IBhunga laseRajeya Sabba, okanye iBhunga laseUnited States, linesikhundla esikhethekileyo nesinamandla somgaqo-siseko kwisikhundla sokwakha sedemokhrasi yaseIndiya, indima ebizwa ngokuba yiyo kakhulu ngexesha lokulawula umGaqo-siseko. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho oqhelekileyo, apho amandla awo enziwe ngokuyintloko okanye ewenziwe ngokusemthethweni, umGaqo-siseko unika iRajeya Sabha indima elinganayo nebalulekileyo ekuguquleni umthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Oku akuyongozi yokulungisa kodwa kungukhetho lwequququzelelo lomthetho-siseko ocetyiweyo ocetyiweyo, uzinzileyo, kwaye kuvumelana neDNADNA yomgaqo-siseko. Indlu yasentla iqinisekisa ukuba inkolisonkelamsi wosuku lweLokha Shasha ingenamgangxube yoluntu olungundoqo lwesizwe.

ISikolo soLawulo esisiSikolo sikaRaje Sabha's

Ukuxabisa ngokupheleleyo indima kaRajiya Sabba ekulungiseni, umntu kufuneka aqale aqonde ukwenziwa kwakhe okukhethekileyo, okwahlukileyo kwiLok Sabba. ILok Sabba imela abantu baseIndiya njengeqela elipheleleyo, enyulwe ngqo ngabantu abadala jikelele. Lo mahluko wokwakhiwa lityesi lombuso we-Sabba, kwelinye icala, umele amaZwe e-Indiya Union. Amalungu awo anyulwa ngokungangqalanga ngamalungu anyuliweyo eRhulumente isebenzisa inkqubo enye yokuvota egqithiseleyo umelo lolwaniso.

I-Ofisi yeNkcubeko yeNtshona Koloni

Ukwabiwa kwezihlalo kwiRaje Sabha kukubonakalisa ngqo kwesakhiwo sorhulumente wase-Indiya. Izwe ngalinye lahlula inani elikhethekileyo lezihlalo ezisekelwe kubemi balo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo amakhulu anelizwi elilinganayo, kodwa inkqubo ithintela uhlobo lwezihlalo ezingundoqo ezinokwenzeka kwindlu enyuliweyo ngqo. Ngaphezu koko, i-University Reya Saba, iqinisekisa ukuba izilangazelelo zawo ziqwalaselwe kwiingxoxo zomgaqo-siseko wesizwe. UMongameli ukwahlula amalungu ali-12 azazileyo ngoncwadi, inzululwazi, ubugcisa, kunye nomsebenzi woluntu, uzisa umlinganiso wobuchule obuqhelekileyo kwinkqubo yomthetho obalulekileyo xa kusenziwa imigaqo-mthetho engundoqo.

Inkumbulo yequmrhu nentsebenziswano

Enye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo ze Rajiya Sabba zihlala zihleli. Ayikho phantsi kokudilika. Isithathu selungu laso sithatha umhlala-phantsi rhoqo iminyaka emibini, siqinisekisa ukuba ulwamkelo oluzinzileyo loxa siqhubeka sisenza. Lo msebenzi unika i Rajiya Sabba inkumbulo ekhethekileyo. Inkqubo yesiseko somzinzo ingaba mide, iqukumbela iintlanganiso ezininzi kunye noorhulumente abahlukeneyo. IRajiya Sabha inika isibambiso se-foloko apho impikiswano-siseko sexesha elide ingahlala ngaphandle koxinzelelo olukhawulezileyo lonyuselo olulawula ukuziphatha kweLok Sabba. Oku kuhlala njalo kukhuthaza ngokuzenzekelayo idelivaleveratic kunye noomatilo, ngokuncinane, xa kusenziwa ngomgaqo wesiseko somthetho wesiseko.

Amalungiselelo oMgaqo-siseko Olungelelanisa IziHlaliso: Inqaku 368

Inkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ibekwe ngocoselelo kwicandelo XX, iquka inqaku elinye ``Article 368'. Eli nqaku aliliniki iPalamente amandla okulungisa umGaqo-siseko; ukuba amandla ahamba ukusuka kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Inqaku 368 libeka phantsi inkqubo. UmGaqo-siseko unika ulwahlulo oluphindwe kathathu lokulungiswa kwemiqathango, kunye nendima yeRajiya Sabba ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela kwiindidi.

