Ukwazisa: Indlela Ende Esuka EbuKomanisi Iya Kulawulo - melo

Ukuwa kolawulo lobukomanisi kulo lonke elaseMpuma Yurophu kunye nelangaphambili iSoviet Union ngo 1989-19991 kwabangela olunye utshintsho lwezopolitiko olubalulekileyo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Kumashumi amathathu eminyaka adluleyo, la mazwe asemva kwe-communist aye ahamba ngenqanawa entsonkothileyo enzima nasoloko ephithizela ukuya kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ngoxa amanye amazwe aye aphumelela ekuququzeleni amaziko olawulo-demokhrasi akhululekileyo, amanye aye angena kwimiqathango yemipu engaqhelekanga okanye yempatho engqongqo epheleleyo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indaleko yeenqobo kumazwe asemva kwe-comminist, lihlolisisa oothunywa bawo ababugxulukwano ababungela ukutshintsha idemokhrasi kunye nocelomngeni oluqhubekekayo ukuphembelela idemokhrasi.

Ukuqonda ezi nguqu kufuna ukukhangela ngaphaya kolawulo-mpukane olulula kunye nolawulo-mpuma. Indawo yasemva kwekhompyutha inika ilebhu yendalo yokufunda indlela yokuyila, utshintsho lwezoqoqosho, izithethe, kunye nengcinezelo yangaphandle edibeneyo ukuvelisa iziphumo ezahlukahlukeneyo zezobupolitika. Ukusuka kwii-partics zeBaltic ukuya kuMbindi Asia, iindlela ezithathiweyo ziye zabunjwa ngamava embali, amandla abantu, kunye nokhetho olufanelekileyo lwezikhulu zamakhaya.

Imvelaphi engokwembali yoLawulo lweNtloko

Ilifa Lolawulo LweSoviet

Iinkqubo zobukomanisi ezazilawula iMpuma Yurophu kamashumi amane eminyaka zashiya izikhuthazo ezinzulu zombutho kunye nezingokwasengqondweni. Umthetho wecawa enye, ulawulo lwesizwe, ukucinezelwa kwezoqoqosho, kunye nezixhobo zokhuseleko ezisasazekileyo zadala impucuko yezobupolitika eyayingalungelelani nezithethe zedemokhrasi. Kwiiriphabliki zeSoviet ngokwazo, amava aye aqhubeka ekhona kwaye enyanzeleka kakhulu. Ezi zigalelo zazithetha ukuba umsebenzi wokwakha amahlelo amatsha ezobupolitika wawungengombandela wokusuka nje ekukhupheni imizekelo yezobuGawula; yayifuna ukuyeka imikhwa yokunganyaniseki, ukungathemba kwimibutho yorhulumente, nokungabi namasiko abuthathaka ezobupolitika.

Iminyaka Yotshintsho Yokuqala (1989-19995)

Isigaba sokuqala sotshintsho saphawulwa ngovuyo notshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwezibonelelo. Uhlolo-nkqubo lwengqukuva ePoland, eHungary, naseCzechoslovakia lwakhokelela ekudluliseleni amandla ngoxolo. Umgaqo-siseko omtsha wasetyenziswa, iinkqubo zamaqela amaninzi zasekwa, kwaye unyulo lokuqala lwakhululekile lwabanjwa. Noko ke, ukuwohloka kwezoqoqosho okwalandela ukurhoxiswa kocwangciso oluphakathi kwabangela ubunzima obukhulu. Ukungaqeshwa, ukunyuka kwexabiso lemali, kunye nokurhoxiswa kwentlalo kubangela ukonakalisa okuqhelekileyo notshintsho lwedemokhrasi. Kumazwe anjengoBulgaria noRomania, utshintsho lwaye lwacotha kwaye lwakhuphiswa, kunye nowangaphambili amaqela obukhomanisi beziphinde bazenze njengedensicractats kwaye bagcina impembelelo ephawulekayo.

