Imbali Yemfazwe YaseMntla Ireland

Imfazwe yaseMntla Ireland, eyaziwa ngokuba ziiMpeketho, yaqala phantse ekupheleni koo1960 ukuya ekupheleni koo1990, ixesha eliphawulwa ngamaqela anzulu eethno-buzwe, ugonyamelo lomkhosi, kunye nokungalawuleki kwezobupolitika. Imvelaphi yemfazwe yaqala ekwahlulweni kwe-Ireland ngo1921, eyadala i-Protestanti-majority North Ireland eyahlala iyinxalenye yoBukumkani obumanyeneyo, ngoxa ezinye isiqithi zazimele. Iqaqobana elingumKatolika eNyaka lajamelana nocalucalulo lwezindlu, umsebenzi, kunye nomelo lwezobupolitika, lwabangela ukuba kubekho umbutho wamalungelo abantu abalwayo obandakanya urhulumente olwayo (efuna umanyano lwaseIreland) kunye noomoya abanyanisekileyo (ekuxhasa umanyano neBritane neBritane). Kwasekuqaleni konyaka wama-199890, abantu abambalwa ababebulawa kwimimandla yezoqoqosho, kunye noondhubo ehlayo, beye bavukelelwe umkhosi woondo lwamazwe lwamazwe lwamazwe lwamazwe lwamazwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

Imigudu yangaphambili yokuzama ukuphelisa uxolo, njenge-Sumindidale Agreement (1973) kunye ne-Anglo-Irish Revention (1985), iphumelele ngokulinganiselweyo kodwa yasilela ukuphelisa ugonyamelo. Ngaphakathi konyaka we-19910, ukudityaniswa kwemeko eziphakathi kwe-(19910), ukudinwa kwemikhosi yemfazwe, ukuphela kwemfazwe yoMdabi (eyenziwa yanciphisa izithintelo zendalo), nokuvela kweenkokeli zendalo kumacala omabini, kwaye ukuvela kwe-pragm-atmaticss macala eeants (ngokuthilisiweyo) kwazakha kwavula ithuba elitsha lokuncokola. Kodwa ke, ukuthembana phakathi komanyano nolwelo lwesizwe kwakumkhulu. Amacala akwakungakulungele ukuhlala kwitafile enye ngaphandle okuthembekileyo. Oku kulapho ulawulo lwehlabathi lonke lwaba yinto engenakubalulekangathathi-o-ath , inxalenye yesithathu, isigqubuthelo se-politiki, i-eantsssssss ezifunekayo ukurhonay, ukuphelisa uxolo.

Indima Yabalamleli Bezizwe Ngezizwe Kwisivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

Abalamleli bezizwe ngezizwe abazange bafake isiqendu; badala iimeko zokuba amaqela afikelele imvume. Ubukho bawo banikela iinzuzo eziliqela ezingundoqo: banikela indlela yokulungisa ubuso ukuze bavume, banceda ekuchazeni iimpawu ezisoloko zikho phakathi kwentshaba, kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba nasiphi na isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe sasiza kuba nenkxaso kunye nokuhlola. IGood Wesihlanu (esaziwa njenge-Belfast Revention) ye10 ku-April 1998 yaba yincopho yeminyaka emibini enzima, elulayo. Isakhiwo sonxibelelwano sasibandakanya oorhulumente baseBritani ne-Ireland njenge-cogbanganuantrator, i-United States njengemperactator ephezulu ye-irvential, kunye ne-European Union njengomthombo wenkxaso yezopolitiko kunye nenkxaso yezopolitiko.

Oyena mlamleli ubalaseleyo yayingulowo wayenguMlamleli ophambili e-U.S. owayesakuba nguMphathi-mikhosi uGeorge Mitchell, owamisa zonke iintetho ze-gradiodis ukusukela ngo1999 ukuya ku1998. Indlela kaMitchell yayiyinjongo yequmrhu kwaye isekelwe kwimigaqo yemigaqo: wagxininisa kwi “Mitchell Principles,” apho onke amaqela kwafuneka avume khona ukuba afumane iindlela zoxolo, ekuyekeni izixhobo, nakwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Umonde wakhe nobundilele obungagungqini babangela ukuba athembe kwana onke amaqumrhu namariphabliki angenaluganenti. UMitchell wayedla ngokugqobho ngokusetyenziswa kwe-procestiki ye-""", ngokusetyenziswa kwe-okgromenti ye-odbugnertive.

