Izithethe Zamandulo Zezobupolitika: Ixesha Leenkomfa Neendibano

Phambi kokufika konyulo oluphambili, amaqela ezobupolitika aseMerika axhomekeke kwinkqubo elungelelanisiweyo nengakhanyisiyo ye-caucuuses kunye neendibano zokukhetha abaza kubhalisa. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, iinkokeli zeqela kunye nonyulo lwamagosa eqela (ukungathethi nto ingako). Indlela eqhelekileyo yokuchola i-caucus"'s" yayidityaniswa kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye kumagumbi angasemva okuxhasa ii-injini. Le nkqubo yanika impembelelo ephakanyisiweyo kwiqela, abaxhasi abatyebileyo, kunye nabavuli-mandla bengingqi, ngoxa uvoti nje babengenalwazi lungako. Indlela yokukhuthaza urhwaphiso, i-clonyism, i-criny, kunye nokungabi nako kokubonakala, njengoko izigqibo zazisenziwa emva kweminyango ezivalwayo, kungekho kuphendula ucweno.

Ngo1820 nango1830, unyuko lwamaqela amakhulu ezobupolitika kunye nokunyuka kwentsebenziswano ebanzi kwandisa unyulo, kodwa inkqubo yokukhetha ebhaptiziweyo yahlala iqinile ezandleni zabalawuli. Iindibano zesizwe ezavelayo ekuqaleni kuma-1830 zaziyilelwe ukwandisa inxaxheba, kodwa zakhawuleza zalawulwa ngabalawuli beqela ababelawula iziqwenga zenkonzo kunye nokuthengiselwana. Ngokomphumo, ummi oqhelekileyo waziva ekhutshiwe kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, imfuneko yokunika amandla ehlaziyweni.

Ixesha Lenkqubela Nesiqalo Sokhetho Oluphambili

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20 kwazisa iinguqu ezimandundu kwintlalo kunye nezobupolitika njengoko umbutho oqhubekekayo wawufuna ukunqanda amandla olawulo kunye noomatshini bezobupolitika abonakele. Abaguquli baphikisa ngelithi i-primethies engqalileyo iza kwaphula ulawulo lweqela kwaye inike ivoti ilizwi elinentsingiselo ekukhethweni kwe-cription. Lo mthetho wokuqala worhulumente ophambili wamiselwa kunyaka ka-103 , ixhaswe yiRhuluneli enguRobert M. La Follette, iNkqubela phambili. Lo mthetho wesikhuphithi-mali wawufuna ukuba amaqela abambelele ekukhetheni unyulo oluphambili, intsingiselo yokuphumelela yayizakuba ngunothothotho lweqela leqela. Amanye amazwe alandela ngokukhawuleza: Oregonton eyamkele inkqubo yokuqala kwi1904, kunye nesiqingatha soograckitton.

Ezi zindlu zamandulo zazisoloko zingabotshelelwa okanye zingangenisi, kodwa zamisela umgaqo wokuba abavoti `hayi nje abalawuli abaphezulu ``ifanele bamisele ii-mineines'. Intshukumo yokuqala yafumana inkqubela ekwiminyaka emibini yokuqala yenkulungwane yama-20, enemithetho eyahlukeneyo jikelele ngokwemeko yorhulumente. Amanye amazwe afumana ii-primerigerias ezivulekileyo, ezivumela nawuphi na umvoti obhalisiweyo ukuba athathe inxaxheba nokuba ngabaphi na umbutho, ngoxa amanye athandwayo avala i-Primries elinganiselwe kumalungu eqela. I-Nxeba iNkathsla isiseko senkqubo yanamhlanje, kodwa athatha amashumi amaninzi eminyaka eencwadi ye-Primentys ukuze abe yeyona ndlela iphambili yokungangeni.

