Ukuhamba ngenqanawa yedolophana yenye yezona ngxaki zinzima ezijongene nezixeko ze-UK namhlanje. Ukunyanzelisa ukuhlahlela kuxabisa uqoqosho lwemabhiliyoni ngonyaka, ungcoliseko lomoya lufak ’ isandla kumashumi amawaka abantu abafa ngaphambi kwexesha, kwaye ubomi obungekho mgangathweni bubangela ukutyeba okuphezulu. Entliziyweni yesisombululo kulula ukuhamba ngebhayisekile nokuhamba – – okunika ulwahlulo oluthathu lwezintlukwano: impilo engcono, umoya ococekileyo, nokusetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo kwendawo yasedolophini. Inqaku elihlola indlela abahlala eninzi abasemadolophini ababumbane nabasemadolophini abasebenza ngayo, abasebenzi abaphambili balo abasebenza kulo mjikelezo.

Imfuneko Ekhulayo Yokukhotyokiswa Ziidolophu

Umzekelo wokungasebenzi kwangaphambili kwebhayisekile nokuhamba ungomelelanga. Uthutho lungumthombo omkhulu wegesi efudumezayo eshushu e-UK, kunye nezithuthi zendlela ezingaphezulu kwekota yegesi ekhupha umthamo opheleleyo. Ngokuzenzekelayo, ukungasebenzi komzimba kubiza i-NHS eqikelelwayo kwi $1 lamawaka ezigidi ngonyaka. I-'indawo yokuthutha igesi ehambayo kunye nebhayisekile ibonisa ukuba ngoxa isiqingatha sazo zonke iinqwelo-mafutha eNgilani singaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezintathu, kuphela kwisithathu kwezi zigqitywe ngebhayisekile okanye ngenyawo. Ukunika isiqingatha sale hambo emfutshane esebenzayo kumgangatho ozinceda inzuzo eninzi.

Umgangatho womoya wasedolophini ngomnye umqhubi. IRoyal College of Dowsics ithi malunga nama-40 000 okufa ngonyaka kwi-UK kungcoliso lomoya ongaphandle, oluninzi lwawo lusuka kwiinqwelo-mafutha. Abaqhubi bezixeko ezifana neLondon, Birmingham, neManchester baye bavakalisa iingozi zemozulu kwaye baphantsi koxinzelelo lokunikezela imimandla ecocekileyo yomoya kunye nabamelwane abasezantsi. Izitrato ezikhuselekileyo kunye nemijikelo yomjikelo yendlela ziqinisekisiwe ukuhlisa ulawulo lwenqwelo-moto, inkqubo ekhuthazayo yothutho lokwenza izitrato zikhuseleke kubasebenzisi bendlela abasengozini.

Ngaphezu koko, isifo se-COVID 16) sanyusa intsingiselo yomhlaba wonke yokuhamba nokubhabha. Iindlela zomjikelo wepop hipnafuup kunye neendawo ezibanzi ezihamba ngenqanawa zaveliswa ngesantya esiphezulu. Abalawuli abaninzi bedolophu base-UK basebenzisa ixesha ukwenza ezi nguqu ezisisigxina, besenza utshintsho olusisigxina ukuba ukuhamba kwedolophu kumele kuhlale kusempilweni, kusempilweni, kwaye kungabi nakutshintshwa. Njengoko izixeko zikhuphisana ngetalente kunye notyalo, indawo ehlala ihleli, indawo ehambayo iye yaba luncedo olunokhuphiswano.

Indima Ecwangcisiweyo Yezibhedlele zeUK

Uguqu-guquko lwamandla ezithuthi koomatiloshe bemetro luyindawo yomdlalo otshintshiweyo. Igunya eliKhulu lase-London, i-Midlands Edityanisiweyo, iGunya eliKhulu leManchester eliQeqeshiweyo, kunye nabanye ngoku balawula uqingqo-mali lwezithuthi zeminyaka engama-2009 kwaye banoxanduva lokwenza izivumelwano zothutho lwasekuhlaleni. Oku kunika oosodolophu amandla okumisela izinto eziphambili, ukunikezela ngemali, kunye nokudibanisa amasebe angekho phantsi kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni oluqhekekileyo.