Ngeli xesha, abadlali bezizwe ngezizwe − ingakumbi i-European Union kunye ne-United States `ibonelele uncedo lobugcisa, uncedo lwezoqoqosho, nenkxaso yezobupolitika ekuguquleni ulawulo-siseko. Ithemba lokuba amalungu e-EU aba yeyona nto inamandla ebangela utshintsho, njengoko yagunyazisa ukufikelela kwimiqathango yeCopenhagen: amaziko aqinileyo aqinisekisa ulawulo-demokhrasi, ulawulo-mthetho, amalungelo abantu, kunye nokuhlonela iincutshe.

Ukuqiniswa noDivergence (1996-2010)

Ngomphakathi wonyaka ka19990, kwavela umahluko ocacileyo. Amazwe aseMbindi Yurophu anjenge Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, kunye neSlovenia enza inkqubela eqhubekayo kumanyano lwedemokhrasi. Badibana ne-NATO ngo 1999 kunye ne-EU ngo-2004. Ngokwahlukileyo, amazwe kwiBalkans kunye neyangaphambili iSoviet Union ajongene nokungazinzi okukhulu. Iimfazwe eYugoslavia kunye neemfazwe ezishicilelwe e-dokisini eMoldoval, eGeorgia, nase Aze-Azebhayijani zathintela ukuphuhliswa kwedemokhrasi. ERashiya, ungquzulwano lwango lwangonyaka wama-1990 lwanikezela ngomthetho kaVladimidimidiopu, owathisela ukujonga ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nolungelelaniso. Eli xesha labonisa ukuba ubukho bemishicineyobudemokh.

Imodeli zolawulo olukhulu kumazwe asemva kolawulo

Ulawulo lwasemva kolawulo lwamakhomputha namhlanje lungabekwa kwimizekelo emithathu ebanzi, nangona amazwe amaninzi enezithuba ezididayo phakathi kwawo. Ukuqonda le mizekelo kunceda ukuchaza iziphumo ezahlukahlukeneyo kulo mmandla wonke.

Ikhondo Elikhulu Ledemokhrasi

Amazwe athe ngokuthembeka athe athe athe athe athelekisa idemokhrasi yaseNtshona engoodemokhrasi ekhululekileyo ngokweenkalo ezininzi: ukhuseleko olunamandla lwezigwebo ezizimeleyo, amaqumrhu akwiziko loluntu, amaqumrhu aphezulu, amajelo eendaba akhululekileyo, nonyulo oluthe rhoqo. I-Estonia, iLatvia, iLithuania, i-Czech Republic, iSlovenia, neSlovakia adla ngokuchazwa njengengxelo yempumelelo. Ngokomzekelo, Estonia, uphando oluphezulu lweziko-demokhrasi, ukufikelela imigangatho ephezulu yokubonakala nokubizelwa komntyo nabemi. I-Czech Republic yagcina inkqubo eqinileyo kunye neengqingqinelanawonga eziqinileyo kwana ngexesha loxinzelelo lobumpumali.

Le mikhosi yolawulo-moya ikhululekileyo ayikhange igonyelwe kwiingxaki. Amahlazo orhwaphilizo, ukwenziwa kwezobupolitika, kunye nokuhlaselwa kwemithetho elawulayo ngamathub ’ athile kuye kwenzeka. Noko ke, ukuxhaswa kwazo ngokuzinziswa yiEU kunye nebutho labemi elisebenzayo, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo libavumela ukuba bachache kwiimeko ezinzima. Imodemokhrasi ekhululekileyo kula mazwe ngoku ikhuselwe kakuhle, ixhaswa ngokubanzi kwemigangatho kawonke wonke.

