Ibeka imfundo njengesiseko sokulawula kodwa njengesiseko somgaqo-siseko wenkqubo karhulumente ophawulwe ukutshintsha okukhoyo kwenkqubela-phambili ye-Indiya. Ukususela koko, uzimeleyo, urhulumente waseIndiya uye wazibeka njengomphathi oyintloko wemfundo yelizwe. Le ndima yayingekokulawula nje kodwa yayiyingcamango enzulu, isekelwe kumbono wesiseko wokwakha umbutho woluntu, osebenzayo ngokwezoqoqosho, nothe tyekileyo ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ukusuka ekulawuleni uthungelwano oluncinane lwamashishini ethangathanga-roba, ulawulo lwenkqubo yesikolo ekhulisayo yehlabathi, kunye nomgaqo-mgaqo-siseko wemfundo wemfundo, uhambo lwesizwe lubonakalisa i-oklorisonke amabhongo kunye nokuphikisana okuzingisileyo. Ukuqonda oku kudinga ukuvavanywa kwemeko yembali, i-gronalgosavel, iinkqubo ze-omatila, iinkqubo zemfundo ezilawulayo, kunye neemeko zemfundo zemfundo zemfundo zelizwe ezihlalayo.

Isiseko sembali: IMandate kaRhulumente

Ilifa langaphambili

Indima yemfundo yale mihla yephondo lase-Indiya ayizange iphunyezwe kwi-athom. Ulawulo lwelizwe lwaphantsi kwe-Lord Macaulay's orray (umzuzu wekhulu lewaka linamakhulu asibhozo anamashumi asithoba) lwadala ngabom inkqubo eyayilwa ukuvelisa udidi lwabatoliki phakathi komlawuli kunye nolawulo. Le nkqubo yayiyidolophu ephakathi kwenkulungwane, i-elithilist, kwaye yahlulwa kakhulu kwizalathiso. Intshukumo yesizwe, noko, ityhila umbono owahlukileyo. Iinkokeli ezifana noMahma Gandhi zacebisa iSlardha Screea yemfundo esisiseko (1937), ikhuthaza ukufunda ngomsebenzi, ukufundiswa kolwimi lwasekhaya, kunye nokuphuhliswa kokuziphatha. Oku kuxinezeleko phakathi kwemodeli ye-banuaucracracrate ne-ognote ye-compulism kunye ne-edential, kunye nemigca ye-edegnodians, kunye ne-ethentignognomenti, kunye ne-ethe nodidi

Ummiselo oluhlaza womGaqo-siseko: Imigaqo Engqalileyo neSifungo sesiZwe

Abalathisi bomGaqo-siseko waseIndiya bayibeka phambili imfundo njengesiseko senguqulelo yoluntu. Inqaku lama-45 leMigaqo Elawulayo yoMgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente layalela urhulumente ngokuphandle ukuba azame ukunikezela, kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi yokuqalisa komGaqo-siseko, imfundo yamahhala nenyanzelo kubo bonke abantwana de bagqibe iminyaka elishumi elinesine. Nangona le Ngcawa imisela imbopheleleko enyanzelekileyo yokuziphatha neyopolitiki. Yavuma ukuba ulawulo-demo-mpuli lwalungenanjongo ngaphandle kwedemokhrasi, nto leyo eyayifuna ukuba bonke abantu bakwazi ukufunda nokufunda nokufunda. UMgaqo-siseko wakwawo wakwawo wabeka imfundo kuLuhlu oluqululo lweziNxandulo, ukudala uxanduvano lomthetho-mthetho norhulumente, ulwano lwesakhiwo oluye lwayila inkqubo yezombutho, umanyano, kunye neengquzulwano ukususela ngoko.