Abasebenzi Abaphambili Bezizwe Ngezizwe Neminikelo Yabo

Ukuze siyiqonde kakuhle imigudu yokulungisa imicimbi kufuneka sihlolisise iindima ezahlukileyo eziphunyezwa ngumdlali ngamnye wamazwe ngamazwe.

  • Oorhulumente baseBritane nabase-Ireland njenge-Co Mediators – nangona babeziindawo ezidibeneyo, bobabini oorhulumente babesebenza njengabalamleli phakathi kwamaqela ezobupolitika aseMantla e-Ireland. Umphathi-mikhosi uTony Blair noTaoisthe Ertie Arhen wazenza ulwalamano olusondeleyo, ngokufuthi edibana ngasese ukusombulula iingxabano phambi kwemibutho edityani. Iinkonzo zabo zamakhaya zalungiselela amaphepha anzima kunye nemibhalo ye-drafti eyasebenza njengesiseko sengxoxo. Oorhulumente ababini bakwa-Cergions's "Strand" uStrand" uStand 1 wathetha kunye nentropolamster Ireland, Strand 2 kunye ne-Northernernernernernernern, kunye ne-Strand 3=ish Brish kunye ne-ish kunye ne-ish Brenst Brish (ish).
  • U.S. Diplomacy phantsi koMongameli uBill Clinton – ulawulo lweClinton lwabeka i-Northern Ireland kucwangciso lwayo lwemithetho yangaphandle, ukuphuma kolawulo lwangaphambili lwe-U.S. ulawulo olwalubekelwe i-IRA eLondon. UMongameli Clinton wamisela uGeorge Mitchell njenge-Encoy ekhethekileyo, kodwa naye ngokwakhe wahlobana namaqela ngokunika iVhisa kuSin Féin pread Gerrys ngo 1994, eyanceda ukuphembelela i-IRA ukuphelisa umlilo. U.S. wanikela uncedo lobugcisa kunye nesithembiso sorhwebo olubalulekileyo ukuba luye lwaphumelela. Imali yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe i-Internetic , i-Urroult, i-U.
  • I-European Union – i-EU yanika izisusa zemali nezezobupolitika. Ngemali yengingqi yoPhuhliso lweMbindi Yurophu kunye neenkqubo zoxolo ezikhethekileyo (njengenyathelo loxolo I nolwesibini), iEU yathumela amakhulu ezigidi zee-yuro kwimisebenzi enqamlezeneyo. Amaziko e-EU nawo akwakukhomba ukuphunyezwa kwesivumelwano, kunye nendima yeKomishini yaseYurophu ekugunyaziseni ukugunyazisa ulawulo oluzimeleyo.
  • IKhomishini ezimeleyo ekuphumezeni imvume – Isihlalo sikaNjengele waseKhanada uJohn de Chastein, lo mzimba kamva wajonga ukupheliswa kwezixhobo kwamaqela omkhosi. Nangona engenguye umlamleli weentetho ngokwazo, uthethano oluzolileyo lukaSecalain lwalubalulekile ekugcineni umngeniso wokukhupha imvume emzileni emva kokuba isivumelwano sityikitywe.

Izindululo Ezakha Isivumelwano

Abalamleli basebenzisa ibhokisi yezixhobo zobugcisa bokungquzulana, ezininzi zazo ebezingumgangatho wokulungisa uxolo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ngasezantsi zezona ndlela zibalulekileyo ezisetyenziswayo ebudeni bothethwano oluLumkileyo ngoLwesihlanu.

