Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: isiseko somGaqo-siseko noyilo lokwakha

Isebe Elilawulayo, elimiselwe phantsi kweGatya II lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., limele ingalo yokunyanzelisa urhulumente worhulumente wesizwe. Ngokungafaniyo neSebe leMithetho, eliyila umthetho, okanye iSebe lezeJaji, elilichazayo, iSebe Elilawulayo libotshelelwe ngempazamo ukuzalisekisa nokusebenzisa uhlanga i’ imigaqo. Le siseko soxanduva yenza uMongameli kunye nesixhobo esilawulayo sibe sesiseko somgalelo ophambili kwindlela esebenza ngayo. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko badala ngabomqumrhu isikhulu esilawulayo i̬ umongameli omnye kunomphathi-& #212; uqinisekisa amandla, ukugqibelela, nokuphendula kolawulo.

Igunya elilawulayo loMgaqo-siseko linguMongameli, kodwa likwamisela isixhobo esilawulayo esibanzi esiquka uMongameli onguVimba, iKhabhinethi, amasebe azimeleyo, kunye nesebe lesebe likarhulumente. Zombini, ezi ziqulunqi zibumba inkqubo enkulu yolawulo echaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika, ukusuka kukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nokufuduka ukuya kumgangatho wempilo kunye nomgaqo wemekobume. Ukuqonda ukwakhiwa kwale nkqubo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esenziwe ngayo, enokwenziwa, nephuculwayo ngexesha elide.

UMongameli njengomlawuli oyintloko: Amagunya noxanduva

UMongameli unesigxina esisodwa kulawulo lwaseMelika, esebenza ngexesha elinye njengentloko yorhulumente, intloko karhulumente, kunye nentloko-ntloko yomphathi-mikhosi. Olu manyano lwemisebenzi lunika uMongameli impembelelo engaqhelekanga kumgaqo-nkqubo, kodwa lukwamisela iimfanelo ezibalulekileyo zomGaqo-siseko. UMongameli i̱ amagunya asesikweni adweliswe kwiGatya II, lo gama amagunya angacwangciswanga eveliswe ngemizekelo, abathunywa bemithetho-mthetho, kunye noqheliselo lwezopolitiko.

Amandla omGaqo-siseko kunye nocetyiswano lwenkqubo yawo

UMongameli unika uMongameli amandla amaninzi acacileyo anokuchaphazeleka ngokwenkqubo echaphazelekayo. Umzekelo, amandla eveto, anika uMongameli indima engqalileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ngokungavumi ukusayina ityala kumthetho, uMongameli angavala umthetho ongqubana nezinto eziphambili zenkqubo yabo. IBhunga linokuwudlulisa umgangatho onee-3-3 ezimbini zabaninzi kuwo omabini amaziko, kodwa lo mqobo kunzima ukufikelela, ukwenza ukuba lo mqobo ube sisixhobo esinamandla sokucebisisa. Abaphathisi rhoqo basebenzisa isisongelo se-veto ukukhupha imvume kwiiKhomishini ngexesha lomthetho.

Igunya lokumisa lisesinye isixhobo esibalulekileyo. UMongameli umisa ikomkhulu loonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi borhulumente, oonozakuzaku, namawaka abanye amagosa. Le nkqubo yokumiswa kweenqanawa kangangeminyaka, maxa wambi, emva kokuphuma komongameli kwisikhundla. Ngokukodwa, ukumiswa kwezahlulelo zejaji kuhlala kukho ngenxa yokuba abagwebi begunya likarhulumente lisebenza ubomi bonke. Umongameli omnye angabuyisela ingcaciso yequmrhu lomgaqo-siseko kunye nolwakhiwo lwemithetho yezakhelo lwezizukulwana.

Amandla esivumelwano avumela uMongameli ukuba athethe ngezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, nangona izivumelwano zifuna ukuba iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ikhutshwe ngamavoti amabini anesithathu. Oomongameli baye bajika ngokukhula kwizivumelwano zegunya eliphezulu, ezingafuni iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ukuqhuba inkqubo yasemzini ngendlela elungeleleneyo. Olu tshintsho lubonisa ukuntsonkotha okukhulayo kolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nocelomngeni lokukhusela inkxaso kwiNtsimbi yeeNtlanganiso ezimanyeneyo.

Imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo kunye nolawulo loMongameli

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo iphakathi kwezona zixhobo zibonakalayo zamandla obungameli. Le miyalelo ithwala umkhosi womthetho ngaphandle kokufuna imvume yombutho, nangona kufuneka ibekwe kwigunya elikhoyo loburhulumente okanye kumandla omgaqo-siseko. Oomongameli abasuka kuGeorge Washington ukuya kweli xesha basebenzise imiyalelo yolawulo oluphezulu ukuphatha abasebenzi besizwe, inyathelo lombutho ongqalileyo, kunye nokuseka ezona zinto ziphambili kwinkqubo. Imiyalelo yegunya legunya linokutshintshwa ngoomongameli abalandelayo, nto leyo ebenza babe sisixhobo esingaphantsi kakhulu kunomthetho kodwa kwakhona ivumela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwenkqubo.

Ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yabalawuli abaphezulu, oomongameli bakhupha imicimbi yobumongameli, izibhengezo, kunye nolawulo lwesizwe. Isixhobo ngasinye sisebenza injongo eyahlukileyo. Umongameli wecawa uyafana nemiyalelo yegunya kodwa usetyenziswa kwimicimbi yolawulo engaphezulu. Izicelo zisoloko zisetyenziswa ngokwesithethe kodwa zinokuthwala ubunzima obusemthethweni, ingakumbi xa zinxulumene norhwebo okanye ukufuduka. Ulawulo lwesizwe lulawula imisebenzi yokwahlula-hlula imisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi yobuntlola, isebenza kakhulu ngaphandle kwembono kawonke-wonke kodwa ineziphumo ezinzulu kwimigaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle.

IKhabhinethi neZiko loManyano: Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu liyasebenza

IKhabhinethi ineentloko zamasebe alawulayo alishumi elinesihlanu, ngalinye lijongene nolawulo olukhethekileyo. Unobhala wezorhulumente ulawula ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, unobhala wokhuselo ujonge umkhosi, unobhala wempilo kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu ulawula iinkqubo zonyango, njalo njalo. Ezi ntloko zesebe zimiselwa nguMongameli kwaye ziqinisekiswe yiBhunga, kwaye zikhonza kuMongameli i̱ ziyonwabisa. Oku kuthetha ukuba uMongameli uyakwazi ukususa oonobhala beKhabhinethi ngalo naliphi na ixesha, ziqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziphambili ekuphatheni i-ofisi.

Indima yeengxakeko neeKhomishini ezizimeleyo

Asingawo onke amasebe alawulayo awela phantsi kolawulo olungqalileyo lomongameli. Amasebe azimeleyo anjengeFederal Reserve, iKhomishini yoNcedo kunye neKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loManyano asebenza ngeqondo lokuzilawula kwiNdlu eWhite. La masebe akhokelwa yimibutho ekhomishini esetyenziswa ngamalungu asebenza ngemigaqo emiselweyo kwaye anokususwa kuphela ngenxa yesizathu. Esi sakhiwo sigquma imisebenzi ethile yolawulo kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, ivumela ubuchule kunye nokuqhubeka kolawulo.

Ukwakhiwa kwamasebe azimeleyo kwenza uxanduva lwentlupheko phakathi kweSebe eliLawulayo. Oomongameli bangaphembelela aba bameli ngamalungiselelo nangezicelo zoqingqo-mali, kodwa abanako ukulawula ngqo imisebenzi yabo yemini ukuya kwimini. Olu xinezeleko phakathi koxanduva lwezopolitiko luyintlawulo yomthetho wolawulo lwaseMelika. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ilinganise ngokuphindaphindiweyo kumgangatho wamandla okususa umongameli, ubukhulu becala kwiimeko ezifana Imali yokukhululwa kwe-Interppeciocel v. Uxamplate Auth Authonsing Outstempty Board kunye [FLT:] noMthetho we-S.SCUNICEM.S proviceal Provice Burement Bureagement [[FUp]]

Ulawulo loMgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya: Iqhinga loPhuhliso-

UMongameli udlala indima ephambili ekumiseleni ucwangciso-nkqubo lwasekhaya. nyaka ngamnye, uMongameli unika uRhulumente weSizwe se-Union, echaza izinto eziza kuqala kunye neenjongo zenkqubo. Idilesi isebenza njengemfuneko yomGaqo-siseko kunye neqonga lezobupolitika, ivumela uMongameli ukuba amisele imibandela yesizwe aze aququzele inkxaso kawonke-wonke. Kwakhona uMongameli unika izicelo zoqingqo-mali yonyaka kwiBhunga, elibeka ukuchitha izinto eziza kuqala kunye neengxelo zengeniso. Ngoxa iBhunga lilawula amandla emali, izicelo zoqingqo-mali zimisela imibandela yengxoxo kunye nezicelo zesiseko somthetho-Promplog.