IWisconsin Ephambili: Uphawu Olubalaseleyo Lwelizwe

IWisconsin eyintloko yo1903 yayingeyoyoyokuqala kuphela kodwa yayingumzekelo wotshintsho. Phantsi kokhokelo lwe-La Follette, indlu yowiso-mthetho yasekuhlaleni yawisa umthetho ofuna amaqela ukuba akhethe abalawuli bawo ngokuvota ngqo kunokuba indibano. Umthetho wawusebenza kulo lonke ilizwe nee-ofisi zasekuhlaleni, nangona abathathi-nxaxheba beBhunga leBhunga be-United States babengaqukwanga de kulandele uHlaziyo lwe-17. Inkqubo yeWisconsin ibonisa ukuba ii-printaries ezithe ngqo zinganciphisa impembelelo yoomatshini beqela kwaye zandise inxaxheba kwabavoti. Kwiminyaka elishumi, phantse lonke ilizwe kwiMidwester neNtshona lalisamkele uhlobo oluthile lwezingqalelo-phambili, nangona kusoloko kugatyalwa, i-mathematila akwindawo athene-ama-ama-min asukayo asukayo.

Utshintsho Phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-20: Unyuko Lwezibophelelo Zee-Priminaries

Ngeminyaka yee-1920 kunye ne-1930, amapringid ayeqhelekile kodwa engekho jikelele. Amazwe amaninzi aqhubeka esebenzisa iindibano okanye iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo, ingakumbi inkqubo yonyuselo lomongameli. Inkqubo yonyulo yahlala ingumbandela wendibano, iindwendwe ezikhethwe ziikomiti zeqela lephondo. Noko ke, phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20 kwatshintshwa utshintsho oluthe gqolo njengoko amaphondo afumana amaqumrhu alawulayo. Ngonyaka ka195 kunye nowama 1960 abala agxininisa ukubaluleka okukhula kweeprojenti: abafana noDwight Eisenhower noJohn F. Kennedy wasebenzisa uloyilo oluphambili ukubonakalisa inkxaso ephambili kunye noxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo.

IKhomishini yeQuml. yeQumrhu lezeNtlanganiso neNkcubeko yowama-1972

Lutshintsho oluphawulekayo lwenzeka emva kweNgqungquthela yesizwe yeDemocratic 1968, apho abaqhankqalazi abachasene nemfazwe bangquzulana khona nabafaki-nxaxheba kunye nonomneya bakhethwa ngaphandle kwevoti yokuqala enye. Ekuphenduleni, iDidemocratic Parti limise i-[FL:0] McGovern-Fraser Commission [[[FL:1], ekhupha imigaqo efuna ukuba ulawulo olusemthethweni luqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo zokukhetha abathunywa zivuleke, zikhanyele, kwaye zimele. Utshintsho lwale komiti yagunyazisa ukuba onke amazwe abalawuli okanye ii-kaucreas avumele ukuthatha inxaxheba, kwaye bafuna ukuba zibekwe ngokweziqalelo ezisisiseko. Ezi nguqulo zisekelwe kwiziphumo ezikhoyo: 1968, 15 kuphela kumajelo eDecritiesme; ngenani eli-197777, ayenenani eliyelelene, elinguMbutho elifana nelam.

IKhomishini ye-McGovern-Fraser yandisa indima yamabhinqa, amancinane, kunye nabantu abaselula njengabathunywa, bakhuthaza umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweqela. Utshintsho lomgangatho wemigangatho waguqula inkqubo yokudibanisa abafazi kodwa kwakhona yaba neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga: zanyusa intsingiselo kumaphulo aphambili, zanyusa impembelelo yamazwe aqalayo anjenge Iowa kunye neNew Hampshire, kwaye zafak ’ isandla ekunyukeni kwabaqhubi abangaphandle abakwazi ukubopha amandla engca.