Iinguqu Eziyimfihlelo: Idemokhrasi Nokuxhasa I - Illibaralism

Eyona ntsingiselo iphawulekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje ibikukuvela kolawulo lwemijuxuzo-nkqubo egcina ezinye iimpawu zedemokhrasi ngexesha inikel'amandla ezandleni zamaqela alawulayo okanye abalawuli. I-Hungary nePoland zingowona mzekelo ubalaseleyo kwi-EU. Phantsi koMphathi-mikhosi uViktor Orbán, eHungary ibhale kwakhona umgaqo-siseko wayo, ibambe ijaji ne-media, kunye namalizwi achaseneyo. Umthetho neqela leSigwebi sasePoland (Pisi) ngokufanayo lazibeka phantsi kwenkululeko yokulawula kwaye lalawula abavumisi-ndaba kawonke. Omabini amazwe ayesaphethe unyulo kodwa aye amangalelwa ngoonyulo oluchasene namaxabiso e-EUNI yaye aye ajongana neenkqubo phantsi kweSivumelo se-7 seSivumelwano soMgaqonga.

Ngaphandle kwe-EU, ulawulo oluneentlobo-ntlobo luxhaphakile kakhulu. I-Serbia, iBosnia neHerzegovina, iMoldova (de kube lutshintsho lwakutshanje), kunye neUkraine (ngaphambi nasemva kwe-Euromadan) iye yafumana amaxesha okulawula kwe-oligadari, apho izilangazelelo zezoshishino ezinamandla zibumba ezopolitiko kunye nezolawulo-demokhrasi zibuthathaka. Kule nkqubo ye-demokhrasi, amaqela aphikisayo asenokukhuphisana kodwa ajongene nokudlala ngokungekho mthethweni, ucalucalucalucalulo, kunye noovimba borhulumente abasetyenziswayo ukungenelela intlalo-ntle.

Iimodeli zombhali nezobu-autocracy

Iqela lesithathu lamazwe azimeleyo emva kwe-communist asenokuba agciniwe okanye abuyiselwe ngokupheleleyo kulawulo lobuzwilakhe. IBelarus phantsi kolawulo luka-Alexander Lukashenko ngumzekelo ocacileyo: ukususela ngo1994, iLukashenko iye yalondoloza igunya ngokucinezelwa ngocwangco, ngonyulo, ngomsantsa, kunye nokususwa kolawulo oluzimeleyo kunye nenkcaso yezobupolitika. Ugonyamelo olunogonyamelo olukwimpikiswano yama-20 emva kokuphikisana nonyulo lwama 2020 lwagxininisa ukuzimisela korhulumente ukusebenzisa umkhosi. Ngokufanayo, iRashiya phantsi ko Putin iye yaba ngumthetho olawula zonke izikhundla zezixhobo eziphambili, icuthe ukuphikisa, nokusebenzisa izixhobo zayo zokhuseleko ukuphelisa abakhuphisana kwezobupolitika. Imfazwe ye-Ukraine iye yabonisa umahluko phakathi kwe-Russia nezithethe zedemokhrasi.

Iimodeli ezingoosomashishini zikwaqhubeka eMbindi Asia, apho amazwe afana neKazakhstan, i-Uzbekistan, neTurkmenistan zilawulwa ngoorhulumente abazimeleyo abanokhuphiswano olunentsingiselo lwezopolitiko. Aba rhulumente baye bamkela ezinye iimpahla zedemokhrasi eziqhelekileyo ```izithethe zedemokhrasi, iipalamente, kunye nonyulo lwamaxesha athile, kodwa basebenza njengefaçades kulawulo olunye okanye olunye lolawulo. Isiqalekiso (ubutyebi begesi nobutyebi begesi) sincede aba banqolobi be-omatshini, bavumela iinkokeli ukuba zithenge ukunyaniseka kwaye ziphephe inkqubo yezobupolitika.

Iinkalo eziqhubela phambili utshintsho lwedemokhrasi

Umahluko obanzi kulawulo lwempuma-mpuma yeziphumo zingalandela kwizizathu ezingundoqo eziliqela. Ukuqonda ezi meko kubalulekile ekuhloleni amathemba okuhlanganiswa kwedemokhrasi kulo mmandla.

