Indima Yabo Baqalayo Ekuphunyezeni Izigqibo Zokuhlalisana

UbuGawulayo, njengendlela yokutolika komgaqo-siseko, buthi intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko yamiselwa ngexesha lokudityaniswa kwayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi abagwebi bafanele banamathele kwintsingiselo yokuqala yombhalo, kunokuba baguqulele ukuchazwa kwayo ukuze babonise amaxabiso akhoyo ngexesha elinye. Kwiminyaka emininzi edluleyo, le ntanda-bulumko iye yasuka kwintsingiselo yomthetho-siseko yaya kwinqanaba eliphambili laseMelika, isebenzisa impembelelo enamandla kwindlela iinkundla ezijonga ngayo imibuzo yamandla karhulumente, amalungelo oluntu, kwaye //_iimimicraclate syment syment ment ment: uqhagamshelwano phakathi kobukhommostrianism nomthetho wokufuduka akusoloko lucacile, sekunjalo luhamba ngokunzulu. Ukusuka kulawulo lwegunya eliphethe umda kumthetho olawulayo ukuya kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko omthetho omiqobo phakathi kwe-United States, ukuqikelelo lwezingo zamalungelo amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela amaqela, iingxoxo ezimanyeneyo, kunye neempikiswano ezithi zemiqatha, iimpikiswano ezithi zemiqatha, iingxelo ezithi, ezithi

Umthetho woququzelela uhlala ekudibaneni kolawulo, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, urhulumente, kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Kubantu bokuqala, la maphondo alawulwa ngamalungiselelo athile omgaqo-siseko anentsingiselo econjululwe ekusungulweni kwawo. Le siseko sinokuba neziphumo ezithintela okanye ezikhusela amalungelo abaphambukeli, kuxhomekeke kwingxelo engokwembali. Ukuqonda indlela inkqubano yoqobo esebenza ngayo kule meko kufuna ukuhlolisiswa koMquluko ̱ iimbono zokufuduka, ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kwamandla orhulumente, nendlela ingqiqo yokuqala ebekwe ngayo kwimicimbi yembali nengxoxo yanamhlanje. Eli nqaku lilungiselela ukuhlolisingeniswa kwamanani aphambili embalini kwindima yenkqubo yokulawula inkqubo yokufuduka, ukuhlahlela ubunzulu bembali, uhlaluko, uhlando lwemfundiso, nokujonga iimbono eziphikiswayo.

Isiseko Sengcamango Yantlandlolo

UbuGama bangaphambili asiyonto isetyenziswayo. Imisonto emibini engundoqo yinjongo yokuqala, efuna ukubuyisa kwakhona iinjongo zobukho besakhelo, kunye nentsingiselo kawonke-wonke yoqobo, ejolise kwindlela umbhalo wesiseko oqondeka ngayo ngumntu onolwazelelelo ngexesha lokudityaniswa. Owokugqibela, oxhaswe nguJaji Antonin Scalia kunye nabanye, uye waba yinkqenkqeza phambili yohlobo lwenkqenkqele yomthetho wesi siseko sangoku. Ngaphantsi kwale ndlela, umsebenzi womgwebi kukusebenzisa intsingiselo epheleleyo yombhalo kwiimeko ezintsha, hayi ukuhlaziya intsingiselo ehambisana nemithetho ejikelezayo. Lo mcimbiso wokulungisa umbhalo kuthiwa uyakwazi ukulawula, ukucacisa, ukukhutshwa komgaqo-siseko.

Ukuvela kwengcamango yoqobo njengengcamango engqinelanayo yafumana uvukelo kwiminyaka yee-1980, ngokwengxenye njengokusabela kwisenzo esicingelwayo sobuGqirha beWarren kunye neBurger Courts. U-Attorney uEdwin Meese III wachaza ityala lenjongo yokuqala kwinjongo yothotho lweentetho, kwaye abaphengululi abanjengoRobert Bock baphuhlisa intelekelelo yentelekelelo. Ngexesha lokumisela kukaSekiso-mthetho Scalia kwiNkukhosi ePhakamileyo ngo 1986, ubuGawula baqala baba ligunya elikhulu. Namhlanje, buye bathatyathwalwa ngumbutho omkhulu wemitho ongongokwasemthethweni oqhelekileyo kwaye buphenjelwe ngabagwebi kuwo onke amanqanaba esizwe, kuquka neeJaji ezininzi kwiNkundla yangoku.