Inkqubo esisiseko yale mihla: Ukwakhiwa Notshintsho

Namhlanje, urhulumente ngamnye usebenzisa intloko okanye icaucus ukukhetha abathunywa beendibano zesizwe. Noko ke, iindlela zohluka-hlukene kakhulu, zidala umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wemithetho enokudida abavoti nabavoti kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba ngokufanayo. Olona hlobo luqhelekileyo lweprimente luquka uvuleko, ivalelwe, kunye nenkqubo evaliweyo, nganye ineenjongo ezahlukileyo zokuthabatha inxaxheba kunye nembutho yeqela.

Iintlobo Zee-crimes

  • Ovula iivoti: nawuphi na obhalisiweyo angathatha inxaxheba nakweliphi na iqela eliphambili, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lilungu elinjani. Abaxhasi baphikisa oku kunyuswa kokhetho lomvoti kwaye bakhuthaza ukuvota okunqamlezileyo, ngoxa abagxeki bekhathazeka kukuba kuvumela ukuhlasela kweqela elithile ngokuqulunqa ngokusemthethweni.
  • Abavoti abavalelweyo: kuphela ababhaliswe neqela abanokuvota kwiqonga eliphambili. Oku kugcina ingqibelelo yeqela kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba ngabaququzeleli ababodwa kuphela bakhetha abalawuli abazimeleyo, kodwa abafaki ngaphandle abavoti abazimeleyo nabangenamdla, abasenza isabelo esikhulayo sonyulo.
  • [[NTL:0] Semi-Valed Primeries: Amalungu eqela abhalisweyo kunye nabavoti abangabhaliswanga bangathabatha inxaxheba, kodwa amalungu amanye amaqela akanakuthatha inxaxheba. Oku kuthabatha ulungelelwano ngokuvumela ilizwi lizimeleyo ngoxa kuthintelwa ukunqumla kumaqela athelekisanayo.

Ukongeza kwezi ndlela, ezinye iimeko zisebenzisa ngaphezulu-kunye iyunithi ezimbini , apho bonke abatsha abavela kuzo zonke imaqela babonakala kukhetho olunye, kunye nezingentla ezimbini zovoti ziqhubela phambili kunyulo ngokubanzi kungakhathaliseki ukuba lunxulumene namaqela. IWashington neCalifornia zamkele lemodeli, eyenzelwe ukunciphisa i-Rosculation ehambayo ngokunyanzela ababhenqi ababheneyo ukuba babhenele ngaphaya kwesiseko sabo. Noko ke, uphando lubonisa iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo: phezulu-2 Primetrims zinganyusa abatshayileyo kodwa kwakhona zinokuba nomngcipheko wokuvala ngaphandle kwezahlulo-lesithathu kwaye zinciphisa ukhetho lwevoti jikelele.

Impembelelo Kubuhlobo Bomsila Neqela

Unyulo lonyulo oluphambili ngokungathandabuzekiyo luye lwanda ngokunyuswa konyulo. Kumazwe akhuphisanayo namaqela afumana intsebenziswano, ukujika kungalingana namanqanaba onyulo oluqhelekileyo, kwaye abavoti basenokuziva bengabalawulwa kwi-minee. Unyaka wama 2008 no2016 onyaka onyaka ophezulu abona inxaxheba kwingxelo, eqhutywa ngabavoti abaphezulu kunye nezinyuko eziphezulu zokulungisa. Kwakhona abalawuli bakhuthaza amaqela aphambili amaqela eenkonzo kunye nabantu abanomdla kwimiqathango yokufumana inkxaso-mali. Kungenxa yokuba abalawuli abaphambili baye banegalelo kakhulu ekuthatheni inxaxheba kweqela. Abalawuli abaphambili badla ngokufumana izikhundla kunye nezikhundla eziphambili zemali eziqulukileyo.