Amalungelo asekelwe kwiSiphekepheke

ISindululo soMgaqo-siseko se-86 (2002)

Ithuba elizinzileyo kwindima yephondo laseIndiya lenzeka ngokuLamla kwama-86, okuthi ngokusisiseko kwaguqula iGazethi yomgaqo-siseko wolawulo lolawulo. Ifake Inqaku 21A, lenza ilungelo lokufundisa ngokusisiseko kubo bonke abantwana abaneminyaka emithandathu ukuya kwelishumi elinesine. Oku kwenza kwayiguqula indima yesizwe ukusuka kumphathi-mikhosi onika intlalo-ntle kumphathi-msebenzi ojongene nomthetho wesiseko. Inyanzelela urhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukunganikezeli nje kuphela kodwa nomgangatho, nohlobo olungelulolwabantwana abaneminyaka emithandathu ukuya kwelishumi elinesine. Le ntshukumo yaba yisiphelo samashumi eminyaka yemfundo ehloniphekileyo yobomi obunesidima phantsi kweSigqeqeshina se-A.

Ilungelo lemfundo (2009)

UMthetho wabantwana ukuya kwiNqaku-mali neNkxaso (RTTE) umele esona sicwangciso somthetho sibanzi semfundo yokuqala eIndiya. Uchaza imisebenzi karhulumente, amagunya asekuhlaleni, abazali, nezikolo zabucala. Ummiselo ongundoqo ochaza indima eyongezelelweyo karhulumente uquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Izikolo zolawulo: Urhulumente kufuneka amisele izikolo kumgama ochaziweyo ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela kubo bonke abantwana.
  • I-Project yeCaptiation Fees kunye neScreen: Imo yagunyazisa iinkqubo zokuvula imvume.
  • 25% IResaventi: Izikolo ezingazibophelelekanga kufuneka zigcine i25% yezihlalo zomgangatho wokungena kubantwana abasweleyo, ihlawulelwe ngurhulumente. Eli lungiselelo lifaka urhulumente ngqo kumarike wemfundo yabucala ukunyanzelisa ukulingana.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imigangatho nemigangatho: UmThetho uchaza imigangatho encinci yezibonelelo, umlinganiselo womfundisi-lwazi, kunye neemfaneleko zomfundisi- ntsapho.
  • [[NTL:0] Eqhubekekayo kunye ne Comprehensive Sult Uvavanyo (CCE): Umbuso wagunyazisa ukususwa kukufunda okucacisiweyo nokuthatha iimviwo eziphezulu kumgangatho wesiqalo (ulungiselelo kamva luphumlile ngenxa yokuzalisekisa imingeni).

Ngokusisiseko, uMgaqo weRTE wabuchaza ngokutsha ulwalamano phakathi kommi, urhulumente, kunye nomxhasi wemfundo ngokwenza imfundo ibe nelungelo elifanelekileyo.

Ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo kunye neenkqubo zeflegi

IKhomishini yeKothari neNkcubeko yeSizwe ngemfundo (NPE 1968, 1986)

Ngaphezu kwemimiselo esemthethweni, urhulumente wakha ukwakhiwa okuqinileyo kwemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nezicwangciso ezixhaswayo. IKothari Commission (1964-66) yavelisa eyona ngxelo ibanzi yemfundo yamaIndiya, edume ngokugxininisa ukuba "isiphelo seIndiya ngoku simile kwiiklasi zayo." iingcebiso zayo zakhokelela kwiNPE 1968, eyathi yabiza ukwakhiwa kwemfundo efanayo (10+2 system), utyalo-mali olwandisiweyo (6% ye-GDP), kunye nokugxininisa kwinzululwazi nemfundo yesizwe. I-NPE 1986 kunye neNkqubo yayo yeSeed Seammentation (e) yandisa ukufikelela kwesizwe kunyaka ophakathi kweBlabhulabhuki yemisebenzi, ucwangciso lokunika abafundisi-mfundo kunye nabafundisi-phambili kwizifundo eziphambili kulo lonke ilizwe, ukuhlasela ngqo ingxaki yonikezelo lwamazwe asemaphandleni asemaphandleni.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2001)