Kumongo wokufuduka, impembelelo yoqobo yobuBhodiso inzulu kakhulu ngenxa yokuba umthetho wokufuduka uphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko malunga nobume bolawulo kunye nobungakanani bamandla esizwe. UmGaqo-siseko awusebenzisi ngokucacileyo igama elithi “ukufuduka,” kodwa unika iNkomfa igunya elifanayo lokumisela umthetho wendalo (iCandelo le-Clausfe 4) nokulawula urhwebo namazwe asemzini (Icandelo lesi-8 Clausle 3). INkuNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko iwamkela amandla obukhosi angokwemvelo okulawula nokususa okungena ekwakheniwayo, amandla angaphambili okuqululeka umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo kwaye angaphelelanga kuwiswanga mithetho. I-Oritan kufuneka ibambena nokuba eli gunya lilungeleneyo lolawulo olulinganiselweyo, elishwanziswe ngurhulumente.

Ukuqonda Kwasekuqaleni Kwamandla Okufuduka

Isizukulwana esisunguliweyo sazuza ilifa lesithethe somthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, esiyamkela igunya elibanzi lomlawuli ekungeneni nasekugxothweni kwabaphambukeli. Amagqabaza eBlackstone, umthombo ongundoqo wabasebenzi beFramers, achaza ilungelo lokumkani lokushiya okanye ukususa abantu basemzini njengenxalenye “yolawulo lombuso”. Esi sithethe sikhuthaza ukuhlaziywa kolawulo lwantlalo-ntle lwegunya lorhulumente lokufuduka. Amanqaku oMbutho awanikanga gunya elicacileyo lorhulumente wesizwe ekufudukeni, kodwa ukwamkela komgaqo wezomda omnye, udityaniswe noMgaqo-siseko kunye noMgaqo-siseko ofanelekileyo ka-siseko, ucebisa ukuba kulawule igunya elisembindinileyo kunye noMgaqongqo-siseko we-siseko, ucebisa ukuba abe ngummi wesizwe kunye nokungena koburhulumente.

Izenzo zoququzelelo lokuqala ziqinisekisa oku kuqonda. Umthetho weNgqongqotho yowe-1790 waseka imithetho yokuqala efanayo yokuba ngummi. IAlien Friends Act yowe-1798, inxalenye yeMithetho yeNkqopho ye-Alien neSedition, yagunyazisa uMongameli ukuba agxothe abantu abangengabo abagqalwa “njengengozi kuxolo nokhuseleko lwase-United States." Ngoxa iAlien neSedtion Acts zazikhuphisana ngezopolitiko kwaye ziphelelwe lixesha okanye ziphinde zitshatiswe, azizange zivunywe ngempumelelo kwinkundla yezomyunja. Esi siganeko sembali sibonisa ukuba isizukulwana sokuqala samaMerika siqonda urhulumente ukuba akhuselekile, nangona engenamandla angenamda, nangona ekwangoozezezezezen.

Izaziso zoqobo zidla ngokugxininisa ukuba umbhalo womGaqo-siseko kufuneka ufundwe ngokuqwalasela umongo wembali owabhalwa kuyo. Iingxoxo kwiNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko nakwiindibano zesizwe ezikhuthaza ukufuduka ziqulethe ingxubusho ehlukeneyo ecacileyo yokufuduka, kodwa ukuqonda okuqhelekileyo kolawulo kunye nemicimbi yamanye amazwe kunxulumene ngamandla anamandla anamandla anamandla ombuso. UAlexander Hamilton, ebhala kwiThe Federal List No. 11, wacebisa ukuba inkqubo edityanisiweyo yezorhwebo ingenza ukuba i-United States ikwazi “ukuphelisa ukuvunywa komntu wasemzini” ngendlela evumelana nomdla wesizwe. UJames Madison, kwi-Federalist No. 42, wanxibelelanisa amandla okusetyenziswa kwendalo ekufuneni ukudibana ngaphaya kwamaphondo, ecebisa ukuba abantu banqandawe ukuba banqande amazwa phantsi kwenkqubo yorhwebo ezwe.