Ukulungiswa Yintabalala Elula

Imiqathango ethile yomGaqo-siseko ikhutshwe ngokucacileyo kwiSahlulo seQumrhu 368 kwaye ingenziwa kuhlaziywe yindawo elula yezindlu ezikhoyo kunye novota. Ezi zindululo ziphathwa njengeshishini eliqhelekileyo lemithetho-mthetho. Imizekelo iquka ukudalwa okanye ukutshintshwa kwemida yamazwe (Article 3), imivuzo kunye nokuvunyelwa kweejaji namalungu ePalamente, imithetho yemigaqo yePalamente, kunye nokudalwa kwayo yonke imisebenzi emitsha yaseIndiya. Kule meko, iRajiya Sabhaha idlala indima efanayo noko kumthetho oqhelekileyo (* uninzi olulula lwanele, kwaye amandla ayo ayalingana neLok Sabha, ngaphandle kwemicimbi yemali.

Uhlaziyo Oluvela Kubuninzi Obukhethekileyo (Udidi Lwekhori)

Ubuninzi botshintsho lomgaqo-siseko kufuneka "okhethekileyo uninzi" njengoko kuchazwe kwiGatya 368(2). Le yintliziyo yenkqubo yokulungisa kwaye imele eyona ntshukumo ibalulekileyo phakathi kweendlu ezimbini. Ukuze kudluliswe umthetho, kufuneka ikhuseleke kwindlu nganye yePalamente:

  • Uninzi lwamalungu alo ndlu (inkoliso yendlu).
  • Uninzi lwamalungu akhoyo navotayo alungaphantsi kwesibini-sithathu.

Le mfuneko sisiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko sokuba iRaje Sabha ayinakuphuthelwa kwiziphelo ezingaphantsi. Iqela lezobupolitika eliphethe uninzi oluninzi kwiLok Sabhaha linokuvalwa okanye linyanzelelwe ukuba lidibane ngokunempumelelo okanye linyanzeleke ukuba lingabi namanani afunekayo kwi Rajiya Sabha. Imfuneko yokuba inani elipheleleyo lamalungu (hayi nje abo bakhoyo) lithintele ukuba umlomo udluliswe kwindlu encinane, iqinisekisa ukuba inxalenye ebalulekileyo yequmrhu lowiso-mthetho livumile utshintsho.

Uhlaziyo lweziHlaliso eziBalulekileyo

Ukulungisa okuchaphazela isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko soluvo, umaleko owongezelelekileyo wemvume uyafuneka. Ezi zindululo akufunekanga zidlulise nje kuphela zombini Izindlu zePalamente ngobuninzi obukhethekileyo kodwa kufuneka zivunywe yimithetho yowiso-mthetho engengaphantsi kwesiqingatha esinye se-United States ngobuninzi obulula. Imicimbi exhobisa ukudityaniswa kwemiqathango yesizwe idweliswe kwicandelo 368(2) kwaye iqukwe:

  • Unyulo lukaMongameli (Izichazi 54 no55).
  • Umlinganiselo wegunya elilawulayo leManyano neUnited States.
  • IiNkundla eziPhezulu zeMasimi e-Union.
  • IUnion Judiary kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo.
  • Usasazo lwamandla owiso-mthetho phakathi kwamaManyano namaZwe (iShedyuli yeSekela).
  • Umelo lwamaRhulumente ePalamente.
  • Inqaku lama - 368 ngokwawo.

Kulo didi, iRaje Sabha isebenza njengesakhelo esiphambili sorhulumente. Ekubeni amalungu ayo enyulwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, amele aphendule ngqo kumazwe. Ukuvota kwisivumelwano sorhulumente kwiRajiya Sabba idla ngokuvota kumgaqo we-zizimele ngokwawo.

Indima Yenkqubo Yolwakhiwo YeRaje Sabha

Uhambo lwemali yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ngeRaje Sabha yinkqubo yokuqwalasela ngokungqongqo. Le mithetho ingavela kwindlu nganye yePalamente, ngaphandle kwamaphepha phantsi kweGatya 3 elifuna ukunconywa kwangaphambili nguMongameli. Kwathi kwathi kwaziswa kwi Rajiya Sabha, idlula kwimigangatho eliqela.

Ukwazisa Nokufunda Okokuqala

Imali ikhutshwa ngumPhathiswa okanye ilungu elizimeleyo. Ilungu kufuneka licele ikhefu leNdlu ukuchaza ityala. Oku akudli ngokulatywa kodwa kunokuba lithuba lokuba iNdlu ivakalise ukungakholiswa kwayo. Isihloko semali sifundwa, kwaye sipapashwa kwiGazette yaseIndiya. Akukho ngxoxo eyenzeka kweli nqanaba.