Uyilo Lweziko Nomthetho

Amandla nenkululeko yamaziko angundoqo .⁠.Ngomzekelo, umgaqo-siseko wendlu yowiso-mthetho, amaziko achasene norhwaphilizo, kunye neekhomishini zonyuselo, zinzima. Amazwe awamkela uhlolo olunamandla nolwahlulo lomgaqo-siseko, njenge-Czech Republic ne-Estonia, aye aphumelela kakhulu kunalawo apho abalawuli begunya liqokelelwe khona kwasekuqaleni. Umgaqo-siseko we- Hungary wabekwa ngokungxama ngamaqela alawulayo kunye negunya elinyanzelekileyo kwiofisi yomphathi-mikhosi, eliphelisa ukuguquka kamva. I-judicary inguceriary ingutshetshe lolawulo lwedemokhrasi; xa ithotyekiswa, njengasePoland emva ko 2015, ezinye izikhuseli zedemo-demo-demokhrasi.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nophuhliso

Iimeko zezoqoqosho zadlala indima ebalulekileyo. Utshintsho olusuka kucwangciso lweziko lezoqoqosho oluphakathi lwaya kurhwebo lwavelisa abaphumeleleyo nabangaphumeleliyo. Amazwe alandela ukhuphiswano olukhawulezileyo, olubonakala ngokucacileyo nolwakhe ushishino lwamashishini asebenzayo . Ngokufuthi ngokhokelo lwe-EU. “‘ azimisele ukuvelisa iiklasi eziphakathi ezixhasa uzinzo lwedemokhrasi. Ngokwahlukileyo, amazwe apho ukwenziwa kweprojekthi yayizizizizizizi okanye yabanjwa ngabalawuli belizwe, abanjengeRashiya neUkraine, abona ukuxinzeleka kobutyebi namandla eedemokhrasi. Uqoqosho okanye ukudodobala okulwa kwezoqoqosho, njengaseBulgaria naseRomania ngo 1990, ukurhoxiswa kwezo-odoma kwaye kwabangela ukuvuleka kwemiculi-ogamfo okanye ubugcisa besizwe.

Impembelelo yangaphandle: Udityaniso lweEU kunye nabaLawuli bezizwe ngezizwe

Akukho sizathu sithe sanesiphumo sokuhlanganiswa kwedemokhrasi kunethemba lokungamalungu e-European Union. Umlinganiselo obekwe yiEU/ifuna ukwamkela i-acquiunautire kwaye uhlangabezane nemigaqo yeCopenhagen(drowe igaza lotshintsho lolawulo kuMbindi naseMpuma Yurophu. Ukuba amazwe athe athe athe athe athelela, noko ke, avumela ukupheliswa kwe-EU, eHungary nasePoland. Iindlela ezintsha zoqingqo-mali ezidibanisa uqingqo-mali ukuze zilawule umthetho, zimela ukuzama ukufumana impembelelo kodwa zihlale zikho kwimilo yezopolitiki.

Abanye abadlali behlabathi lonke nabo bayile iziphumo. I-United States ixhase ukulawulwa kolawulo-demokhrasi ngoncedo nangeenkqubo zoluntu ngoo-1990. Ngokuchasene noko, iRashiya iye yakhuthaza imizekelo yezobuzwilakhe, isebenzisa ukuxhomekeka kwamandla, ukurhoxa, kunye nenkxaso kumaqela angathanga ncam ukuthomalalisa ukuguquka kwedemokhrasi kummandla wayo. I-EU yeNtshona kunye neBhunga laseYurophu iye yalungiselela izicwangciso zemigangatho esemthethweni neyolawulo-demokhrasi, kodwa impumelelo yayo iyahluka.