Indima Yomongameli Kwimpilo, Kwimfundo Nakumgaqo-nkqubo Wezoqoqosho

Kwinkqubo yempilo, ooMongameli baye baqhubela phambili utshintsho olukhulu olunjengoMthetho weNdlela eNgaphantsi koMongameli Oma, iMedicare amayeza kagqirha ayingenelo phantsi koMongameli uGeorge W. Bush, kunye neenzame zempilo ezahlukeneyo zobubhiparti. UMongameli i’ ubuchule bokuphembelela inkqubo yempilo engaphaya komthetho ukuquka izenzo zolawulo, imiyalelo yegunya, kunye nokhokelo lolawulo. Umzekelo, iziko lweMedicare kunye neMinyango yeMedicaid, umbutho weSebe lezempilo kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu, imiqathango elawula indlela abalawulwa ngayo abaxhasi bempilo, ichaphazela ngqo ukufikelela komguli kunye nonikezelo lwendlela yokuziphatha.

Inkqubo yemfundo ngokufanayo ibonakalisa ezona ziphambili. ISebe lemfundo linika uncedo lwabafundi bezemfundo, linyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu ezikolweni, libonelela nakwiingingqi zephondo nakwezikolo. Oomongameli baye basebenzisa inyathelo elilawulayo ukuguqula amatyala omfundi, ukutshintsha imigaqo yokunyanzelisa, nokukhuthaza amanyathelo okukhetha ezikolweni. Ezi zinto zibonisa indlela iSebe elilawulayo elinokuyilungisa ngayo inkqubo ngaphandle kokulinda umthetho omtsha.

Inkqubo yezoqoqosho mhlawumbi yeyona ndawo ibonakalayo yempembelelo yobumongameli. UMongameli usebenza neBhunga leMali yezeMali, iSebe loLawulo, ne-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlangano-mali ukuze kuphuhliswe izicelo zezoqoqosho. UMongameli umisela iSihlalo seBhunga leFederal Reserve, nangona iFed isebenza ngokuzimeleyo ekumiseleni inkqubo yemali. Inkqubo yerhafu, inkqubo yezorhwebo, kunye nesiseko senkcitho yonke iwela kuMongameli ̱ ingqungquthela yempembelelo, ngokokwamkelo kunye nokuhlola kwemithetho.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle nokhuseleko lwesizwe: uMongameli njengoMyaleli-oyintloko

UMongameli ̱ amagunya enkqubo asemzini aphangalele kwaye anwebe ngokuphawulekayo kwimbali yaseMelika. UmGaqo-siseko ubiza uMongameli njengoMthetheli-mvaba wemikhosi exhobileyo, indima ethwala uxanduva olukhulu. Oomongameli bayale ungenelelo lomkhosi, athunyelwe imikhosi kwelinye ilizwe, kwaye agunyaziswe imfazwe ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yingqungquthela. Isigqibo semfazwe sika- 1973 sizama ukunyanzela uMongameli ̱ ubuchule bokubeka imikhosi emfazweni, kodwa baqhelise, oomongameli baye bagcina isigxina esibanzi kwimicimbi yomkhosi.

Iintlawulo, Izivumelwano Zezizwe Ngezizwe

Amagunya akhoyo avumela uMongameli ukuba aqaphele oorhulumente bamanye amazwe, athethe izivumelwano, amisele abameli. UMongameli umisela ukuba yesiphi isigqibo esithe ngqiqweni, isigqibo esineemfuno ze-global yehlabathi. Isivumelwano yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ebandakanya iSebe leSebe leSizwe loKhuselo, iBhunga loMkhosi weSizwe, kwaye ngokufuthi ibutho loluntu elinobuchule. Xa kuthethwana ngezivumelwano, idinga iBhunga leNtlalo, kodwa nabakazwe linokungena kwizivumelwano zegunya eziphethe ezithwele umthetho wezizwe zonke ngaphandle kwemvume yeNdlukwano. Ukusetyenziswa kwezivumelwano zezolawulo kukhule kakhulu, kubonakalisa iimfuno ezisebenzisekayo zonxibelelwano zale mihla.

Iintlawulo, uMgaqo-nkqubo woThambeko, kunye neZiko

Imithetho yokugweba yezoqoqosho iye yaba sisixhobo esiyintloko somgaqo-nkqubo wobumongameli wamanye amazwe. UMongameli angamisela izigwebo koorhulumente basemzini, imibutho, okanye kubantu ngabanye ngemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ekhutshwe phantsi kwegunya lemithetho enjenge-Internancy Economic Effemical Powers Act. Ukungagunyaziswa kusetyenziswa ukucombulula imibandela emininzi enxulumene namalungelo abantu, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu, ukwanda kwezixhobo zenyukliya, ubugrogrisi, nokungazinzi kwengi kwengi yengingqi. Umgaqo-mthetho wezorhwebo ubandakanya ukuntsonkothile, njengokuba uMongameli kufuneka ahambele kwiingcinezelo yezopolitiki, izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, kunye negunya elinikwe yiKhomishini ephantsi koshishino yezoshishino.