Amagyesi angaxhasa uhambo olusebenzayo kwimixhakamfulo emininzi: utyalo-mali olungqalileyo kwizibonelelo, amandla olawulo (njengokuzalisekisa imida yesantya sama-20mph okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemida yomthwalo), kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla athambileyo ukwakha uluntu kunye nezopolitiko. Kwakhona angamela imizimba efana noThutho lweLondon, i-Manchester, kunye ne-Treat for West Midlands, ewuyilwayo kunye nokunikezelwa kwemisebenzi emikhulu. Imali yokuhamba-hamba-hamba-hamba-hamba – – esasazwe liSebe le Transla i- translatervelsssssss shorty ye porterName, inika oovimba abaninzi bokwenza imibutho ehambayo kunye nezokuhamba ngeminxeba, nangona ukhuphiselwano lwemali luhlala lukhohla.

Ukuveliswa Kwemali: Ukwakha Abantu

Isiseko sobuchule bokuhamba obunempumelelo. Izixhobo zomjikelo okhusela abakhweli beebhayisekile abahlula iimoto kunye nabahamba ngenqwelo-moya banciphisa ngokuphawulekayo umngcipheko wokonzakalisa nokukhuthaza abakhweli beenqwelo-moya phakathi kwabasebenzisi abangaqinisekanga. Abakhweli batsho bavelise imali eninzi kwindlela ezithenjiswe ngokwemiqathango: i-Fourceraghway ephezulu ne-Thuleaner, iphulo likaManchester’s Bee Networky lomgama oziimitha ezingama-80 000 wokuhamba nowebhayisekile, kunye neNjikelezo zomjikelezo zeBirmingham zonke ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ngaphambili zokwahlukana komzimba.

Ukusetyenziswa kwenqanawa kungummandla obalulekileyo. Izitrato eziphakathi kwisixeko zihamba kwiinqwelo-mafutha – ngokufuthi ngeempelaveki okanye ngokusisigxina – zidala iindawo zikawonke-wonke ezinyusa ukuhla kwentengiso nokuphucula umgangatho womoya. Ukuhamba kwe-hamba kwe-hamba kwe-mouse kwisixeko, kuquka ukutshintshwa kwe-Exchange Square, kuye kwanconywa kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, oomatiloshe basekuhlaleni baye baxhasa ‘ izitrato zesikolo semfundo - ixesha eliphakathi kwendlela ngaphandle kwezikolo – ukuphucula ukhuseleko nokunciphisa iimoto ekuhliseni kwe-îpea. Ngaphezu kwama-500 eendledlana ezitrato ngoku zisebenza ngaphaya kweNgilani, ezininzi zisetyenziswa ngumphathi-omatiloshe.

Ukunqamleza, ukwandisa inyawo, kunye nokuphuculwa kokukhanya kwabahamba ngenyawo akunanto intle kodwa kubaluleke ngokulinganayo. Abaqhubi bakwafak ’ imali ekukhuseleni ukumisa ibhayisekile, izitishi zebhayisekile, kunye nendlela yokufumana imiqondiso ukwenza uthungelwano oludibeneyo. Isitshixo kukuqinisekisa ukuba izibonelelo azilongcelele lweziqwenga ezahlulweyo kodwa zilungceleleneyo, inkqubo ecacileyo eyenza ukuhamba nokubhabha ibhabha indalo kuhambo olufutshane.

Ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokuhlawulwa kweNgxowa-mali

Ngaphandle kokwakha, oomatiloshe baye basebenzisa inkqubo yokutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha. Iindawo zobume benqanawa ezisezantsi ezihlala abantu (LTN) – apho izitrato zokuhlala zihluzwa zidlule kwi ↑traffic – zinyusiwe eLondon, Birmingham, nase Manchester. Ngelixesha iLTNs maxa wambi ziqalisa impikiswano, ubungqina obuvela Ikholeji ye-London [[[FLTLT:1]] ibonisa ukuba banciphisa iitransport ngaphakathi kwemimandla ngaphandle kokwanda kwemida yengozi ezindleleni. Abakhepheli baye bazisa imida yesantya esingamashumi amabini ekwimida yesixeko, i-ampmploga yophatho nxamnye nophatho lomgaqo wophatho lomgaqo wophatho lombane (ngendlela yokuqengqela), kwaye bacwangcisa izibelo zokunciphisa inani lenqwelo-mafutha.

