IFair Howard Act imi njengenye yezona ziphumo ziphambili zemithetho yamalungelo abantu eUnited States, ichaza ngokusisiseko indlela yesizwe yokufumana izindlu nenkqubela-phambili yoluntu. Yaqukwa ngo-1968 ngexesha lesiphithiphithi esikhulu soluntu, i-Act yayenzelwe ukuphelisa ucalucalulo kwizindlu nokukhuthaza uluntu olungaguquguqukiyo. Indima yalo ekuqhubeni phambili kwemigaqo-siseko entle yezindlu kunye nokungalungisi kwentlalo-ntle ayinakubekwa phezu kwayo, njengoko iye yanika isiseko esisemthethweni sokuvavanyanisa iimbono ezikhoyo eziye zachasa ngokwembali zahlukene namathuba okuhlala amaqela ekuqhubekisweni kwemibutho ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nenkqubela phambili yezoqoqosho. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi yezenzo, izicwangciso zalo, iziphumo zayo kwintlalo-ntle, imingeni eqhubekayo ukujamelana nayo, kunye nolwalathiso olufanelekileyo kwisithembiso salo.

Imvelaphi Engokwembali YoMthetho Wezindlu Ezintle

Imvelaphi yoMthetho weFair House Act ilele kwiindlela ezizinzileyo zokwahlulwa kohlanga kunye noqoqosho ezazichaza izixeko zaseMelika phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20. Phambi koMthetho, uqheliselo lolwaphulo-mthetho olulawulayo njengoluyilo, iminqophiso engqongqo, kunye nokuqhuba kohlanga yayingeyonto eqhelekileyo kuphela kodwa yayisemthethweni. URedlin, oqheliselwa nguMphathiswa weSigqeba sobuhlanga kunye nababolekisi bobucala, abangazange bavume ukuboleka imali ebhaliswe kwimimandla ehlala abantu abambalwa, ngokunempumelelo leyo iminqongophelelo yotyalo. Izivumelwano zabucala ezidibene nemisebenzi yempahla, ngokucacileyo zakwalela ukuthengiswa okanye ukuqeshwa kweminye imimandla yabantu beentlanga ezithile, ingakumbi abantu base-Afrika. Le nkqubo yayixhaswa ziinkundla zenkundla zemithetho yokwahlukana neyo yobuhlanga basekuhlaleni.

Iqumrhu lamaLungelo aBami kunye noKhuthazo loMgaqo-siseko

Umzabalazo wokufumana izindlu ezintle waphumelela ngaphaya kombutho wamalungelo abantu. UMartin Luther King Jr. kunye nezinye iinkokeli zazenza indlu entle yafuneka kakhulu, yafikelela kwisiphelo seMbutho wenkululeko weChicago ka 1966, eyabhenca ukuxhathisa kogonyamelo ekuvuleni izindlu. Ukubulawa kukaGqr. nguKumkani ngoAprili 1968 wadala imeko yezopolitiko eyakhuthaza iNgqungquthela yamalungelo abantu ukuba idlulise iPartss are njengenxalenye yoMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1968. Umongameli uLyman B.Johnson wayitlelela emthethweni ngoApril 11, 1968, kwiintsuku ezisixhenxe nje emva kokufa kukaKumkani, ephawula umzuzu owenziwe umlo wokulingana.

Ukuhlaziywa Nolwando

Ekuqaleni, lo mThetho wawubandakanya kuphela uhlanga, imibala, unqulo, nemvelaphi yesizwe. Ngo-1997, i-Iair House Amendments Act yongezelelwa ngokuphawulekayo, ulwandiso lweziphene kunye nemeko yomgangatho njengezikhuseli kunye nokumiswa kwenkqubo yolawulo ngeSebe le-U.S. le ndaleko yabonisa ukuqwalaselwa okukhulayo kokuba ucalucalulo lwezindlu luchaphazela umgangatho obanzi wamaqela kwaye kufuneka ujongelwe.

Amalungiselelo Angundoqo Omthetho

ISibonelelo seFair House Act siqulethe izinto eziliqela ezisisiseko ezilungiselelwe ukuphelisa ucalucalulo nokukhuthaza ukuba kubekho indawo yokuhlala elinganayo.