1. Iintlanganiso ze-imfihlelo (i-Shuttle Diplomacy)

UGeorge Mitchell neqela lakhe bachitha amakhulu eeyure kwintlanganiso zangasese, kunye namaqela ngamanye ngaphambi kokuba baziswe kunye kwintlanganiso eziququzelelweyo. Olu nxibelelwano lwezorhwebo lwavumela abalamkeli ukuba balinge iingcamango, balinganise imigca ebomvu, bachaze urhwebo ngaphandle koxinzelelo lweposi kawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, ekuqaleni kweentetho, uMitchell wadibana kunye neUlster Union Union (UUP) kunye noMbutho weNtlalo-Democratic kunye noMbutho we-Labour Party (SDLP) ukuze bafunxe ingcamango yamandla alawulayo ngaphandle kwemibaluleka. Umanyano lwawo yoonk ’ ukoyika ukukhutshwa kwemiba ephambili, ngoko uMitchell wacebisa inkqubo yokuvuma kwe-Ulster Union (unyaka-2006) kunye “neeendlela enkulu yokuvuma kunye nenkqubo ye-St 1.

2. Ukuyila Imigaqo Esekelwe Kwimibandela, Hayi Iindawo

Kunokuba bacele amaqela ukuba achaze izikhundla zawo zokugqibela kumbuzo womgaqo-siseko, abameli bagxininisa kwisivumelwano kwimigaqo engundoqo kuqala. IMitchell Principles yafuna abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba balahle ugonyamelo baze benze izinto zedemokhrasi. Ngokukhusela lo mgangatho wenkcubeko, abameli bakha isiseko apho ulwahlulelo oluncinci lunokusekwa. Le nkqubo isekelwe kumgaqo-siseko kwakhona yanceda abaxhasi abaqinileyo abangafuniyo ukutyikitya kwimigaqo, babahlula kwinkqubo yoxolo ephambili.

3. Ukubekwa nokupakishwa kweeNkundla

Abalamleli baseka ingxoxo kwimisonto emithathu, belungisa imibandela yokuqala. IStrand 1 (indawo yoMntla Ireland) yabhekiswa phambili, njengoko onke amaqela ayenomdla kurhulumente ozinzileyo. Kwangoko ukuthemba kwaqalisa ukwakha, abalamkeli bashukunyiselwa eStrand 2 (iBhunga loBalungiseleli baseMzantsi) elibebebe novelwano ngakumbi kumaqumrhu omanyano, yaye ekugqibeleni kwiBrithishjish , nto leyo eyayifuna ukuba kungene ingxubusho eninzi kulawulo lombuso. Oku kwathintela ukugexelwa kwentetho ekuwohlolweni phantsi kobunzima bayo bonke ubunzima.

4. Ukusetyenziswa kweNgcaciso “Iintetho Ezingxamisekileyo”

Njengoko ixesha lokufika konyaka lisondele ngoAprili 1998, uMitchell neqela lakhe babehamba ngenqwelo-moya phakathi kwamagumbi kwiSponsont Castle, bethwele iidigina zedrafti kunye nezilungisi. Intetho zentengiso . "Indawo apho amaqela akwisakhiwo esinye kodwa hayi kwigumbi elinye, yabuphelisa ubungozi bokudumba ngeli xesha bevumela ukutshintshisana ngokukhawuleza ngezicelo. Le ndlela yayibaluleka kakhulu ebudeni beeyure ezingama-48, xa isivakalisi somlo sasikhutshwa, ibinzana.

5. Ukwakha ekusebenziseni nokuqinisekisa ngomatshini

Abalamleli baqinisekisa ukuba esi sivumelwano siquka amaxesha acacileyo okumisela umlawuli ophezulu olawulayo, iziqu zomNtla-ntshona, kunye nokurhoxiswa kwezixhobo. Ikhomishini ye- Independent (njengeKhomishini yeZizwe Ezizimeleyo eDecomgation) yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela. Eli cebo lokuphendula lanika onke amacala intembelo engenakuphulwa. Ngaphezu koko, isivumelwano esifunekayo sokuchaza ii-antente eziku kumacala omabini aseNyakatho Ireland naseRiphabliki yase-Ireland, sinika abantu intetho engqalileyo nenza ukwenziwa komsebenzi oSozinzileyo.