I-Bike ­sharing sisinye isixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo. I-Santander Curmines yase-London, iMidlands’s West Midwands Modern Hire, kunye neZixeko zaseLiverpool inika abahlali kunye nabakhenkethi i-Bike ukhetho oluthambileyo, olusezantsi, oluthatha uhambo olufutshane. Amagxa asebenzisa ezi nkqubo, adla ngokubadibanisa namatikiti ezothutho – umzekelo, i-Thutho lokuhlawulela iibhayi, ibhasi, kunye nomjikelo. Imfuno wemali ikwangumbandela: i-Movery yokuqesha umsebenzi, ngoxa uthutho lwesizwe, lukhuthazwe kwindawo esekuhlaleni; abanye oomatiloshe bathe benikela ngentengo yezithuthi zikawonke-okhenke okanye uqeqesho.

Imali exhasayo isengumba ophakathi. INgxowa-mali yokuSebenza eMandleni yabelwa malunga no-$2 ngentloko kwimimandla ethile, ngezantsi kwe-$107620 ngentloko enconyelwa yimizimba yeebhayisikile. Ababhexeshi kufuneka bakhuphisane kwikomkhulu likarhulumente osembindini, bongeze ngeminikelo yasekuhlaleni, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba ingeniso ikho ukwenzela ugcino-mali kunye nemisebenzi. Ukuzinikela kwakutshanje kweSebe lokuThumela ukunikezela ngemitha emide engama-200, amabhulo eempula eempumenti athe ukuhambela phambili, kodwa oomatilo bayaqhubeka bephikisana nenkxaso-mali ekhoyo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwezifundo Zetyala

Imizekelo ebonisa oko kunokuphunyezwa lukhokelo lomphathi - dolophu. Ngasezantsi kukho uhlolisiso lwetyala lesixeko esisikali esingu - 93 olubonisa indlela engafaniyo yokuthetha nomongo.

ILondon: Iindlela eziphakamileyo zomqokozo kunye neUltra Low Eugract Zone

IMayor yaseLondon, edlula kwiZithuthi zeLondon, ifake ingeniso engaphezu kwama-$2 ezigidi zezigidi eLondon, ihamba ngebhayisekile ukususela ngo-2016. Inethwekhi ye-Curkemical Supergate ngoku iquka iimayile ezingaphezu kwama-2022 kuphela kwindlela eziziinqanawa eziziinqanawa, kuquka i-Eastr û West neNorthernern Super super super super umigrays ukutyhubela zonke i-London. Ukuxhobisa i-okhweze i-okisi eLondon i-ox ikhuliswe ngama-45% eshumi elinamashumi alishumi leminyaka adluleyo, ngolwando oluyi 17% ngokweempukunye (ngoko kugcino-data). I-Ultraw Eugractive Money (Ul), eyandiswa ngumphathi welizwe ukugquma zonke ii-bondalayezo zolwandle, ngoku isebenzisa izindululo ezihamba phambili ze-Eltrapt, ezithe zihambele izibonelelo ezintsha, ezisetyenziswa ngumendo zoomatisi zezo zoomatilonke.

IManchester: Ukwenziwa kwemali kunye neNkxaso yeBee

Umlawuli omkhulu wedolophu yaseManchester, uAndy Burnham, wenze umendo ophambili wokuhamba kwisiseko esisembindini sendlela yezithuthi zakhe. IBee Network ijolise ekudaleni inkqubo edityanisiweyo yeebhasi, iitram, ibhayisekile, kunye nokuhamba – uthungelwano lwebhasi olupheleleyo olungaphandle kweLondon ukususela ekukhubazekeni. Iinkqubo eziphambili ziquka ukuvalwa okusisigxina okusisigxina kwecandelo ledolophu iDeansgatene, ukusungulwa kwesantya se-20, ukwakhiwa kommandla omtsha kawonke jikelele jikelele kufuphi ne-Cathedraly, kunye nokutsalwa kwendlela ehambayo ehambayo enxulumaniswe kwisixeko. I-Bee Networkneths icwangco iphuma kwimayile ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu ephakathi kwe-20% yendlela esetyenziswa kwi-e-actradeat. Umead unyuke unyuke kwi-20% ye-injini ye-enjini ye-enjini ye-enjini ye-enjini esetyenziswa kwisixeko.