Ukusetyenziswa Komgaqo-nkqubo: Ukusuka Kumthetho Ukuqhelisela

Xa iBhunga eliLawulayo lidlulisa umthetho, iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lithatha umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokuzalisekisa. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukulawulwa kolawulo, ukunyanzeliswa kolawulo, kunye nolawulo oluqhubekayo. Amasebe aManyeneyo anikela imimiselo eguqulela ulwimi olubanzi kwiimfuno ezithile. Imigaqo yeNkqubo yoLawulo oluPhezulu iyayilawula le nkqubo, ifuna ukuba amaziko apapashe imithetho ecetyisiweyo, amkele amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, kwaye akhuphonononge imithetho yokugqibela ehambisana nengcaciso eqikelelwayo. Le nkqubo yomthetho inguwo apho inkqubo yolawulo idibana khona nenyaniso, kwaye idla ngokubangela impikiswano ephawulekayo.

Inkqubo yoLawulo noluvo lwayo

Imithetho ithwala amandla omthetho kwaye inempembelelo engqalileyo kumashishini, kubantu ngabanye, nakoorhulumente belizwe. UMthetho we-Chrooc Air, umzekelo, ugunyazisa i-Arhente Yokhuseleko Lokusingqongileyo ukuba imisele imilinganiselo ekhethekileyo yokukhutshwa komphunga wezongcoliso. Imigangatho ekhethekileyo ye-EPA ikhetha ukugqiba ukuba kumele kube noshishino olungakanani kubugcisa bokulawula ungcoliso, oko unako ukukhuselwa kwempilo yamaMelika, nendlela amazwe alawula ngayo iinkqubo zawo zomgangatho womoya. Umongameli uphembelela le nkqubo ngokumiswa kweentloko zeziko, ukuhlolisingeniswa kwemithetho ecetyikisiweyo ye-ofisi yolwazi neMicimbiso-Nkquluko, negunya lokuguqula imicimbi ekhoyo.

Umthetho wolawulo ukhule kakhulu kwinkulungwane edluleyo. Imithetho yoManyano ngoku iqulathe amashumi amawaka amaphepha alawula yonke into ukusuka kukhuseleko lokutya ukuya kwiimarike zemali. Oomongameli bobabini baye bazama ukusebenzisa ulawulo oluphezulu kwinkqubo yolawulo. Imiyalelo yegunya efuna uhlalutyo lwexabiso lomgaqo-siseko ongundoqo ibikhona ukususela ekulawuleni kwejiyojiyoji, kwaye oomongameli abalandelayo bongezelele iimfuno ezongezelelekileyo zokuvela, ukuthembeka kwenzululwazi, kunye nomanyano.

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano: Ukulinganisela Amandla Olawulo

Abalathisi bomGaqo-siseko bayila inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ukuthintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni urhulumente worhulumente. Isebe eliphetheyo liphantsi kokungalawulwa yiBhunga nenkundla. IBhunga lilawula uqingqo-mali, linokunyanzela ubungqina kwiipona, kwaye linamandla okungamququzeli uMongameli. Iinkundla zihlola izenzo zolawulo lwezomgaqo-siseko kwaye linokubetha imimiselo engaphaya kwegunya lomthetho.

Ulawulo Lwengqungquthela Namandla Okuthenga

Ulawulo lweBhunga lunyanzelekile kumandla olawulo oluphezulu. IiKomiti kwiNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso zibamba ukuvakala, amaxwebhu okucela, kunye nokuphanda imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo. Lo msebenzi woburhulumente we-Ofisi ye-Akhawunti ye-Akhawunti uqulukwano nee-arhente kwiBhunga le-Congress ’ isicelo. I-ofisi yoHofisi yoHlahlolo-mali yeBhovisi inikela uhlalutyo oluzimeleyo loMongameli ̱ inikela iingcebiso zoqingqo-mali kunye nexabiso lomthetho ocetyikisiweyo. Lo msebenzi uqinisekisa ukuba iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lihlala linetyala kubameli abanyuliweyo babantu.