6. Ukukhuthaza Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Ngokuquka

Nangona amaqela aqinileyo (njengeDidemocratic Union Union Party, ekuqaleni eyayizikhaba iintetho) ayengekho, abalamleli basebenza nzima ukuquka onke amaqela aye atyikityelwe kwiMitchell Principles. Ukufakwa kwe-Sinn Féin kwabangela impikiswano, kodwa abameli baphikisa ngelithi naluphi na uxolo oluhlala luhleli lwaluya kufuna ukuba abo babeya kulawula ukunyaniseka kwengca ye-riphabliki. Oku kunyanzeleka ukuba kubekho umgaqo wobunyani, nangona kubuhlungu kwiqela elikhulu lomanyano, ekugqibeleni kwanika isivumelwano sobunyani kuzo zombini.

Impembelelo Yokunxibelelana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Kwisivumelwano Esihle SoLwesihlanu

Impembelelo engqalileyo yokunxibelelana kwehlabathi lonke inokuthelekiswa namacala aliqela: ukuphumelela kwesi sivumelwano ngokwaso, ukumelana kwaso kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, nelifa laso lokudala uxolo ehlabathini lonke.

1. Ukufumana umqondiso wesivumelwano

Ngaphandle kokuxhaswa, ukudityaniswa kwezixhobo zomkhosi, kunokwenzeka ukuba la matheko abengafikelela kwisivumelwano ngexesha elimisiweyo le-Ista 1998. Eyona miba ingalawulekiyo yase-Northern Ireland , ukupheliswa kweRiphabliki ye-Riphabliki ye-Ireland kufikelela kuMntla (i-2 kunye ne-3, ukukhutshwa kwezixhobo zomkhosi, kwaye ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho yezopolitiko . Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ofisi ye-ofisi yephondo . Okubhaliweyo komphambili kwe-Propuvesithi yeNtshona yeNtshona Afrika kufikelela kumaphepha angama-30, kugquma yonke into ukusuka ekumisweni kwe-1089666 umnum we-international Ireland ukuya kwingqungqungquthela yezezelo yoluntu. Abalammeli banceda umsantsalo phakathi kwe-Britishirventi ngokuzifunisayo kwe-Irish ye-iterneance.

Ukunyamezela Ubunzima

IGood Wear Application iye yamelana neemeko ezininzi ezinzima ukususela ngowe-1998: ukuwa koorhulumente abaphezulu abalawulayo base-U.S. ngowama-2002 ngenxa yezityholo zokudityaniswa kobukrelekrele be-IRA . ukungaphumeleli kwelinge lokukhutshwa kotshintsho lokuqala, nokurhoxa kokuthembana ngokutsha kotshintsho lwamapolisa. Kwimeko nganye, ukuhlaziywa kwakhona kwemida (ngokufuthiswa ngabadlali abafanayo base-Britani kunye nabo base-Irish Dobriskinsky, nokhuthazo) kunye nokhuthazo lwe-U. Umnqophiso owethuleyo wakhokelela kwi-Didemoctic Union Party (DUPN). Umzekelo, i-St Andrews Applition ka-20069 yaphulwa nguMphathiswanoPriciom, u-Taois Eachern Ahern, kunye no-U. U. U.S. Utheny Dobriskyskysky, umlawuli wezowumbini wolawulo lwamawamawamachipt.