IBirmingham: Indawo ecocekileyo yommandla womoya neNjikelo yomqokozo

Usodolophu waseBirmingham uAndy Street ujolise ingqalelo kwiCeoc Moneral Moneral (CAZ), ebeka intelekelelo yezithuthi ezingcolisekileyo ezikhoyo kwisixeko. Kunyaka wokuqala, umlinganiselo wezithuthi ezilungelelanisiweyo wanyuka ukusuka kuma-60% ukuya ngaphezu kwama-90%. Ngaphandle kwe-CAZ, inkqubo yeNguquko yeNjikelezo yenze i-$45-zigidi ze-100-45 yomjikelezomzindo, kuquka ne-Datshishini yokuqala ekhuselweyo kwimibhobho engundoqo. Umlawuli wezithuthi uqhubele phambili udweliso lwe-mibhobhobho eNtshona ye-Midlands Hire, ngezixhobo ezingamashumi amahlanu ahamba ngeebhayisekile, kwaye asebenzisa inkqubo “yokunyakazomzitrakelele izikolo ezingama-60. Umgangatho wokuqala we-Calzz uphuculea ukuphucula i-Notrueans kwiinyanga zokuqala zokuqala zokuqala ezithandathu. Ii-injini ezisathutholo-ogrogript, uyaqhubeka ngoogg.

Ukoyisa Iingxaki Eziqhubekayo

Phezu kwayo nje le mpumelelo, oomatiloshe be-UK bajongene nemiqobo eyoyikekayo. Ukuxhasa imali yerhasi yeyona ingapheliyo: i-UK ichitha malunga no-$6 umntu ngamnye ngonyaka kwisakhiwo sebhayisekile, xa ithelekiswa noo £26. Amagxa afanele akhuphisane neemfuno zoqingqo-mali, kunye nenkxaso yerhasi ezidla ngokutshabalalisa isabelo sengonyama. Ukongeza, inkxaso yemali yemali yokuhamba ngempumelelo isoloko ibhengezwa kwimijikelezo emalunga nekhulu lamawaka amane anesithandathu, nto ebangela kube nzima ukuceba iinkqubo zeminyaka edlulileyo. AmaMeyi abiza imali yohambo ekhutheleyo, inkxaso eluncedo enyuka ngokutyibilikayo enyukayo ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi.

Ukuxhathisa koluntu, ingakumbi kubume babamelwane abasezantsi kunye nokwakhiwa kwendlela yomjikelo, kungasusa imisebenzi enzima. Abanye abahlali kufuneka bajonge i-LTN njengento ephazamisayo okanye ephazamisayo. Abaxhasi kufuneka bafake imali ekubopheni uluntu, i-congderk, kunye nonxibelelwano olucacileyo ngengenelo – umzekelo, ukuba i-LTNs inciphisa i-ratgraining, iphucula ukhuseleko lwabahamba ngenyawo, kwaye inyusa ushishino lwasekuhlaleni ngokwanda kwenyawo. Ucwangciso lwe-Pilot kunye nezifakelo zexeshana zivumela uluntu ukuba lubone utshintsho phambi kokuba lube lusisigxilo. Oomatilo waseLondon noMankire baseManster basebenzise eli qhinga lokuphelisa inkcaso.

Ukunqanda ukunyuka komgca yenye into. Izitrato ezininzi ze-UK zinendlela ezimxinwa, ezimbalini ezenza kube nzima ukuhambisa imijikelo yendlela. Amagxa amele asebenzise izitrato ezihamba kwindlela ezincinci ezinendlela, ukuvala iindlela ezihambayo ezihambayo, okanye indawo yokumisa imoto. Ii-canal towpaths kunye nezindlela zepaki yepaki yenze ibonelele iipaseji ezikhulu ezinesithuthi kodwa ezisoloko zingenazo ngqo. Ukuhamba ngezithuthi zikawonke-wonke – umzekelo, ngokunikezela ngomjikelezo kwindawo zokuthutha ibhasi ezisitishini ezihamba imoto neendawo zokumisa ibhasi – kuyimfuneko kuhambo olude. I-Mayle yase-London “Cyle Partstingsssssss programeaat", eyathi ngokuqhelekileyo, i-mawaka eendreaiinjini, ingumzekelo owenzileyo.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Kwikamva Lehlokondiba Lasezidolophini

Xa bekhangela phambili, oomatiloshe kufuneka batyhalele phambili kwiindawo eziliqela. Okokuqala, kufuneka bahambe ngokungxamisekileyo ukuya kucwangciso olubanzi lwedolophu, ukunxulumanisa ezothutho kwizindlu, impilo, kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho. Ingcamango yesixeko se1576minimute – apho abemi banokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezininzi imihla ngemihla phakathi kohambo olufutshane okanye umjikelo ukusuka ekhaya – bayazuza impumelelo, kwaye oomatiloshe bangasebenzisa amandla okuceba ngaphambi kokuba kuxutywe, ukusetyenziswa kweminye, imimandla ehambayo. “Naneighbourbadoubleers". ubuchule beManberg" kunye nenkqubo ye-London“ Imithetho entle yolwando-Gwando--phambili” bayimizekelo yasekuqaleni.