Ukumiswa Kwekomiti: Ukuxhotyiswa Kweencwadi

Owona msebenzi uncinci unokwenziwa kwicandelo lekomiti. I-Rajiya Sabha inamandla okubhekisela kugunyaziso lwemithetho-siseko kwiKomiti Yokukhetha yeNdlu Ephezulu okanye kwiKomiti eManyeneyo yeeNdlu zozibini. Eli lisixhobo esinamandla sokuvavanya irhafu engundoqo. Ikomiti ihlola ityala-intengiso yemali ngokuyintlukwano, imema i-taranda ukusuka kuwonke-wonke, imema amagosa karhulumente kunye neengcali zomthetho, kwaye iphulaphule amangqina. Iingxelo zezi komiti zinempembelelo enkulu kakhulu. Umzekelo, iKomiti edityani ekwaluni i-Whooksss (GST) yenza uncomo olubalulekileyo, kuquka ukususwa kwerhafuthelekelelo oluthe ngqo lwe-1% lwemeko, oluthiye lwendawo yokuzinziwa kwe-Romergate. I-Syshaba ingumzekelo ongaphezulu kakhulu kuneevithi ye-Loki ye-Rocesterttings, kunye noocences ezithe jing, ingunxano yemeko yendlu eqinile, ivumela ukuphuhlisyoku

Ukukhathalela Nokuzonwabisa

Emva kokuba ikomiti inikezele ingxelo yayo, ityala lithathelwe ukuqwalasela icandelo-le-clause. Kulapho iRajiya Sabba yenza khona uphawu lwayo ngenene. Amalungu acebisa ukuba kulungiswe imvume yokubuyiselwa. Ingxelo nganye ibekwa kwivoti. USiphathi-gosa wase-Indiya (Umongameli wase-Indiya) wenza indima ebalulekileyo apha, elawula ukuphumelela kokulungiswa nokugcinwa komgaqo-nkqubo. Ukuba kukho ivoti yokugqibela efuna uninzi olukhethekileyo. Ukuba i-Rajiya Sabbahaha, idluliselwa kwi-Loka. Ukuba i-Sabbaha yenza iinguqulelo, izibhengezo kufuneka zibuyele eRapyayayaha ngenxa ye-Okstern. Ukuba kukho i-Provicet, akukho migaqo ye-Provicet, i-Phondo ye-Phondo ye-Sythonet.

IRaje Sabra Njengengxubusho KwiMajonitarianism

Injongo ephambili yezopolitiko yeRaje Sabba kwinkqubo yokulungisa kukusebenza njengovavanyo kubukhulu bobufundisi beLok Sabba. ILok Sabhah imela unyuso olukhawulezileyo lonyulo. Iliza lokwexeshana okanye umba omnye wolawulo lunganika iqela unyuso olukhulu kwi House esezantsi. IRajiya Sabba, nonyulo lwayo olushukumayo nomelo lwayo olungangqalanga, lwenzelwe ukuba lixhathise la maza akhawulezayo. Isoloko ibonakalisa uqwalaselo olwahlukileyo lwezopolitiko kunelo Sabha.

Uhlolisiso Lwembali Lwempembelelo KaRaje Sabha

Imbali yokutshintshwa komgaqo - siseko eIndiya izele yimizekelo yeRajiya Sabba ephembelela.