3. Umzekelo Wokwenza Uxolo Emhlabeni Wonke

Inkqubo yoxolo yasemntla Ireland isoloko ithathwa njengomzekelo wencwadi yesandla yempumelelo yolawulo lwehlabathi lonke. Ukudityaniswa kwayo kwelizwe elidibeneyo (oorhulumente baseBritish kunye nabo base-Ireland), i-lesithathu ibandakanyeka (U.S.), kunye namaziko amaninzi (EU) aphefumlele abameli kwezinye iimfazwe, njengoMbac Colombie, Colombia, kunye neCyprus. IMitchell Princes, ngokukodwa, ziye zaveniswa ekusetyenzisweni kwiintetho kunye namaqela avukelayo eAfrika nase-Asia. Isivumelwano sabonisa ukuba kwiintetho ezisuk'okunye ngaphambili, kwanazo iintshabatha ziyakwazi ukunikezela abalamkeli ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba, abakhuselekile, kunye nemekobume.

4. Utshintsho lwezoqoqosho nolokuhlalisana kwabantu

Ulawulo lwehlabathi lonke aluzange luvelise nje uxwebhu lwezopolitiko; lwayifihla kakhulu ingeniso yezoqoqosho. Isithembiso semali ye-EU ne-U.S. sanceda abaququzeleli abathandabuzayo ukuba uxolo luza kuzisa iingenelo eziphathekayo. Ukususela ngo-1998, umntla Ireland uye wabona ukwanda kokhenketho, ulwando lwecandelo lobuqu, kunye nonciphiso olukhulu ekungabikho kwemisebenzi nabuhlwempu. “Uxolo oluneengxube-ntla" lukwalulo oluxhasa unxulumano lwasekuhlaleni olwamanyanisa amaProtestanti namaPuststani amaKatolika, lufak'unegalelo ekuguquleni ubomi obuqhelekileyo. Ngoxa amahlelo anzulu ehlasele luqhubeka kwezinye iindawo, uqhelaniso luye lwaqhubeka.

Iingxaki Nokungalungelelani Kwehlabathi

Nangona la majelo ayephumelela, imigudu yokulungisa i - international eNorthern Ireland yayineempazamo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuxhomekeka kwabambalwa – kwakuxhomekeke kakhulu kulwalamano lobuqu lukaGeorge Mitchell, uTony Blair noBill Clinton kangangokuba xa inxaxheba yabo ithe yaphela, le nkqubo maxa wambi yaphela. Ukuwa komphathi ophezulu ngowama-2002 kwakubangelwa kukungabikho komgangatho ofanayo we-Admin.
  • Ukuthathela kwiDilesi Epheleleyo Ekwakheni Ithuba – Abameli bakuhlehlisa ngabom ukuthuthwa kwezixhobo zomkhosi ukuze zigcine iintetho ziphila, kodwa oku kwadala iminyaka yesemva kwe-pasteagreece ukuxambulisana okuthi kwaphantse kwaphazamisa uxolo. I-DUP yaphikisa ukuba uSinn Féin akazange aphile ngokwezithembiso zakhe, kwaye ukunqongophala kwezixhobo kwasekuqaleni kwayenza yaphelelwa kwesivumelwano phakathi kwabasebenzi bomanyano.
  • Ukubekwa kwequmrhu loluntu -inkqubo yoluvo-luvo ijolise phantse kumaqela ezobupolitika nakumaqela omkhosi. Imibutho yamabhinqa, amaqela, kunye nabaxhasi bengca babenempembelelo ekhethekileyo kwimibhalo yokugqibela. I-Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition, nangona yayikho, yayiliqela elincinane. Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ukuba i-astmedio i-adiox i-active i-cerivement i-cedsss irectoration eninzi ivelise isivumelwano sokuguqula intlalo.
  • Ukungangeni kwe Grasroots Facers – kwicala lomanyano, iintetho zalawulwa yiUP, engamelanga ezona mikhosi yokhuselo oluqinileyo. Oku kudibanisa kamva kwakhokelela kunyaniseko kwimfazwe kwaye kwaqhubeka ugonyamelo olusezantsi lwe-62 kunyaka eliqela emva ko1998.

Oku akusithobeli impumelelo yeGood Wear Agreement kodwa kusikhumbuza ukuba ukunxibelelana bubugcisa obucekeceke nobungafezekanga. Ingxelo yaseMntla Ireland ibonisa ukuba kwanenkqubo yoxolo olunempumelelo ifuna ulawulo nobuchule obuqhubekayo.