Okwesibini, ubugcisa buza kudlala indima ekhulayo. Iibhayisekile zombane (e ­bikes) zinciphisa umqobo wohambo olude kunye neendlela ezineenduli; oosodolophu bangafaka ucwangciso lokuthenga intengo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba isiseko soncedo sikhona. Ukuvavanywa okudibeneyo kwe-ephracooter, ngoku okubaleka kwizixeko ezininzi ze-UK, kunika ukhetho olunobuchule obusebenzisanayo, nangona umthetho uhlala ukho.

Okwesithathu, ukuthambeka kufuneka kube ngumlinganiselo ongundoqo wokuyila. Inani labemi bebhayisekile langoku litsalwa ngakumadoda amatsha, anamandla aneziqu ezibekiweyo. Amagxa afanele afakelele kwisiseko esisebenza kuzo zonke iinkathi kunye nobuchule: iindlela ezibanzi, iithambeka ezisezantsi, iindlela ezifikelelekayo, kunye nokukhuseleka kokumisa imoto. Iinkqubo ezifana “Ukuxhobisa ibhayisekile Kumntu Wonke” eLondon naseManchester“ ukusebenziseka” kwabantu abadala kuye kwanceda ukuthatha inxaxheba. I-pedetrian-reangreang engcono yokwakha izitrato, kuquka ukukhanyisa, ukuthambeka, ukuvala i-fila, nokuhlambela, ukunceda abantu abadala, ukuqhuba abazali, kunye nabo baqhuba iziphekeyi, kunye nabo bahambayo.

Ekugqibeleni, oonodolophu abanobuchule bokujongana baza kuqhubeka besebenzisa ukubonakala kwabo ukuze bakhe umbutho wezobupolitika ukuze utshintshe. Bexhaswa bubungqina – ukuncitshiswa kwemiphunga ukuya kunyuswa kwentengiso yentengiso ezitratweni ezihambayo – banokuphembelela abemi namashishini ukuba ukuhamba okukhutheleyo akusingxaki kodwa kukuzinzisa unyuso. Abameli abaphumeleleyo bazakuba ngabo badibanise izibonelelo eziqinileyo kunye nokubotshwa komonde, nabaphatha ibhayisekile nokuhamba kungengahambi njengendawo ephezulu yezothutho zale kutshanje, ezinamandla.

Isiphelo

Ukuhamba ngenqanawa eUK kukwindawo yembutho. Amashumi eminyaka okuceba ngenqwelo-mafutha emalunga ne-2002 ashiye izixeko zizele, zingcolisiwe, zingalingani. Abameli bedolophu baseLondon, eManchester, eBirmingham, eLiverpool, nakwezinye iindawo ezimeta ezibonisa ukuba indlela eyahlukileyo inokwenzeka – apho izitrato zikhuselekile ukuba abantwana bahambe esikolweni, apho ukukhwela ibhayisekile kuluncedo ekukhetheni ukuhamba, nalapho umgangatho womoya ungasawonakalisi impilo kawonke-wonke. Ngokufaka isakhiwo, ngokutshintsha inkqubo, kunye nokwakha inkxaso kawonke, uomatiloshe bahamba-ndlela bahamba-ndlela kancinci behamba-hamba-hamba edolophaya.

Indima yabo ayilula: inkxaso-mali inamandla, inkcaso inokuba nengcwangu, kwaye umlinganiselo wenguqulelo efunekayo uninzi. Kodwa ubungqina obuvela kwityala bucacile: apho oosodolophu bakhokela khona, babhayisekile kwaye bahamba. Iinzuzo – ukukhutshwa kwekharbon ephantsi, impilo engcono, ezomeleleyo zezoqoqosho zasekuhlaleni – ziyinto ephathekayo. I-UK isenethuba elide lokuya kuhambelana nezixeko ezingcono zaseYurophu, kodwa ngokhokelo oluqhubekayo, ishumi leminyaka elilandelayo lakubona ukuguquka kweBritane elihambayo liba yindawo ekwihlabathi eliyingqale.