Izithethe Zezobupolitika Nemithetho Yembali

Amaxabiso angokwesithethe kunye namava embali achaphazela ngokunzulu ukwamkelwa kwamaziko edemokhrasi. Kumazwe anezithethe ezinamandla zangaphambili zoluntu kunye nokwaziwa kwesizwe, njenge Czech Republic ne Estonia, idemokhrasi yazivelela lula. Kumazwe apho ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lwamazwana lwamagunya aphantsi kwe-othoralithoba okanye apho izakhiwo zezizwe zaqhubeka, njengakwimimandla yeBalkan ne-Asia eseMbindini, amaziko edemokhrasi ahlala engobuthathaka. Ukuthemba amaziko, ukunyamezela ukuchasana, kunye nokwamkelwa kobuninzi bezobupolitika ziimpawu zempucuko ezingaveli ngesiqhelo. Imilinganiselo yorhwebelo norhulumente idla ngokusuka kusini nakuzalwa kwixesha lobukhomanisi kwaye kunzima ukujika ngaphandle koxinzelelo oluxhaswa ngurhulumente.

Uluntu Lwasekuhlaleni Nenkululeko Yamajelo Opolishi

Ibutho labemi elinamathelo aphezulu kunye namajelo eendaba azimeleyo abalulekileyo ekujongeni inkohlakalo. Kumazwe asemva kwekhomputha, imibutho yoluntu yavela ngokukhawuleza ngoo1990, isoloko ixhaswa ngemali yaseNtshona Koloni. Noko ke, kulawulo oluninzi lwezikhundla ezidibeneyo kunye nezobuzwilakhe, ezi zimibutho ziye zabekwa phantsi, okanye zacinezelwa. Umzekelo, eRashiya, imithetho efuna “ii-oomasigqeba” ubhaliso lwe-NJOGO. EHungary, ukuvulwa kweYunivesithi yaseMbindi Yurophu kwabonwa njengokuhlasela inkululeko yemfundo. Inkululeko yamaMedi isisi sona siphawu esinentsingiselo esichuku, esizimeleyo samajelo melo ixhomekeke kulawulo olawulo lwedemokhrasi, ngoxa leyo efuna ukulawulwa okanye ukulawulwa kwe-ogalelo-othe Serbian (njenge- Bulgaria okanye i-archid) inzima kwintetho kawonke-wonke-wonke.

Ucelomngeni Nethemba Lexesha Elizayo

I-Democratic Erosion kunye nePopulist

Eyona ngxaki icinezelweyo kwiYurophu yasemva kwekhomputha kukunyuka kwepopulism kunye nokukhukuliseka kwedemokhrasi. Kumazwe amaninzi, abemi baye badidemokhrasi ngenxa yokungalungelelani kwezoqoqosho, ukunganyaniseki, nokungalingani. Amaqela ePopulist athembisa izisombululo ezilula kunye nokuhlasela imigaqo-nkqubo yedemokhrasi njenge-ethemokhrasi. Impembelelo yolawulo lomntu olunamandla ikhule, kwanakulawulo lwedemokhrasi olumiselweyo. I-Hungary nePoland ibonisa indlela oorhulumente bobupopulist abanokuyiphelisa ngayo ngokuthe ngceleleko kunye nolungelelaniso lomlinganiselo ngoxa belondoloza inkxaso ethandwayo. Umngcipheko kukuba ezinye iintlanga kummandla zingalandela imigaqo-demokhrasi ukuba imikhosi yolawulo-moya iyasilela ukuphendula phantsi kwezikhalazo ezikhoyo.