Iqaliswe njengenkqubo yeflegi yokulawula imfundo esisiseko jikelele, iSarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SA) yayiyinkqubo enkulu yemfundo ehlabathini ngexesha lokusekwa kwayo. Yasebenza imbopheleleko karhulumente ngokulungiselela ngokunesidima isebenzisa iiKomiti ze-Village Education (VECs), ijolise utyalo kumantombazana namaqela aphantsi, kwaye yakha izigidi zezakhiwo zesikolo kunye nezindlu zangasese. I-SSA yancedisa ekuphuculeni okukhulu kwemibalo (GER) kwaye yanciphisa inani labantwana abaphuma kwi-ibhiligidi ezingama-30 ngonyaka ukuya kumgangatho ongamashumi amathathu anesine. Yamela ukunyanzela ulawulo olunamandla ukuze kuzalisekiswe isithembiso sokufikelela emhlabeni wonke.

Udweliso Losuku Lokutya

Ngo-1995 kwaye yasekwa jikelele phantsi komyalelo weNkundla Ephakamileyo ngo-2001, iMid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS) ngumzekelo onyanzelisayo wezwe esebenzisa ungenelelo lwemfundo ukusingatha ukuncitshiswa okuninzi ngaxeshanye. Ngokunika umntwana ngamnye ukutya okunesondlo kurhulumente nakumacandelo karhulumente, urhulumente uthetha: indlala yesikolo, ethintela ngqo ukufunda; ukuqeshwa nokuthotywa kwexabiso eliphantsi, ingakumbi amantombazana kunye namahlwempu; kunye nokunyanzeleka, ngokunyanzela ekutyeni ngokweenkqubo ezimeleni ngokwamaqela eeklasini.

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (208)

Ekoyisa ukwahlulwa kodweliso lwangaphambili, urhulumente wakhupha iSamagra Shiksha Abhiyan, isicwangciso esidityanisiweyo sokugquma imfundo yesikolo ukusuka kumgangatho wangaphambi kwendlu ukuya kwisendlele. Oku kwaphawula ukutshintsha kujongise kubude bebhayisekile bobomi obuziziinkozo, eqonda ukuba ungenelelo kufuneka luqhubeke. Kwakhona yabeka inkcazo engakumbi kumgangatho, kwimfundo yomsebenzi, kunye nenyathelo lamanani njenge DIKHHHHP. Yabonisa ulwamkelo lorhulumente ukuba unikezelo lobomi bomntu lunganele kwaye lufuna iziphumo ezifunekayo ekuqwalaleni phambili kwinkqubo engqalileyo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezemfundo weSizwe (NEP) 2020

I-NEP 2020 luxwebhu olubalulekileyo lotshintsho lwenkulungwane yama-21. Luyitshayela ngokubhekiselele kwindima karhulumente ukusuka kumnikezeli othe ngqo kunye nomlawuli ukuya kumphathi-mqeqeshi, umlawuli, kunye nobunjani. Ukunduluka kwayo okungundoqo kubandakanya: ukuphinda kulungiswe kwesakhiwo semfundo esiphezulu (53+3+4), ukubhekisa ingqalelo kwisiseko sokufunda nokubhala nokubhala njengeyona nto iphambili, ukuhlisa i-syllabhus ukuya kwisiseko semfundo enzulu, ukukhuthaza imfundo ephakamileyo, nokuseka i-rejistator yomnye wemfundo ephezulu (HCI). NEP 2020 ibonisa ukutshintsha okucwangcisiweyo kwintanda-bulumko yesizwe ukuya "eskingle" ku-', "unyaka-1961" ukusuka ekufikeleleni, ukufikelela kumgangatho ophakamileyo, ukukhuthaza ukulawulwa kwemfundo ephakathi kunye nokulawulwa kwendlela yolawulo oluphezulu, ikakhulu yemfundo yemfundo ephezulu.