Ityala Eliyintloko Lenkundla Ephakamileyo: Ukusetyenziswa Kweziqu Zamagama

Amatyala Awoyikekayo AmaTshayina

Izindululo zokuqala eziphambili zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zathi ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinethoba, kungcelele lwamatyala esaziwa njenge-Exclususion Cases. Chae Chan Ping v. United States, iNkundla yaxhasa amandla karhulumente karhulumente okususa abasebenzi baseTshayina abatshayo nangona izivumelwano zangaphambili zazithembisa ukungena ngokukhululekileyo. IJajini, ibhalela inkoliso yelizwe, icela igunya elizimeleyo lokulawula imidaba yalo. Ngelixa iNkungasebenzisi iNkundla ayizange isebenzise igama elithi “untlalo-2011 ,” ingqiqo yayo ixhomekeke kwingcamango yokuba igunya loburhulumente beluthathsa i-lo mazwe angaphandle kolawulo lwaseUnited States.

Abaphengululi benkcubeko namhlanje baphikisana nokuba amaTshayina eExclussion Case ayegwetywe ngokuchanekileyo phantsi kwentsingiselo yokuqala yomGaqo-siseko. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi imfundiso yamandla obukhosi engokwemvelo iyangqubana nesakhiwo somGaqo-siseko samagunya adwelisweyo kwaye igunya likarhulumente kurhulumente kumacala angengawo akhoyo kufuneka lipheleliselwe kwelo gunya linikwe ngokucacileyo kumbhalo. Abanye bayavuma ukuba amandla okulawula imida ayimfuneko ulawulo lwesizwe abalawuli befarramente abaluthathela phantsi umgaqo womthetho yaye lowiso-siseko ukulondoloza ngokupheleleyo. Le ngxoxo iyaqhubeka ithetha ngokuphembelela kwimpikiswano ekhoyo ngegunya eliphezulu lokuthintela ukufuduka.

Fong Yue Ting v. United States (1893)

Fong Yue Ting, iNkundla yandisa ubuchule be Chae Chan Ping ukugxotha, ibambe ukuba amandla karhulumente karhulumente okususa orhwaphilizo aye aphangalele njengegunya lakhe lokuzikhupha. Ityala lalibandakanya abasebenzi baseTshayina ababebanjiwe ngenxa yokusilela isiqinisekiso sokuhlala esifunekayo nguMthendeleko weGeary. Inkundla yazalela iimpikiswano ezazisusa isohlwayo esifuna ukuvavanywa komthetho wetyala phantsi komGawula-mthetho weSithandathu. Umthetho uHossey, ebhala ngenxa yenkoliso, echaza amandla okugxotha abafolo abemi njengemeko yelizwe elingoorhulumente baseUnited States njengelungu lesizwe sesizwe sesizwe sesizwe."

Uhlalutyo lwantlandlolo lwe- u-Fong Yue Ting lugxininisa kusini na ukuba intsingiselo kawonke-wonke yantlandlolo yomGaqo-siseko izakufumana umahluko phakathi kokususwa nokugxothwa kwenjongo zomGaqo-siseko. Isizukulwana esisekiweyo sasinamava alinganiselweyo okugxothwa, kodwa iAlien Fends Act ka 1798 igunyazise ukususwa kwesishwankathelo esingabalawuli, ngaphandle kwemigaqo yetyala. Lo mzekelo ucebisa ukuba iRiphabliki yokuqala yamkela igunya elikhulu lombuso kwi-Riphabliki ukuba i-Rhulumente; noko ke, iAlien Frienne Act yayinempikiswano enkulu kakhulu kwaye yaphela emva kweminyaka emibini, ishiya igumbi le ingcali zakudala ukuba iphikise ukuba ingamiseli ulwazi oluqinileyo lwemithetho-mthetho. Umbuzo uhlala uhleli kumalungelo azimelengawo ojongene.