  • [[NTLT: 0] IsiHlalisi seMpanzi saMa 42 (6): Edlula ngexesha le-Emergency, oku kwakukukusetyenziswa kakhulu komGaqo-siseko. Ngeli xesha yadlula iRajiya Sabba ngenxa yamandla eqela langoko-Sigeqe, ukunqongophala kwengxoxo eqinileyo kwasebenza njengesilumkiso. Isenzo soburhulumente se-[FLT:] se-44th Demendmentmentment , esidluliswe ngurhulumente weJanta ukubuyisela umGaqo-siseko wangaphambili-Emenja, wabonisa indlela eyahlukileyo kwe-Jajiya-Sabhab eyayinokwenza ngayo isenzo solungisomthetho-zwelo.
  • IsiHlanzi seMpanzi se-101 soMphetho-mali (GST - 2016): Lo yayingumzekelo ophawulayo woburhulumente bentsebenziswano. Urhulumente wayengenayo uninzi kwi Rajiya Sabba. Lo mthetho wabhekiswa kwiKomiti Yokhetho Lobulungu, eyathi ngokucokisekileyo yahlola intsingiselo entsonkothileyo karhulumente. IRajiya Sabba yanya yagxininisa kutshintsho, ngokuphawulekayo yabeka phantsi irhafuthelo lorhulumente eli-1%%, kwaye yongeza inkqubo ye-complatementmentmentmentationssssssss. I-GSTBBLL ime njengesivumelwano sendlela echanaye-yo-Rayya Sabha inyusa ngayo umthetho.
  • IsiHlanzi se- 103 seSichibiyelo se-(EWS - 2019): Ukunika indawo yecandelo elibuthathaka ngokwezoqoqosho eli-10% kwafuna utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ukuze lugqithe uphahla oluyi 50% olubekwe yiNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ingxoxo kwiRajiya Sabba ijolise kwimigaqo-siseko yokuziphatha engokwaphula uphahla kunye nengcaciso yemeko "yoqoqosho"
  • IsiHlalisi seNkundla se 105 (2021): Oku kubuyiselwa kwamandla karhulumente kunye nemimandla yomanyano ukufanisa nokukwazisa iklasi yeNtlalo neyokufundisa Ngasemva (SEBCs). Yayiyimpendulo engqalileyo kwisigwebo seNkundla ePhakamileyo. URajya Sabba wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudluliseni ngokukhawuleza lo mthetho ngesivumelwano esibuyiselweyo urhulumente kummandla onobugocigo.

Umthetho Ongenaziphene

Esi sisixhobo esinamandla kwizixhobo zezixhobo zeRajiya Sabha' malunga nokulungiswa komgaqo-siseko. Inqaku eliyi10, elinika ukuhlanganiswa kwezindlu ezimbini ukusombulula iqhina elifileyo kwisandla esiqhelekileyo, liwakhupha ngokucacileyo amatyala asemthethweni-siseko. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba iRajiya Sabba ilwa nomthetho-siseko umva, okanye icebisa ukuba iNguqulo zeLok Sabha ayilwamkeli, iLok Sabha ayinakuyinyanzelela. Ityala, okanye urhulumente kufuneka azame ukwakha imvume kwintlanganiso ezamva. Olu phawu luphakamisa i-Rajiya Yab ukusuka kwigumbi "lovais" kwigumbi elilinganayo" kwilungu elilinganayo elinelungu eliqinileyo elikwisithintelayo.

Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo lwezindlu eziphezulu kwiinkqubo zoHlomelo

Kwinkqubo ezininzi zorhulumente, indlu ephezulu ibamba amandla akhethekileyo kutshintsho lomgaqo - siseko.

INdlu Yezigwebo YaseUnited States

UMgaqo-siseko wase-US ufuna uninzi oluzii-3 ezimbini kwiNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi zoLawulo ukuze icebise ukurhoxiswa. ICathenate, apho urhulumente ngamnye unomelo olulinganayo (ii-genetators ezimbini), yindlu yamazwe anamandla. Umahluko ongundoqo yinkqubo ye-procedbuster kwiBhunga, ubuchule bokuvota obunokulibazisa okanye buthintele ukuvota ngaphandle kokuba ivoti ephezulu kakhulu yokukhutshwa. I-Indiya Rajiya Sabba ayinayo isithethe se-fiblister, kodwa ukunqona kwesixhobo sokuhlala kunye kusinika eso siso sifana, ukuba asisona sithinteli, amandla. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente wase-US kufuneka aphinde avume i-Rodmanmentation, i-oventine-ose-ocesters, i-ant

Indlu Yookumkani YoBukumkani Emanyeneyo

I-UK inemithetho-siseko engamiselwanga. Imimiselo enjengomthetho-siseko Wamalungelo Abantu inokutshintshwa ngoninzi oluqhelekileyo kwiNdlu yamaLungelo. Indlu yooLords inobuchule bokuphela kobuphazamiso phantsi kwePalamente yeZenzo, engasebenzi "kwimali yemali" kwaye ilinganiselwe kunyaka omnye ukwenzela amanye amatyala karhulumente. Indlu yaBalawuli ayinakuthintela utshintsho olusemthethweni ukuba ngaba iiNdlundlobo zimisiwe. Oku kwahluke kakhulu kwiRapya Sabba's's olinganayo nookrwelelo-mthetho-siseko phezu kwe-andends. Imodeli ibonisa oko kwenzeka ngaphandle kwemali karhulumente okanye igumbi lorhulumente elinamandla okugcina izithuba: umlawuli, umlawuli, ulawulo oluninzi, lunokuqhuba ngomgqaliselo olungundoqo ngomGxobo-siseko osisi.