Amandla esipakethi mhlawumbi yiBhunga leMpahla ̱ isixhobo esinamandla. Akukho mali inokuchithwa kwiveli-mali ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa yiKhonkxale. Oku kunika iKhomishini inkxaso enkulu kunezinto eziphambili kwisebe elilawulayo. Oomongameli bangacela inkxaso-mali yeenkqubo ezithile, kodwa ekugqibeleni iBhunga ligqiba ukuba yimali engakanani ukunikela kwaye phantsi kwayo na imeko. Abaphathi benkqubo banokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwegunya kwimiba ethile, ukusuka kumgaqo wokusingqongileyo ukuya kumsebenzi womkhosi.

Impinda Yezeejaji Nemida Yenyathelo Elilawulayo

Iinkundla zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni imida yamandla aphezulu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yamisela imida ebalulekileyo kwigunya lomongameli kwiimeko ezinjenge ulutsha oluselula shell & Lamp; Tube. u-Sawyer, eyathi yabetha uMongameli Truman ̱ ukuxhuzula kwemijukujelwa kwentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, kunye [[FLTL:2] neUnited States v. Nixon, eyayifuna ukuba uMongameli Nixon aguqulele kwiikhasethi zamanzi. Kutshanje, iNkutshanje, ithetha imibuzo yabaphathi belizwe, ulawulo lwe-gcontrovertial, umgaqo-ographic.

Ukuguquka Kwamandla Omongameli Kwixesha Lanamhlanje

Amandla obuongameli aye anda ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa. Ukukhula korhulumente worhulumente wesizwe, ukuvela kwe-United States njengegunya elikhulu lomhlaba wonke, kunye nokunyuka kobunzima basekhaya kunye nezizwe ngezizwe konke oku kuye kwafak ’ isandla kule ntsingiselo. Umongameli wale mihla akafaneki nesikhundla esithobayo esibonwa ngabasebenzi befreyidi. Abasebenzi be House emhlophe baye bakhula ukusuka kwiqela elimbalwa loomabhalane ukuya kumbutho omkhulu onee-adviser, iingcali zenkqubo, kunye noochwepheshe bothungelwano.

Ulwandiso lwamandla olawulo luye lwabangela iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nolungelelwano lomgaqo-siseko. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi umongameli unamandla kakhulu, ugqitha kwiNgqungquthela kunye negunya lokuzikisa kwiNdlu yabaHlu. AbaKhuseli baphikisa ngelithi isebe elinegunya elinamandla liyimfuneko ukusingatha iimfuno zolawulo lwale mihla nokuba uvavanyo kunye nenkqubo yokulungelelanisa izinto iyaqhubeka isebenza ngokunempumelelo. Ezi ngxoxo zisenokuqhubeka njengoko imekobume yezobupolitika iqhubeka iguquka.

Isiphelo: Intsingiselo Ehlala Ihleli Yokhokelo Olunegunya

Indima kaMongameli kunye noMphathiswa weSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu ekukhokeleleni ihlala isembindini kulawulo lwamaMelika. Ngamandla omgaqo-siseko, igunya lomthetho, kunye nolawulo lwezopolitiko, uMongameli umisa inkqubo yasekhaya nawamanye amazwe ngendlela ezichaphazela wonke umntu waseMerika. Isebe eliphetheyo i’ amandla okumisela imithetho, ukukhupha imimiselo, nokusabela kwiimeko ezinzima kuyenza ibe sisakhiwo esibalulekileyo kwinkqubo karhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela umongameli esebenza ngayo kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko kubalulekile ekulwaziseni ubumi kunye nokungenelela okunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela iqinisekisa ukuba amandla alawulayo ahlala ethembekile. Ulawulo lwenkxaso-mali kwaye lungachaphaza, iinkundla zihlola izenzo zomthetho, kwaye oomongameli bakawonke-wonke baphendula ngonyulo. Oku kuboniswa phakathi kwamandla noxanduva kuchaza umgaqo-siseko waseMelika. UMongameli neSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu liza kuqhubeka lisenza indima ekhokelayo kwinkqubo yokukhokela, kodwa liza kukwenza oko ngaphakathi kwesiseko esilungiselelwe ukulondoloza inkululeko, ukuqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe, nokugcina ukwahlulwa kwamandla okuye kwaxhasa iRiphabliki kangangeebhitha ezimbini zeminyaka.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga inkcazo esemthethweni yeNdlu emhlophe yeSebe eliLawulayo, phinda uhlole umGaqo-siseko ̱ inqaku leSiqendu II kugcino-lwazi lweSizwe [, kwaye uhlole i-Oficity Accodetic Office ’ ingcaciso yendima yayo yolawulo [[. Ezi zinto zinika imvelaphi enegunya kwisakhiwo, amandla, kunye nezithintelo zeSebe eliphetheyo kwinkqubo yomgaqo-mthetho-siseko waseMelika.