. Ibambe ukuba ezinye iinkululeko ezisisiseko zisekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali yesizwe nakwiisithethe kangangokuba urhulumente akanakuphazamisana nazo konke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi iinkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo, ngaphandle kokuba zinesizathu esinyanzelisayo.

Le ngcamango yaqala ukukhula ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 ngexesha Lochner isigaba. Lochner v. New York (05], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa i-Sected Process Clause yeSindululo se-145 sokubetha umthetho obeka ababhaki kwiyure eziyi 60 yomsebenzi weveki. Inkundla yaphikisa ukuba "ilungelo lokuvumelana" yayiyinkululeko esisiseko ekhuselwe yinkqubo efanelekileyo, kwaye imo yelizwe ayikhange inikezele ugwebo olwaneleyo lokuphazamisana nayo. Le mfundiso yagxekwa kakhulu ngokubeka umthetho wemali ka-ezez-ezez-fere kwimo yolawulo lwama-193011930, yaye yashiya kunyuko ukuvavanywa kwemimiselo lwezoqoqosho lwangoku.

Noko ke, iNkundla ayizange iyishiye inkqubo encinci efunekayo. Endaweni yoko, yayibuyisela kwakhona imfundiso kwinkululeko yobuqu, esisiseko. Pierce v. USociety of Oodade (1925) kunye Meyer v. Nebraska [1923], iNkundla yaqonda ilungelo elisisiseko labazali ukukholisa ukukhulisa nokufundisa abantwana babo. Lo mgca wokuqiqaqamba wafikelela kwincam yayo kwindawo yobuqu.

[[NTLT: 0] Griswold v. Connecticut [65], iNkundla yaphelisa ukuvalwa kolawulo lokuthintela ukukhawula, ifumana ukuba ulwalamano lomtshato lwehlela phakathi kwe "indawo yobuqu" ekhuselwe yipenumbras zeBhili yamaLungelo. UJaji Harlan, ekuboneni imbono ekhoyo, iluthiye olu lungelo ngqo kwiMsebenzi ka Clausle. Oku kwaphelela ku Rhoe v. [[5][FL]] Imithetho ephantsi] [[FLT]] ikhuseleke [[3], ngoko ikhuselwe ngulwalamano olusondeleyo], oluthiweyo [Fogrome] [5], oluthiweyo, oluthiweyo, oluthi luvumelwe lunyukelwe lunyuke `5]

Isigqibo ku Dobs v. Jackson's Health Organization [2022] Roe ibonisa ukuba inkqubo efunekayo engaphantsi yeyokuba ayiyomfundiso ezimeleyo kodwa ngummandla okhuphiswayo wotoliko lwesiseko, uphakamisa imibuzo engundoqo malunga nendlela yokufumana amalungelo angahlaliyo.

INkundla YaseWarren Yamatyala

Akukho xesha kwimbali yaseMerika laguqula intsingiselo esebenzisekayo yenkqubo efunekayo yokuthetha ngokwesithethe kubemi abaqhelekileyo ngaphezu kwenkqubano yeJaji enkulu u-Earl Warren (1953-11969). INkundla iWarren ngokusisiseko yaluphucula ulawulo lwezigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ibeka imilinganiselo engqongqo yemithetho-siseko kurhulumente nakumapolisa asekuhlaleni, abatshutshisi, neenkundla.

[[FLT:] Gedon v. [Ohio [1961], iNkundla yenza umthetho wokuzihlukanisa usebenze kumaphondo, inyanzelisa amapolisa karhulumente ukuba athobele uLawulo lweSine. Gedeon v. [[FLT][FLT][63] [63], iNkundla yathiwe ukuba iSindululo seSithandathu seNkukhupha umthetho ofunekayo ukuze kunikwe amagqwethagqeba abamangalelwayo abangenakukwazi ukuwamkela, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lungawakho, nokuba lungamangalelwangaphi na. [[FLT:]] [FLT] [4] Manda. i-VFLT] [FLT] [5] [6], iNkusungule iNkunyelele imfuneko yokuba amapolisa azise abantu ukuba bafumane amalungelo abo amagosa amagosa amagosa amagosa amagosa aphezulu, yaye amele ukuncitshiswa ngokufanelekileyo, yaye avunywa ngokuvunyiweyoku

Ezi zigqibo zazingaphikiswanga. Abahlalutyi batyhola iNkundla ngokuthi "ibopha amatyala" kunye "ibopha amapolisa" kodwa, umgaqo ongundoqo osisiseko oxhasa iNkundla yaseWarren elungele ukuguquka yinkolelo yokuba ukufaneleka kwenkqubo yezobulungisa kuxhomekeke ekusesikweni kwayo okusisiseko nokuba umGaqo-siseko umele ube luxwebhu oluphilayo olukhusela abo bangakhuselekanga kumandla oyikekayo ephondo.