IBhunga Leentloko - Mbindi laseOstreliya

UmGaqo-siseko wase-Australia kunzima kakhulu ukutshintsha. Kufuna "aphindwe kabini" kwi-arhente yesizwe: uninzi lwabavoti jikelele, kunye noninzi lwabavoti kuninzi lwamazwe (4 ku 6). IBhunga leNtlanga ye-Australiana alinandima ngqo ekufakeni izilungiso ngendlela efanayo; izicelo zivela kwiPalamente yesizwe, kodwa uvumo lwesiphelo luxhomekeke kubantu. Olu luhlobo oluthe ngqo lwemvume yedemokhrasi kunemodeli engangqalanga yeRayya Sabha. Imodeli ka-Rajiya Sabha imele ukulala phakathi kolawulo olunyulukileyo lwepalamente nolawulo oluqhelekileyo, olunolawulo oluqhelekileyo, olunomyalezo ngomgaqo-mthetho-rhulumente.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwemodeli YaseRaje Sabha

Nangona ibalulekile indima yayo, iRaje Sabha ayizange igxekwe. Ukugxekwa okuphambili kukungabi nagunya elithe ngqo kwedemokhrasi. Oorhulumente abangenayo inkoliso kwiNdlu Ephezulu badla ngokuyityhola ngokuba ngumthinteli, indlu engacaciswanga ephazamisa ukuthanda kwabantu njengoko kuboniswa kwiLok Sabha.

  • IParty Disciption vs. Umelo lomanyano: Intsingiselo yeRajiya Sabha njengendlu emele izilangazelelo zikarhulumente idla ngokuthotywa phantsi zityalo ezingqongqo zeqela. Amalungu ePalamente adla ngokuvota kwimigca yeqela ekulungisweni kwemithetho-siseko, kunokuba ibekwe ngokwezilangazelelo ezithile zikarhulumente. Oku kuphelisa uphawu lwesizwe lwendlu.
  • Umsebenzi we-Dyys kunye nokungagqibeki: Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, iRajiya Sabha ibone ukuphazamiseka okubalulekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulahlekelweni lixesha lemithetho kunye nokugcinwa rhoqo kweshishini. Oku konakalisa igama layo njenge "ebhari, igumbi lesibini legumbi" Izilungiso ezibalulekileyo zomgaqo-siseko zidlulisiwe ngaphandle kohlobo lophando olunenkcukacha zomfanekiso ochazwe ngabalungiseleli bomGaqo-siseko.
  • Iinguqu kunye neProcals: Izindululo eziliqela zenziwe ukuguqula iRajiya Sabba, kuquka amacebiso onyulo oluthe ngqo lwamalungu ayo ukunyusa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi, okanye ixesha elisisigxina. Noko ke, naluphi na utshintsho kwiRajiya Sabbaha ngokwayo lufuna ukubuyiselwa komgaqo-siseko phantsi kweGatya 368, ithetha ukuba iRapya Sabhaha iza kuvumela ukuqulukelwa kwayo kwakhona kolawulo lwedemokhrasi, okanye umvaniso oluphezulu lwezopolitiko.

Isiphelo: Imfuneko Enyamezeleyo YeRaje Sabha

IRaje Sabba ingundoqo obalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokulungisa umgaqo-siseko waseIndiya. Yindima yayo esisiseko yomanyano lwama-Indiya. Indima yayo phantsi kweGatya 368 iqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko awusebenzi ngokufutshane iLok Sabha uxanduva lwamatyala. Imfuneko yokuba uninzi olukhethekileyo kwizindlu zombini, kwaye okunokwenzeka ukudityaniswa kwesiqingatha semithetho yowiso-mthetho, yenza inkqubo yemiqathango yemiqathango emininzi enyanzelisa isivumelwano esibanzi. Ngoxa inokuba ncinci, ingakwazi ukuvala i-mfek-mfa, kwaye ijongene, ukucingela okungqongqo nokuqikeleka komthetho-siseko kubangela utshintsho oluyimfuneko ekulondolozeni ukuzinza, ukuthembeka, ukuthembeka, nokulawulwa komGatho-siseko. I-Gracrac. Ingathi ithule ithunye ithunye i-ocel