Ukukwazi ukufunda, Amandla, Nokusesikweni

Imisebenzi yesizwe yokufunda nokubhala neSaakshar

Indima yesizwe ayizange iphele kwimfundo esemthethweni. Iqonda ungxamiseko lokungafundi kwabantu abadala, urhulumente waqalisa iNational Literacy Mission (NLM) ngo-1988. IMikhankanyo yoMsebenzi Wokufunda Nokubhala Yonke yee-1990, efezwe ngendlela enkulu yokufikelela kwinkonzo yamavolontiya, yaphumelela ngokuphawulekayo ekunyuseni amanani okufunda, ingakumbi kwimimandla engasemva. ISaakshar Barat (2009) yaqhubeka nolu hlonixokozo, ngokugxininisa okukhethekileyo kumabhinqa. Ngoxa urhulumente ekwazi ukuxhasa impumelelo yokufunda nokubhala nokuthintela "ukuyekelela ukuya ekungafundi" ingxoxo, ezi nkqubo zibonise ubuchule besizwe bombutho wangaphandle kwenkqubo yesikolo.

UBeti Bachao, uBeti Padhao noMahila Samakya

Ukuthetha ngobuchule obunzulu bobufanasini kunye nobobuntlola bezemfundo kuye kwaba yinto ephambili kurhulumente. Iqhinga leBeti Bachao, iBeti Padhao (BBP), elindululwe ngo- 2015, lijongene ngqo nobude benani elisezantsi le-prime yabantwana kunye nemfundo yamabhinqa. Lisebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ezibandakanya imfundo, impilo, kunye namasebe ophuhliso lwabantwana. Inkqubo yangaphambili iMahila Samakhyya yanika abafazi basemaphandleni amandla ngamaqela kunye nemfundo engeyoyakho. Ezi zinyathelo zibonakalisa ukuqonda kwesizwe okuthi ukuzuza imfundo yamaqela angenako ukufikelela kumgangatho wokwahlukana; kufuneka zikhatshwe kungene kungene kungene kungene ungenelelo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nongenelelo lwezoqoqosho lokungenelela kwimibutho yoobhishophu-ntlalo-ntlalo-ntle kunye noluhlanga.

Isiphumo: Utshintsho Olukhoyo

Isiphumo sonyuselo lwemigaqo-nkqubo yephondo laseIndiya siye saba lutshintsho oluyimbali. Ngokwe-data yokulinganisela, umlinganiselo wokufunda nokwazi kwanyuka ukusuka kwi-18,3% ngo-1951 ukuya ngaphezu kwama-74% ngo-1920, kunye noqikelelo olungokwesicwangciso oluvela kwiNational Cancere Survey ebonisa unyuko oluthe xhaxhe malunga nama-77-80% kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Umsantsa wesini sokufunda nokubhala unciphile ngokweenjongo ezisisiseko (ukusela amanzi, izindlu zangasese, umbane) usanda ngokuphawulekayo. Nangona ngoku iIndiya isoloko ixhalanamvo. Le mikhosi i-Gros Greglyn E REANS (GER) kumgangatho osisiseko we-100, ufikelele ngoku ngoku ngoku kufutshane nonyaka opheleleyo wolwakhiwo-mali, umlinganiselo osisibonelelo lwezikolo, uqeqesho olungaphezulu lwemali, uqeqesho oluziimali oluziinjiweyo, uqeqesho oluninzi olungaphezulu lwamashumi eminyaka amashumi asixhenxe amashumi asixhenxe olweesixhenxe.

IAgenda Engaphenjelelwanga: Ubunjani, Ukungalingani, Nengxaki Yokufunda

Ngaphandle kwempumelelo engenakuphikwa ekufikeleleni, indima yephondo laseIndiya ijongene nolona vavanyo lwalo lunzima kummandla womgangatho kunye neziphumo zokufunda. Ingxelo yeNkcubeko yonyaka yemfundo (ASTER), epapashwe nguPratham, isoloko ibhenca "ukufunda amanqam." Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwiingxelo lubonisa ukuba umlinganiselo obalulekileyo wabantwana ababhaliswe kwiGrade 5 awukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yezibalo esisiseko okanye ukufunda umbhalo wemigangatho 2 ngokutyibili.