Unyuko lwezinyuko eziphakathi kweqela ledemocratic ` kwiqela le-Dermocratic Party'. Olunye ulwaleko lwe-okanye olukhululekileyo lokuxhasa nabani na udidi − longezelelwe omnye umaleko wobuntlola. Izixhobo ezikhulu zenziwe emva konyulo lwangowe-1980 ukunika abangenisi uvavanyo kwimibhobho wengca ephumayo, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ukuthomala kwedemokhrasi yenkqubo engundoqo. Ukhuphiswano phakathi ko-2016 phakathi ko-Pilayn no-Clinn noBern Sanders lwabalase, lwakhokelela ekuncipheni kwe-Ddemocracratic Party kwi-202020 ngokuzibophanisa kwiziphumo eziphambili.

Ukulayisha okungaphambili kunye nempikiswano yeKhalenda

Olunye ucelomngeni lwangoku yikhalenda yamaprimia kunye ne-kaucuses. Amazwe asoloko ekhuphisana ukuze athwale ukhuphiswano lokuqala oluphambili lwamacauclues kunye neNew Hampshire ephambili ekwimeko yokuqala yohlanga kangangamashumi eminyaka, enika impembelelo engalinganiyo. Oku “kubekwa phambili” kunyanzela ukuba abatshayi basebenzise ixesha elininzi kumaphondo angaphambili kwaye bavelise imikhosi engaphambili ngaphambi kokuba amazwe azame ukutshintsha ikhalenda, kuquka 2020 yeenguqu ezithe zahluka kakhulu kumazwe afana noMzantsi Carolina noNevada, kodwa ukulwa kwesikhundla esiphezulu kuqhubeke. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba inkqubo yangoku inika uvocandensi, isoloko ivelisa amagunya angaphambili ngaphambi kokuba amazwe ashiye amancinane.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa: Ukungcangcazeliswa Kwelizwi, Ukucinezelwa Kwezibhengezo, Neengxoxo Zotshintsho

Ngaphandle kwedinga layo ledemokhrasi, inkqubo esisiseko ijongene nothotho olunzulu. Ukucinezelwa kwe-Voter kuhlala kungumba ozingisileyo, nemithetho efuna i-ID yovoti, ithintela ukuvota kwangethuba, okanye ikhupha iivoti ezirhoxileyo ngokungenakulinganiswa namaqela amancinane kunye nengeniso ephantsi. Le miqobo inokucinezela ukurhoxa, ingakumbi kumazwe akwimithetho engqongqo. Gerrydering[ igqwetha iziphumo ezingundoqo ngokudala imimandla ekhuselekileyo apho unyulo olungundoqo lunempumelelo kuphela konyulo, ikhuthaza ukushukuma egaba.

i-winne-all intsebenziswano esetyenziswa ngabaninzi abasebenzi baseRiphabliki ingaqinisa inkxaso emva kwe-'act-runner', ngexesha imithetho yedemokhrasi ifuna ulwahlulo olulungelelanisiweyo, oluyandisa imigca yokhuphiswano. Zombini iinkqubo zineenkxaso zazo, kodwa abagxeki baphawula ukuba ukuphumelela- konke kungacinezela amazwi amancinci kwiqela. Ngaphezu koko, impembelelo ye imali kwezobupolitika ikwimiqathango ephambili ye-Pritants, apho iPCs inokuchitha iinkcaza ezingena mvukelo ezingapheleliyo ngenxa okanye ezichaseneyo. [FLT:]

Enye into yokugxeka kukuba abaphathi-majoni banokuvuza abathathi-nxaxheba abanobuchule bokuxhathisa iphulo elingalunganga kunye nesandi sezopolitiko zenTambo kunye nezobuzwe bentlalo-ntle, kunokuba babenamava olawulo okanye isibheno esibanzi. Ama-2022 amaphakathi eqela ababona abathathi-nxaxheba ngabathathi-nxaxheba ababesakuba nguMongameli Donald Trump bephumelela kukhuphiswano kodwa babuye baphulukane nonyulo jikelele, bephakamisa imibuzo ngendima yenkqubo yokuqala ekunyulweni.