Imizekelo Ekhuselweyo

Lo mThetho ukwenza kube nzima ukucalula abantu abathengisa, abaqeshileyo, okanye abaxhasa izimali zezindlu ezisekelwe kwibala, kwibala, kunqulo, ngokwesini (kuquka ubuni kunye nendlela esiziphethe ngayo ngokwesondo), imvelaphi yesizwe, imo yobuhlanga, okanye ukukhubazeka. Izenzo ezicetyiweyo ziquka ukungaqeshi okanye ukuthengisa, ukumisela imibandela eyahlukileyo, ukulungiselela iinkonzo okanye izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, ukukhankanyela ukuba indawo yokuhlala ikhona, kwaye ukwenza idecriptaristariotimenti okanye izibhengezo. UMthetho ukwafihla ityala, ukuboleka ababoleki kwimali ebolekisiweyo, imibandela, okanye imisebenzi. Umzekelo, umnini wendlu akanakuvuma ukuqesha intsapho nabantwana, okanye ibhanki akanakukhupha inzala ephezulu ngenxa yokucela kwabo abafuna imvume yokuthenga imali.

Ukufumana Imali Efanelekileyo Nokwenza Ithuba Lokufumana Imali

Ngoxa iFair Howation Act ithetha ngqo ngocalulo kwityala lezindlu, iqiniswa nguMthetho wetyala lobungcaphephe (ECOA]], othintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwibala, ibala, unqulo, imvelaphi yesizwe, isimo somtshato, ubudala, okanye ukufunyanwa koncedo lukawonke-wonke-wonke. Yominye le mithetho iye yasetyenziswa ekucebiseni imikhwa enzima yokubolekisa ngenkohlakalo abantu abambalwa, ingakumbi ngexesha lobugxwayiba bobuncinci bomngxuba bobumpu bowama 2000. Ingxaki yemali yatyhila indlela i-discrifini ekhutshwa ngayo iimpahla ezibolekayo kodwa eziphiweyo, ezikwayingxaki yoongiselwano lwemali ekwaneendleni.

Izixhobo ezithintela uphuhliso loLuntu kunye nolwando olupheleleyo

Lo Mgaqo ukwagunyazisa iinkqubo ezifana ne Community Development Grant (CDBG) inkqubo, enika inkxaso-mali kurhulumente woluntu ukwenzela inkqubela-phambili yezindlu kunye nentlalo. Ezi zibonelelo kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngeendlela zokuthi kungabikho ntle, ithetha ukuba abamkeli kufuneka bahlolisise iipateni zolwakhiwo, becwangcise iinjongo zokunciphisa iimpahla. Eli lungiselelo liye laba sisixhobo esingundoqo sokukhuthaza ukukhula okuqululekileyo kwimimandla engaphantsi kwenkonzo, nangona ukwenziwa kwalo kuphinda-phinda-phindene ngokuphawulekayo ukuhlahlela.

Impembelelo Ekulinganiseni

Ingcamango yokuba bonke abemi banamathuba alinganayo okuthabatha inxaxheba nokungenelwa kubomi boluntu, kwaye iphenjelelwa ngokunzulu nguMthetho weFair House Act. Ngokwaphula imiqobo yokuhlala, lo mThetho ubangele ukuba kubekho umanyano olungakumbi, ukuhambelana kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokudityaniswa kwezobupolitika.

Ukunciphisa Ucalucalulo Nemida Yalo

Lo mThetho uncedise ekuncitshisweni kwekhethe eligqithisileyo kwimimandla ethile. Ukususela ngo1970, inani loninzi lommandla wobume bedolophu liye lehla, kwaye isabelo sezindlu zasemadolobheni ezingemhlophe siye sakhula. Noko ke, ukuphambuka kuhlala kuphezulu kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi zesixeko, ingakumbi eMntla-mpuma nase Mbindi. Uphando olusuka kwi Icandelo lobunibhani [[ lubonisa ukuba ngoxa ucalucalulo olucacileyo luye lwaphelelwa, iindlela ezichuliweyo zokuqhuba, iindlela zokuthenga ityala ezingalinganiyo, kunye nokungena kungenelwa kwetyala, kunye nokungena kungenelo oluqhubekekayo ukukhuthaza ubuhlanga nokwahlulwano. Umthetho ubenempumelelo kakhulu ekubohlwayeni kwe-o-odoughton [[Flunt] [irb) [[FLT]