United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)

Ukusuka kwintelekelelo engqongqo yeMatyala e-Exclusues yaseTshayina, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ebekwe kwi- uWong Kim ukuba umntwana ozalelwe eUnited States kubazali bamaTshayina ababesemthethweni kubazali abasisigxina babengummi wase-U.S. ummi phantsi kweSizwe sika-Claus eMthethweni weSinyusi se-14. UJaji Gray, kwakhona ubhalelay, equluthelwe ngokucothelekisa umthetho oqhelekileyo wokuba ngummi welungelo (juli) kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba intsingiselo yokuqala yobumi bobuGwanekazi yayiquka bonke abantu abazalelwe eUnited States kwaye iphantsi kolawulo lwawo, ngaphandle kolwabantwana abasemzini, amajoni, kunye namalungu esizwe saseIndiya.

Esi sigqibo sidla ngokukhankanywa njengomzekelo oqhelekileyo wengqiqo yoqobo eyavelisa isiphumo se promigrant. Ngokusekela utoliko lwembali ngolwazi lobumi kumthetho oqhelekileyo kunye neenjongo zabafaki-freyithi ekulungiseni uLawulo lweshumi elinesine, iNkundla yazichasa iimpikiswano zokuba amaTshayina awanalungelo lokuba ngummi wobumi. Abaxhasi besithethe namhlanje balatha ku-[FLT: 0] u-Wang Kim Ark njengobungqina bokuba ubukho bantlandhliswa bungawanyanzeli amalungelo abaphambukeli; kunoko, iziphumo ezisekelwe ekufundweni kakuhle kobungqina obungokwembali, kungakhathaliseki oko kuthethwa yinkqubo yanamhlanje.

IiNkqubo zoQuquzelelo loMgaqo-nkqubo woQoqo-qhinga

Igunya Elilawulayo Nokuvalwa Kohambo

Owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo wakutshanje wokuqiqa kwasekuqaleni ngomthetho wokufuduka sisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo uJohn Roberts kwi Trump v. IHawaii , eyaxhasa ukuqukunjelwa kwesithathu koMongameli Trump kuhambo lobuTrump kujolise ekujongeni amaSilamsi-majority amazwe amaninzi. IJaji eSizwe, ibhala uninzi, ixhomekeke kwisigqibo esibanzi esanikwa uMongameli phantsi koMkhosi noMgaqo-siseko kunye neSikolo soMthetho weNtutho-mthetho weNtunja. UClancelce, ngokungqinela phambili, waphikisa ngokuthi igunya elingumongameli elisisiseko ngenxa yokufuduka nokhuseleko lwesizwe lakwanento enkulu.

Ukuvumelana kukaJaji Thomas ngumzekelo ongowokuqala woluvo lobuGcisa. Walandela indlela engokwembali yokuqondwa kwegunya elilawulayo kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa kweRiphabliki yokuqala, egxininisa ukuba uMongameli, njengommeli okuphela wohlanga olukwintsebenziswano namazwe asemzini, unegunya elingokwemvelo lokungasebenzisi ukhuseleko lokhuseleko lwesizwe. Wakwacela nentsingiselo yokuqala yokuphatha kweCance Clause kunye neVeclause ukuphikisa ukuba imicimbi yangaphandle kaMongameli ayipheleli kwimimiselo nezivumelwano kodwa ifikelela kwisenzo sokuzimela. Nangona inkoliso ingayangamkelanga isakhiwo sokuqala sikaThomas, iqiqal ’ ingqiqo yakhe impembelelo ekhulayo yokuqala kwiNkundla ye-Orvensmes.