Izifundo Ezinokusifumana Kwisigqibo Sempikiswano Yale Mihla

Indima yabalamleli bezizwe ngezizwe kwiSivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu inikela izifundo ezininzi ezihlala zihleli koogqirha namhlanje.

  1. [[NTL:0] Ukungabikho nxaxheba Kunamandla kodwa Kufuneka ube Nemisebenzi -Oonozakuzakuthathwa njengongakhethiyo, kodwa abafanele bangasebenzi. UGeorge Mitchell ocetyiweyo, olawula ixesha, kwaye okhupha iingxelo zikawonke-wonke ukugcina amatheko ebhekiswe phambili. “Ongathathi-nxaxheba” akathethi ukuba“ uyasebenza.”
  2. Iquka bonke abaxhasi abasebenzayo - Abaphangi basenokubonakala belungile, kodwa amava asemntla Ireland abonisa ukuba kuquka nabo balawula ugonyamelo basoloko befuneka ukwenzela uxolo olude. Ukufakwa kweSinn Féin kwakunempikiswano kodwa kwangqineka kuyimfuneko.
  3. Yakha i Nethwekhi yabalamli – Akukho mlamleli umnye ongakwenza konke oku. Ubandakanyeko oluxineneyo loorhulumente base-U.S., amaBritane kunye ne-Irish, kunye ne-EU yenza umnatha wokhuseleko: ukuba omnye umjelo uthe wantenga, omnye ungangena. Lo mjelo uguqukelane ubalulekile kwiimfazwe ezinkulu.
  4. [[NTL:0] Uxolo lunxulumaniswe nezoqoqosho kwiintlikitho – Isithembiso semali ye-EU ne-U.S. yayingumxhasi onamandla. Abalamleli kufuneka basoloko behlola indlela yokudibanisa inkqubela-phambili kwiintetho kwiingenelo zezoqoqosho eziqinileyo, ingakumbi kulwakhiwo lwasemva konyaka we-1969.
  5. Yenza isivumelwano – iGood Frive Accounting emiselwe umsebenzi ozimeleyo, igqwesi enegunya eliphetheyo, kunye neqela elinqumla imida encinci enokusebenza naxa uthe wathembana kwezobupolitika lusezantsi. Ulawulo olulungileyo ludala iprojekthi, hayi utyikityo.

Isiphelo

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu sihlala singolunye lwezibonelelo ezidumileyo zoxolo ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, kwaye impumelelo yaso ingumxhasi wezizwe ngezizwe. Isikhulumi uGeorge Mitchell, umguli onomonde, onemigaqo; ukhokelo olusebenzisanayo lukaTony Blair noBertie Ahern; ukudityaniswa kwequmrhu lolawulo lweClinton; kwaye inkxaso yemali kunye neseziko lemali ye-Europe Union zonke zidibene ukuvelisa isixazulu, ngoxa zingenamandla okuthi, ngoxa zisekwe ngamashumi amabini eminyaka. Ubuchule bezixhobo zonxibelelwano obusetyenzisiweyo obusetyenzisiweyo, umgaqo owe-66 owenziweyo, i-se-se-semgangathweni, iintetho ezihlala ixesha elide, kunye nokuthabathela kwazo inxaxheba kwizixhobo ezisisicombululo sehlabathi lonke. Njengoko inkcawa i-Arrencedrey, i-in-ediestivey, i-ediogney ephuma-eventip kungene ye-eance projectivess

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona iNobel Prize yoxolo isiqalo kuJohn Hume noDavid Trimble, Britanica ukungena kwiGosa eliKhulu leMithetho ePhakamileyo yeThutyana[, kunye neKhomishoni ye-Euronan Programme ye-Implication ye-. I-[FLT] Uthetho lweZiko loxolo lwe-United States lwe-Promenti lukwanika uhlalutyo olunkileyo oluneenkcukacha lwezicwangciso zolawulo lothetho oluvela kuMntla Ireland.