Ukuthomalalisa kwezoqoqosho nobunini bekhaya

Umgangatho womninimzi wekhaya usisithuthi esiphambili sokwakha ubutyebi eUnited States, kwaye uMgaqo weFair House House ubunzima ekunyuseni ukufikelela kwelo thuba. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba isantya somninimzi omnyama nowaseSpeyin siye sanyuka ukususela ekudlulisweni koMthetho, nangona kusele izithuba ezibalulekileyo. Umzekelo, umgangatho womnini-khaya wamakhaya abantsundu usabetha isantya esimalunga nama-30 eephesenti kunee-30 kwiintsapho zabamhlophe. Umthetho ofanelekileyo obolekisa i-ofisi yendlu unceda ukuhlisa ukuboleka imali erhafisiwe kodwa awukhange uphelise ngokupheleleyo ukuphelisa izalathiso zemali okanye inzala. Ngaphezu koko, inkxaso yeengxaki yeentsapho ezincinane ngokungenakuthelekiswa, ukukhutshwa kwengeniso eyenziwa kwiminyaka engamashumi adluleyo. Noko ke, ummiselo osemthethweni woMthetho owenziwe kwicandelo elinzima kwinkundla eendeli kunye nezolawulo.

Unxulumano lweNtlalo-ntle

Abamelwane abathenjisweyo batyekele ekukhuthazeni umanyano oluphezulu kunye nee-intanethi ezibanzi zoluntu, ezithi zikhokelele kwimigangatho ephezulu yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo. Xa abantu abavela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo behlala kufuphi, basenokuba basebenzisana kwimicimbi yoluntu, bakha ukuthembana, kwaye babandakanyeke kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni. ISibonelelo seFairhouse Howale Act siluyenze olu hlobo lokudibanisa ngokungagunyaziswanga mthethweni ngokwesondo ngokugqithisileyo nemigaqo yokufumana iprojelo yezindlu. Umzekelo, imigaqo ebandakanya izalanisa imithetho epheleleyo, efuna abaphuhlisi bebeke bucala icandelo leyunithi njengexabiso, ngokufuthi ikhankangeleko yemithetho yokuzinziswa kwezindlu ezithe ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo. Ngoxa inkqubela yenze ngendlela engachananga, lo mthetho ikhuthaza ngokungathandabuzekiyo ingxuluko lwengxoxo ngokobuphicotho lwezi nje.

Ucelomngeni Nezinto Ezisikelwe U umda

Phezu kwazo nje izinto eziphunyezweyo, iFair House Act iye yajamelana nocelomngeni oluzinzileyo oluthintelayo ukuphumelela kwayo. Le miqobo isuka kubuthathaka bokunyanzelisa ukuya kutsho kwinkcazelo esemthethweni efunyaniswe ngumthetho, kwakunye nemikhosi enzulu yezoqoqosho nenkcubeko.

Imida Yokunyanzelisa

Ukunyanzeliswa koMthetho weFair House Act kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwizikhalazo ezibekwe kwi-HUD okanye kwityala labucala. Noko ke, amaxhoba amaninzi ocalulo akangeni phambili ngenxa yokungaqondi, uloyiko lokuziphindezelela, okanye ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo esemthethweni. I-Ofisi ye-Fair House and Competing Obrountion ibekelwe umda, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizikhalazo ezinde zokuphengulula kunye neziphendu. Ngaphezu koko, umthwalo onzima wobungqina udla ngokuwa phantsi komntu okhalazayo, uwenza kube nzima ukungqina ucalucalucalulo xa luchukile okanye lungabonwa ngengozi. [[FLT.0]] I-Irlivector Almonence ibhalile ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuhlala phantsi kweminxele, ingakumbi kwiindawo zasemaphandleni nakumanxweme amaninzi.