U-DACA nobulumko obulawulayo

IDefered Action for Childhood Actions (DACA) inkqubo ibangele iimpikiswano zoqobo. Abahlalutyi be-DACA baphikisa ngelithi isebe eliphetheyo alinalo igunya lomgaqo-siseko lokwenza inkqubo ebambekayo ephumeleleyo yokuphinda ibhale imithetho yokufuduka edluliswe yiKhomishini. I-Trumps ikhomba ithetha ukwahlulwa komgaqo-siseko wamagunya, iphikisa ukuba amandla okuseka imibango yobukho obusemthethweni kunye nogunyaziso lomsebenzi axhomekeke kwiNgqungquthela yendalo yeClassiaste Clausle ne-Monion Eface. Umthetho we- Trump wazama ukuphinda abhale kwakhona imithetho ye-DCAAA wacelwa enkundle, kwaye ityala eliphakamileyo lafikelela kwiNkundla ePhaka ePhakamileyo phantsi kwe-Active. VGeneganethi yeNyuwaradi ye-Nyuwane ye-couni yaseKlius. [20] [20], iNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNt. iNt. i-G. iNt.

Abaphengululi boqobo basahluka kwi-DACA. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi intsingiselo yokuqala yeNkxaso kaNongameli ifuna ukuba uMongameli anyanzelise imithetho yokufuduka njengoko ibhaliwe, angasikeli thuba kwinkqubo engafuni kususwa udidi olukhulu lwabantu abangaphiliyo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ingqiqo yabatshutshisi inemvelaphi yembali kwaye ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kwamandla olawulo kubandakanya igunya lokubeka imigaqo ecwangcisiweyo, nokuba oko kunokuthi kufuneke ukungaphindi ukususwa kwiindidi ezithile. Le ngxoxo igxininisa ukuntlukwano komgaqo wobunzululwazi yokusebenzisa imigaqo yantlandlo kwimibuzo yezolawulo yanamhlanje.

Ukuba ngummi Okufanelekileyo Nokuhlaziywa Kweshumi Elinane

Umbuzo wobuzibulo uye waba yindawo ephambili kwiingxoxo zenkqubo yokufuduka, kunye nabanye abaxhasi bembali bemathematika bathi i-Cintutyshinity Claus ayifuni ukuba abantwana bafuduka abangaxelwanga okanye abakhenkethi bokwexeshana babe ngabemi. Ukuqonda okungokwesithethe, okusekelwe kwi- u-Wang Kim Ark, kukuba icandelo lemithetho ligubungela bonke abantu abazalelwe eUnited States kwaye liphantsi kolawulo lwalo, kuphela ngokuchasene nomthetho oqhelekileyo. Noko ke, intsingiselo yantlandlolo “ukuthobela igunya lombuso" isusa abantu ababukho obungekho mthethweni okanye ababazali babo abangazithobenzi ngokupheleleyo kwi-U.S. iimfanelo ezingomthetho ezingokomrhumo kunye nokukhuthusa irhafu.

Le mbono ihlaziyiweyo ichazwe ngabaphengululi abanjengoPeter Schuck noRogers Smith, kwaye ifumene inkxaso phakathi kwabagwebi ababambelele kwimithetho engqongqo. Impikiswano, ekhuselwe luninzi uWong Kim Ark, ingqina ukuba ubungqina bembali buxhasa ulwamkelo oluphangaleleyo lobumi bobumi. Iingxoxo ezingobuGqwebeneyo beLungu lwamalungelo oMgaqo- 186 kunye noLawulo lweshumi elinesine lokugqibela lubonisa ukuba iBhunga loMbutho elizimisele ukulawula iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo [Flu:2] DD Scott v. [[FLT] [FLT:] [57] kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu abazelwe eUnited States, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yobuhlanga okanye ubuGwaneba bangaphambili, abathelelaneba babonise ukuba bajongene le ngxelo yembali nemeko.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwamagama Aqulunqileyo Kumthetho Ongangeniyo