Utshintsho Lwakutshanje Neenkcubeko Zexesha Elizayo

Ekuphenduleni kwezi mpazamo, inani elithile lotshintsho liye lacetyiswa kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, laphunyezwa. Uvoti olunechoice-unice [RCV] ufumene igalelo njengendlela yokunciphisa iphulo elingalunganga, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkxaso enkulu, kwaye uthintela iziphumo zomonakalo. UMaine waba yimeko yokuqala yokusebenzisa i-RCV kwi-prial primerialries ngo-2020, kwaye i-Alaska yamkela umphezulu-4 oyintloko nge-RCV ukwenzela unyulo lwayo ngokubanzi. Abaququzeleli bakholelwa ukuba abaqhubi be-RCV bakhuthaze ukuba bakhe imidibaniso ebanzi kunye nezibheno zomthetho eziphazamisayo. Noko ke, ukuvelisa inokuba ziindleko ezibizayo kwaye zididanisayo.

[[FLT: 0] yonk ’ indawo yovotelo oluxhaphakileyo oluphakathi kwelizwe lulunye utshintsho olujolise ekunyuseni ukubotshwa kwevoti, nangona ijolise kunyuso ngokubanzi kunokuba ingenise. Kwinkqubo yokuqala, izicelo ziquka ikhalenda engundoqo engundoqo kunye neemeko zangaphambili ezijikelezayo ukuqinisekisa umlinganiselo wengingqi nolwandiliseko. I-Democratic National Committery yamkela ucwangciso olunjalo lwe-2024, isusa uMzantsi Carolinawas ukuya kwindawo yokuqala engundoqo kunye nokususa i-Iowao kunye ne-Newparshie, nangona imingeni esemthethweni neyomthetho kunye neyomthetho.

Amanye amaphondo aye azama i-imeyile-yonke [[FLT: 0] okanye andise ukuvota kwangethuba ukunyusa ukuvota. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, amaphondo amaninzi atshintshelwa ekuvoteleni iposi- e-Primporation, kwaye ubungqina bucebisa ukuba unyuso olunyusiweyo lokuthatha inxaxheba ngaphandle kokulalanisa nokhuseleko. Abanye bacebise [[FLT:] ubhaliso lwevota-vota-------auto[ ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi abafanelekileyo bangathabatha inxaxheba kwi-primpories.

Isixokelelwano sokuzibophelela esiphezulu-bini esingundoqo eKhalifoniya nase Washington sizoba zombini indumiso kunye nokugxekwa. Ngoxa ivelise abathathi-nxaxheba abathe ngxi kwezinye iintlanga, ikhokelele kunyulo oluqhelekileyo nabathathi-nxaxheba ababini abasuka kwiqela elinye, abanokudidanisa abavoti kunye nokunciphisa ukuphendula. Okwangoku, [[FLT:] unyaka-wokuqala uyaqhubeka ukhula, ngoomatshini abaliqela abacinga iinyathelo zokuthatha ibhola zonyuso zokukhetha abatsha abasuka kwiqela elinye, okunokuvumela ukuthatha inxaxheba nakweliphina intloko.

Isiphelo: Indaleko Eqhubekayo Yenkqubo Yedemokhrasi

Indaleko yonyulo oluphambili eUnited States ibonakalisa umzabalazo owexesha elide wolawulo oluphezulu kunye neengca eziphehliweyo zedemokrasi. Ukusuka kumagumbi azele ngumsi kwiindibano ezahlukeneyo nasoloko edidensiswayo ephambili namhlanje, inkqubo iye yabonakala iphelele kodwa intsonkothile ngakumbi. Inkqubo ye-McGGovern-Fraser ingumzuzu owenziwe ngesantya esiphezulu, kodwa ayizange isombulule uxanduva phakathi komelo nonyulo lwendawo, phakathi kweqela kunye nobunyulu bobunyulu bengqondo. Njengoko unyulo lusanda ngomahluko nozimele, kwaye njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka besenza iphulo lobu tshintsho olufana nokhetho, ikhalenda yokuvota, ibonelela phambili, kodwa iyafuna ukuxhasa imicimbi yezopolitiko.