Urhwaphilizo Noxhathiso Lwaseburhulumenteni

Urhwaphilizo luhlala luyingxaki kumazwe amaninzi emva kwe-communistism. Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela, ingakumbi kuMbindi Yurophu, ifa lelizwe lokubanjwa liyaqhubeka kumazwe afana neRomania, iBulgaria, neUkraine. Ukunganyaniseki kuphelisa ukuthemba urhulumente, ukudinisa utyalo-mali lwamanye amazwe, kwaye kukhuthaza ukugxekwa kwezobupolitika. Amaqumrhu okulwa kwezenkohlakalo kunye nabatshutshisi abazimeleyo aye asekwa, kodwa asoloko ejamelene nenkxwanguqu kwezopolitiko. Umlo nxamnye norhwaphithi-yo awufuni nje imithetho kodwa umele ulwe yimpucuko enokuthi ithathe izizukulwana.

Iingcinezelo Zangaphandle Neepolitiki

Uxinzeleleko lwezopolitiko, ingakumbi uhlaselo lwaseRashiya kwi-Ukraine ukususela ngo-2014 kunye nokuhlasela kwesikali esigcweleyo ngowama-2022, lulungise iimbono zokhuseleko kunye nolungelelwaniso lwezopolitiko kummandla. Kumazwe asemagangeni eRashiya ne-Belarus, isisongelo sokudilika siye sakhokelela ekuhlaziyweni kwezopolitiko, maxa wambi ngokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yedemokhrasi. Amandla enkcitho, imiqathango kwizixhobo zokhuseleko, kunye nokungavumelani kwezono lokhuseleko lohlanga. Okwangoku, ukuphendula kwe-EU----------anismstion, inkxaso yemali ye-Ukraine ne-Moldova-neva (inikeza indlela yokufumana i-demokhrasi ebheke phambili, kodwa inkqubela phambili kwaye ihambela kwinkqubela kwezopolitiko.

Utshintsho Olubangelwa Kukungaphili Kanye Neengxaki Zentlalo

Amazwe amaninzi asemva kwezobugcisa ajongene nokuncipha okunzima kwamanani amanani okuzala, namanani asezantsi okuzala kunye nokufuduka kwabasebenzi abaselula, abanamava. Oku kuthomalalisa ingqondo kunciphisa iziseko zezoqoqosho nezentlalo zedemokhrasi. Iinkonzo zoluntu ezixhobisa uluntu kwaye zinokubonakalisa inkxwaleko yobuzwe. Urhulumente uqaphele ezi nkqubo zimilise imigaqo-nkqubo yokuxhasa intsapho, kodwa ukuyekelela ukufuduka kufuna amathuba oqoqosho nozinzo lwezobupolitika amazwe amaninzi asalusweleyo.

Isiphelo: Uhambo Olungenazintloni

Indaleko yemodeli yolawulo kumazwe asemva kwekhomputha libali elingagqitywanga. Ngelinye ilizwe liye lakha ulawulo-melo oluvunyiweyo oluvunyiweyo, amanye ahlala ebambene kwiinkqubo ze-democratic. Oothunywashe abagqiba impumelelo /amandla eejaji ezizimeleyo, iijaji, amathuba ezoqoqosho, inkxaso yangaphandle, kunye nabantu abasebenzayo basekuhlaleni (iqonde kakuhle, kodwa ukuwasebenzisa kufuna ulawulo lwedemokhrasi oluqinileyo. Ikamva ledemokhrasi kummandla lixhomekeke kumandla eproduracratics anokufunda kwiimpazamo zangaphambili, ukuxhathisa umgibe wokuzingela i-amaqumrhu, nokukhuthaza abemi belizwe ekusebenzeni nzima. Njengokuba ihlabathi libona umzabalazo oqhubekayo eUkraine, ukuma e-pompmunni yolawulo-demokhrasi ihlala ingumbi ye-demokhrasi kungulawulo lwehlabathi lonke.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona iingxelo zonyaka iNdlu yeSikhululo samaNgesi kwiiNtlanga , i[FLT:] iBhanki yeBhunga leBhunga leBhunga lehlabathi [, kunye ne[[FLT:] iPalamente ye-Euronan yomthetho [. Uphando lwe-Asmetic ye-D [iinkcitho ye-D] kwinkqubo ye-demokhrasi.