Ubugqwirha abunakungagxekwa, kwaye iimpikiswano ezininzi zivela ngqo kumongo wokufuduka. Enye into exhaphakileyo kukuba inkcazo yokuqala yenkcazo kwinjongo yolwazi lweshumi elinesibhozo neshumi elinesithoba nenkulungwane ayilunganga kwihlabathi elifuduka likhulu, ubugrogrisi behlabathi, kunye nolawulo oluntsonkothileyo. Abaquluneli bebengenakulindela isikali kunye nobume bendalo yokufuduka kwangoku, kwaye bazama ukusebenzisa iinjongo zabo ezicingelwayo kwiingxaki zale mihla zingavelisa iziphumo ezinobubuxoki. Umzekelo, ukuqonda kwantlandlolo “nomfuduko nezizwe zasemzini” kusenokunganwenwabi lula kwimiba nezigaba zale mihla, iinkqubo zolawulo, iinkqubo zokhuseleko, okanye imithetho yokusebenza.

Ingcaciso yesibini yeyokuba ubuGaqo-siseko busebenzisa ngokukhethayo imbali ukuthethelela iziphumo eziphenduliweyo. Abahlalutyi bathi iExclususion Cases yaseTshayina, esoloko igxekwa njengendlela yokukhetha ngokohlanga, njengobungqina bokuba ingcamango yokuqala inokusetyenziswa ukuxhasa imithetho engekho bulungisa. Ukuba isiseko santlandlolo sifuna ukunyaniseka kwintsingiselo yasekuqaleni yoMgaqo-siseko, kwaye intsingiselo yasekuqaleni ivumela ucalucalucalulo lobuhlanga nxamnye nongeyocalulo, ngoko ke ukuqulucalucalulo lungavumelani nokungabikho kobulungisa ngokwembali. Imigaqo yoMgaqo-siseko iphendula ekubeni imigaqo ecacileyo ichasene nemigaqo ecacileyo yemigaqo ye-Genearlibredia, iqondwa kakuhle kumo lwayo, inqanda ukuvanisa imithetho ye-criminantirval.

I-critique yesithathu ixhalabisa ingxaki yokungalawuleki kwembali. Ingxelo yembali kwimibuzo emininzi engokomGaqo-siseko ayiqondakali, kwaye abalandeli bembali basoloko bengavumelani ngoko kufunwa yintsingiselo yokuqala. Kumthetho wokufuduka, ezi ngxaki zibukhali: kuba zonke iingxoxo zembali ezixhasa amandla aphezulu karhulumente, kukho inkcazo ephikisanayo ethetha ngokusekwa kwe-ethe jini ngenkxalabo yegunya elisembindini. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba i-data yantlalo iyasilela ukuzalisekisa isithembiso sayo sokunyanzeleka ngenxa yokuba abagwebi bayakwazi ukuxhasa phantse imbali. Imbali iyavuma ukuba uphando olungokwembali lubandakanya umgwebo kodwa luphikisana nokuba inkqubo yenzululwazi inika ukuthintelwa okungaphezulu kunesiseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko, ongathethiyo.

Ukumiselwa Kwangaphambili Nekamva LoMthetho Wokungahlali

Njengokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisa uninzi, ubuGqibo bobuGqirha bungenza indima enkulu ekulungiseni iinkqubo zokufuduka. Ukumiswa kwabagwebi abazinikele kwindlela yoqobo yentsingiselo kawonke-wonke, njengoJaji Neil Gormoth noJaji Brett Kavaugh, imiqondiso yokuba amatyala okufuduka kwixesha elizayo aza kubekwa phantsi kwaye agqitywe ngokusondeleyo kokubhaliweyo, kwisakhiwo, nakwimbali. Oku akuthethisixeli ukuba isiphumo esifanayo kwiimeko ezithile; indlela yoqobo yenzululwazi yembali isetyenziswa kumzekelo-sukloko, kwaye ubungqina bembali bungasikeka ngokwemigaqo eyahlukileyo kuxhomekeke kumbuzo othile womgaqo-siseko okhoyo.