Ingxaki Yokufunda Nobuchule Borhulumente

Umgama phakathi kobhaliso nemfundo ngumgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo yamaIndiya. Imeko yakha ngokunempumelelo izikolo kunye nootitshala abamiselweyo, kodwa iye yazama ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula komfundisi- ntsapho, ukuphumelela koqeqesho, kunye nobuchule bokufundisa. Umfundisi- ntsapho ophezulu ongekhoyo, uqeqesho oluninzi kwizikolo zomfundisi- ntsapho omnye, kunye nokugxininisa ekugqibeni i-syllabusis ekukhuliseni ukuqonda bubuthathaka besixokelelwano. Ubuchule bombuso bokuqwalasela ubunjani, ukunikezela ngempumelelo kuqeqesho lomfundisi-mfundisi-lwazi, kunye nokurhoxa ukusuka kwimo yegalelo lolawulo olunesiphumo sebhotile.

Ukungalungi Okuqhubekayo

Ithemba lesizwe lokulawula uluntu ngemfundo liyaqhubeka lisebenza. Umahluko onzulu uyaqhubeka [[FLT: 0] usasazo (Izinga lokubala elithenjisiweyo/Isizwe se-Asces/Isizwe] liphantsi kwe-avareji yesizwe), [[FLT]] i-athomography [ [iiiinani] [i-Borange] [i-Borate v.marram], ingeniso[ (ukukhula okukhawulezayo kwemfundo yangasese kubangele inkqubo yemfundo yobuqu emibini). I-RTEP] 25% ijongene imiqobo. Ulwahlulo lwamacalayithilo oluthe krabhabhabhayo, kunye nezikolo ezingekho ngqiyo, okanye abafundisi-onke, bathe banziswe ngoonke, ba-20-20-20-ink.

Ukwahlulwa komgaqo-nkqubo kwimfundo ePhakamileyo

Kwimfundo ephakamileyo, urhulumente usoloko egxekwa nge-"permits kunye namalayisensi" ngemizimba efana ne-UGC kunye ne-AICTE. Oku kuye kwanyanzelisa ukuvela kweeyunivesithi zophando lwehlabathi kunye nokuncitshiswa kolwakhiwo. Ukwanda kweekholeji ezidityanisiweyo ezinobunjani obusezantsi ngumphumo othe ngqo wenkqubo yokulawula ejolise kwiinguqu kunokuba iziphumo. Isicelo seNEP 2020 sokukhutshwa kwezi zisilos nokuseka kwe-rekholeji ezimeleyo, i-regator, imela ikhondo elikhulu lesizwe, ukuvuma ukungafezeki kwayo ngokwembali.

Isiphelo: Igophe Elilandelayo Lokungenelela KukaRhulumente

Ilizwana laseIndiya liye laba ngumdlali obalulekileyo kwinguqulelo yemfundo yesizwe. Ukusuka kumphathi weliso elisemthethweni ukuya kutsho kumatshini omkhulu weenkqubo zemfundo yesikolo ehlabathini, indima yalo iye yasekwa. Iphumele impumelelo ekuzaliseni igunya lenkulungwane yama-20: ukufikelela kwimfundo yomhlaba wonke. Ucelomngeni lwangoku, lusekelwe ngokuchanekileyo kuMgaqo-siseko wemfundo weSizwe (NEP) 2020 kunye nogcino-lwazi olusuka kwiASER, luxhomekeke ekunyanzeleni kwenkulungwane yama-21: ukufikelela kwehlabathi lonke ukufikelela kwimfundo yemfundo kunye [FLT:] [utho:2] [uhlu olukhoyo] [ucelo lobuzwi] [umsebenzi wobuchule obukhoyo] kuphela, kodwa kuxhomekeke kumntwana wonke, kodwa kunokuthi kufune ukuguqula imo yemeko, ukuba i-Atlanti iphinde iphinde ifumaneke, i-flurgoss, kodwa ke ngoko ke, ukuba ikho ikho ikho ifunde yenze ifunde,