Inkqubo Elindelekileyo Ngenkulungwane Ye - 21: Imida Emitsha, Iingxabano Endala

Njengoko ubugcisa buhambela phambili, imigaqo esisiseko yenkqubo efunekayo ivavanywa ngeendlela ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili.

.Riley v. California (2014, iNkundla ePhakamileyo edibeneyo yavuma ukuba iicell phone azikho nje izinto eziphathekayo kodwa zizinto ezifunyenweyo zenkcazelo enkulu yamanani. Inkundla yabonisa ukuba amapolisa asoloko efuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla iselfowuni yecell phone ukuze abanjwe. IJaji enkulu uRoberts yabhala ukuba ugcino-data kwimfono-"alulofono ngokwayo alunakusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokubulala igosa-gosa okanye ukuqhuba ukubhabhabha" kwaye "imfuno zemali ze-" zimele ukuba zinikwe i-"intembelo-mfonomfono-ms.

ICardenter v. United States (208]) yaya phambili, ibambe ukuba urhulumente ufumana i-data yendawo ekwiseli-yomntu ohamba ngeminxeba efana ne-ankile ephuma kumphathi wesixhobo esinguphendlo lwesine. INkundla yaqonda ukuba abantu banolindelo olusengqiqweni lwemfihlo kuyo yonke imijikelezo yabo ephathekayo, igatya impikiswano karhulumente yokuba ugcino-lwazi lukwiqela lesithathu (inkampani yefowuni) kunokuba ibe ngumntu ngamnye.

Ngaphezu kwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo efunekayo iphikiswa ngokukrakra kwezinye iindawo. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ekwi-inshorensi iye yaba yindawo ebanzi, eneenkundla ezingqubana nenkqubela ebangelwa yile ndlela ijoliswe ngayo kubafundi abajamelene nezityholo zesihlokotho-sini i-IX, abahlali benelungelo lokufumana izikhuseli ezisisiseko, kuquka nethuba elibalulekileyo lokukhuphisana nesiseko sokhuseleko lwabo. [FLT:] [FLT]

INkundla ePhakamileyo ivelise uvavanyo oluntsonkothileyo lokuhlola inkqubo efunekayo ngaphandle komongo wolwaphulo-mthetho. [Mathews v. Elditri [197], iNkundla imisele uvavanyo oluzinxenye ezintathu lokuhlola imigaqo-nkqubo esemthethweni efunekayo:

    [[FLT]] inzala yangasese eza kuchaphazeleka ngesenzo esisemthethweni. [[FLT:] [[4] Umngcipheko wokunciphisa inzala ephosakeleyo kwimfuno esetyenziswayo kwiinkqubo ezisetyenziswayo, kunye nexabiso elifanelekileyo lezinto ezisetyenziswayo. [kungakungakhonziswa kwenkxaso yoluntu] [uncedo oluthe k'uncedo oluthe k'.] [FLT] [uncel.[9]

    Isiphelo: Idinga Elihlala Lihleli Lobulungisa

    Indaleko yamalungelo enkqubo afanelekileyo ayiyombali nje esemthethweni; libali lombalo weMelika ukudibanisa iinjongo zayo eziphezulu nemeko engafezekanga. Ukusuka kwimimandla enothuli yase-Runnymede ukuya kubancedisi bogcino-lwazi abathuleyo baseSilicon Valley, ukufuna ulungiso olungundoqo luyaqhubeka. Ingcamango yenkqubo efunekayo iye yangqineka ithe tye kwaye inamandla kakhulu kwizixhobo zogcino-lwazi, ikwazi ukuqhelanisa neengxaki ezintsha ngenkululeko ngoxa ihleli kumgaqo wamandulo wokuba urhulumente umele alandele umthetho aze aphathe wonke umntu ngesidima.

    Njengokuba kuvela imingeni emitsha .Njengoko kuvela ukunyuka kobuntlola obungeyoyamvelo kunye nokusesikweni okungasemthethweni ukuya kwingxoxo eqhubekayo ngokhuseleko lwesizwe, ukufuduka, kunye nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho, umgaqo ongundoqo kufuneka uhlale unjalo. Urhulumente osesikweni makasebenze kakuhle, makalandele imithetho yakhe, kwaye kufuneka ahlonele isidima somntu ngamnye. Isiseko sembali yeMelika siyaqhubeka sithobelela kubulungisa ngenxa yokuba ingcamango yenkqubo efanelekileyo, eguqukayo, ehlala, ehlala ihleli, nenzulu ebantwini, inika ikhampasi yayo yokuziphatha. Ukulondoloza ikhampasi eqinileyo, ubuchule, ubuchule bokuqonda nokufuna ezi zinto zikhuseleka zize zikhuseleke ngokupheleleyo kwelifa lomGaqo-siseko.