Enye indawo apho ubuSearchism busenokuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo yile njongo yolawulo lwesizwe lokufuduka. Ama-United States aye afuna ngokukhula ukumisela amanyathelo awo okunyanzelisa ukufuduka, ukusuka kwi-SB 1070 ukuya kwiNtengo yeTexas. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ku- Arizona v. [20] [20] [202] yahlasela amalungiselelo aliqela e-SB 1070 kwimiqathango yokukhuthuzwa, kodwa uhlalutyo lwantlalo lwangaphambili lwe-predition lusaqhubeka lukhuphisana. Abanye ooorhoxina beqela baphikisa ukuba isakhiwo somGatho-siseko, ingakumbi i-Clauslauslaus kunye ne-Orconstal, akukho ndawo yokuzibandakanya nokurhoxazulula kwelizwe, njengoko isazisidala isazi esiqonda ukuba iyuniphotho sibalulekile.

Enye indawo engundoqo yimeko yomgaqo-siseko yendlela yokuzikhusela neyokhuseleko. UMthetho Weengingqi we-1980 waquka izibophelelo zezizwe ngezizwe phantsi komthetho-siseko wokuRelating to the Status, kodwa abaququzeleli babuza enoba uMgaqo-siseko ngokwawo ufuna inkxaso ekubuyeleni kwabantu kwintshutshiso. Isizukulwana esisunguliweyo sasinamava ambalwa okukhusela, kwaye intsingiselo yasekuqaleni yeSicwangciso soMsebenzi sokhuseleko uCelasko noNyando-moya uCelaskobas inokungafikeleli kwiimfuno zelizwe lonke ngaphandle kokucinga ukuba abanye abantu abangaphandle bafanele bangene. Inkundla ePhakamele ukuba ayiwuphendule ngokupheleleyo lo mbango, kodwa njengoko amatyala okhuseleko eqhubeka nokukhukulisela iinkundla zolawulo, isenokukhuselwa kuwo omabini athe nakunye amatyala. Abanye abakholelwa kwiNtshutshisogxakelelwa kuwo, baphikisane, yaye bazama ukuvala ityala labo bachaza ukuba baphumele kwintshutshiso, benziwe, benziwe nabo batsho, benziwe, benziwe, benziwe nabo batsho batsho batsho ba

Ukudibana Phakathi KobuNtloko Notshintsho Lomthetho Ongaguquguqukiyo

I-Syndromeism ayikho kwimida; inxulumene nokuchaza okusesikweni, umthetho wolawulo, kunye nokuqonda kwamasebe ezobupolitika indima zawo zomGaqo-siseko. Kwananjengoko iinkundla zisebenzisa ukuqiqa kokuqala kwiimeko zokufuduka, iKhomishini iyakwazi ukuqhuba inkqubo yokufuduka kwimida engokomGaqo-siseko. Indlela yolwazi loqobo inokukunceda ucacise loo mida, ukunika ukhokelo kubalawuli bemithetho efuna ukumelana nokuhlola iinkonzo zomthetho. Kwangaxesha linye, inkququmrhu ibeka imilinganiselo enokuphazamisa iinjongo ezithile zenkqubo zokufuduka , umzekelo, ukuba intsingiselo yantlandlolo yokubeka uClaus ekwakhe ummiselo imigaqo ekwakheniseni igunya lokufuduka kumongameli, okanye ukuba ukuqonda kokuqala kokhuseleko olulinganayo kusetyenziswa kwemithetho ye-omatiko ekwimithetho yokufuduka.

Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngotshintsho lokufuduka kwiBhunga isoloko iquka imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko ebunjwe yingcinga yokuqala. Xa abenzi bomthetho becinga ngezicelo zokuguqula inkqubo yokufuduka esekelwe kwentsapho, benze iqela elitsha le-visa kubasebenzi abaxhotyisiweyo abaphezulu, okanye banikele indlela yokuba babekwimo esemthethweni kubaphambukeli abangabhalwanga, kufuneka baqwalasele ukuba ezo zicelo ziyavumelana na noyilo lwantlalo lwangaphambili loMgaqo-siseko. Inkcubeko yakudala ingazichaza ezi zindululo ngokunikela iimbono ezingokwembali kumandla orhulumente, ubumi, namalungelo abongengawo. Umzekelo, ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni imfuneko yokufana kwindalo kunakho ukumisela amandla okwakha imithetho eyahlukileyo yamazwe okanye imimandla eyahlukene, ukuba loo mithetho ibonakala isebenza ngokwendlela engokwembali.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: UbuDala Kweminye Imiqathango

Ngoxa ubuStatus bunxulumene kakhulu nomthetho-siseko wase-Melika, indlela yokutolika imibhalo esemthethweni ngokwendlela yokuqala yokuqonda ababhali babo iyafana kwezinye iinkqubo zomthetho. EKhanada, umgaqo “wentsingiselo yokuqala” ufeza indima elinganiselweyo ekutolikeni iChanadanan Charter of Rights and Freedoms, njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseCanada ikhetha injongo yokuqala “yomthi ophilayo” ovumela umGaqo-siseko ukuba uzenzeke. Noko ke, ezinye izazi zase-Canada ziye zaphikisa indima enkulu ekutolikeni komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nemibuzo yomthetho we-rhulumente. EJamani, iNkuqululo yezomGaqo-siseko yamaZwe ithetha injongo yokuqala yoMthetho osisiseko, kodwa iNkuquluko yeNkuhlela i-jurisprudence ithetha ngokuphandle, iinjongo ezithe ngqo naphantsi komgqeqesho.

Kumongo wokufuduka, amanye amazwe awazange aphuhlise umthetho ofanayo ontsonkothileyo wengcaciso yemithetho yesithethe, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba izithethe zawo zomGaqo-siseko azigxininisi ngokufanayo ekuqinisekisweni kombhalo. Ukungabikho kwesithethe samandulo kwelinye ilizwe kubalaselisa ukwahluka kolwazi lwamaMelika kunye nobungakanani obumayela nomthetho odumileyo we-U.S., icebisa ukuba i-parochuki iwubumba elingunobuchule obungakhuthanganyiswanga naphi na. Kubantu baseMelika, olulubalaseko lwenkqumlo yamazwe angaphandle, olunobuchule bokuphatha inkqubo yehlabathi yanamhlanje yokufuduka.

Isiphelo

Indima yokuqala yembali ekukhuthazeni izigqibo zenkqubo yokufuduka inzulu kwaye iyaphikiswa. Ngokumisa utoliko lomgaqo-siseko kwintsingiselo yantlandlolo yombhalo, inkcazo yoqobo inika isiseko sokulungisa ukuphendula imibuzo engolawulo lwamandla orhulumente, igunya elilawulayo, kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye angundoqo ekungeneni komthetho wokufuduka. Ingxelo yembali inikela inkxaso yobuninzi beziphumo, ukusuka ekulawuleni imida eqinileyo ukwenzela ukukhusela ubuzibulo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kweNkundlalelo-mthetho-mthetho-siseko. Njengoko iNkundla enguMkhosi ephakamileyo iqhubeka isebenzisa ukuqiqaqal ’ ityala lantlalo-nganisa ukufuduka, inkqubo yezobugcisa iya kuhlala inamandla, ngokokuba inkqubela yenkqubo yokufuduka kwe-American Javing.

Kubenzi benkqubo, iiligigator, kunye nabaphengululi, ukuqonda imvelaphi yoqobo akuseyomfuneko. Enoba ubani uyayibamba intanda-bulumko, ayifuni, okanye ufuna ukuyisebenzisa kwiimeko zencwadi, impembelelo yayo kwi-jurispradency, kwimpembelelo yayo kwi-juristraspridency. Iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngegunya elilawulayo, imithetho yokufuduka, imithetho yobuhlanga, ubuhlanga, nobuntwana bobuninimzi, kunye namalungelo okungavumelani nokucinga kwantlalo. Njengoko uhlanga luqhubeka luxhathisa iingxaki zokufuduka kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini-mahlanu, ubukhokhobo buza kuqhubekeka ukubumba imida yemithetho ebhaliweyo apho ezo ngxaki zichazwe khona. Umthetho wokuqala wokufuduka uya kuxhomeke kumgangatho wengxoxo, ukuqiqanda koluko, nokuvuma kwabo bonke ababandakanye nenkqeshoshoyo kwinkqubo yezomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.