Umgangatho Ochaseneyo

Ingxoxo erhabaxa engokwasemthethweni ijikeleze ingcamango "yesithintelo" -- nokuba imigaqo-nkqubo enesiphumo esingalunganga ngokungenakulinganiswa kumaqela akhuselwe ingayaphula uMgaqo nangaphandle kobungqina bocalulo lwequmrhu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ixhasa iziphumo ezizodwa zomgangatho weziphumo zemeko kwityala le- 2015 ISebe leNdyuwa yendawo yokuhlala kunye neMicimbi yoLuntu v. I-Gawulayo yonke iprojelo [[FLT] [FLT] [12:1], iqinisekisa ukuba abachazi bocalucalucalulo bangalucalula uqheliso olubonakala lungathangathangachaphazelo kodwa luve luphume iziphumo zegethiso-mthetho. Noko ke, isigqibo esibekwe ngokungqongqo, sivumela abamangalelwa ngokubonakalisa imigaqo elungele ukubonakalisa i-'idvidura.

Izenzo zokuzingela

Enye yezithintelo ezizingisileyo zokuhlala ngokufanelekileyo kukulawula indawo ekungafikelelekiyo yokuhlala. Isakhiwo sokuhlala esinemiqathango. I-Exclussionary sisebenza njengemfuno yendlu enye, imiyalelo encinane yemiqathango yendlu encinci, kunye nokuvalwa kwemiqathango yezindlu ezininzi. Amaxabiso ephantsi kwemali ehlawulwayo kunye nokukhuthaza umgangatho wezezoqoqosho. UMthetho we-Fairpareal besetyenziselwa ukucel'a eminye yale mithetho, kodwa iinkundla zisoloko zidebekele kwigunya lobulali lokusebenzisa igunya lelizwe. Imeko yendlu enzima iVilgages of Arton Heighteting v. i-Implatection Corp.[FLGenet 1][9][9]

Ukutshintsha Umlinganiselo Weminyaka Neendidi Ezitsha Zocalulo

Njengoko ilizwe liba neenguqu ezininzi, imingeni emitsha ivela. Ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo kunye nobufanasini ngoku lugqunywe phantsi koMthetho ngenxa yesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2020 kwi- Bostock v. Clayton County[ kunye nokhokelo olulandelayo lwe-HUD, kodwa ukugcinwa kwalo mmandla kuhlala kusekho ngokugqithisileyo. Ngaphezu koko, unyuko lwesigqibo se-algorithm esenziwe kukhuhlolo olukhoyo kunye nokubolekisa imali kuvelise iindlela ezintsha zocalucalulo olunzima. Imithetho yemithetho yemithetho-almostimes inokukhuthaza ukucalula iinguqu-luvo, nto leyo enzima ukuyiqonda ngaphandle kohlaluko oluntluvo.

Icala

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba uMthendeleko weFair Houses Act uzalisekisa isithembiso sawo sokukhuthaza iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuhlala nokulingana kwezentlalo, kufuneka utshintsho namanyathelo amaninzi. Oku kubandakanya ukomeleza ukugcinwa komthetho, ukuphinda ucinge ngezakhiwe, ubugcisa bokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, kunye nokwandisa ukuqwalaselwa koluntu.

Ukuqinisa ukhuthuzo neNgxowa-mali

Ubuncwane obandakanyekileyo bamasebe amaziko ezindlu zikarhulumente afanelekileyo bubalulekile. Oku kuquka ukuxhasa abaphandi abangakumbi, inkxaso esemthethweni yabo bakhalaza, kunye neenkqubo zokuvavanya apho abahendi abatshayo bebonisa ukuba bangababoneli abaza kufumana ucalucalulo. IBhunga likwafanele liqwalasele ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-Active Activeing Fair House ifuna ukuvavanya umthwalo owenziweyo kwiimeko ezithile nokucacisa ukuba inyathelo elifanelekileyo, kodwa ukuvelisa iziphumo zokukhulula lisebenza ngokupheleleyo ekugqibeleni nokuboleka. Ulawulo lwe-Biden lungakhuphi na-Afding Beading Beanding Hoval (AFFH) luye lujonge iindawo zokuhlola ukuncitshiswa kwe-cimbiso nokuthatha amanyathelo okuhlisa inyathelo elifanelekileyo, kodwa ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi kumele kuxhaswe zizinto ezomeleleyo zezo zolawulo ezingekho mthethweni.

Ukutshintsha Imbali

Urhulumente wengingqi, wengingqi, kunye nowesizwe kufuneka asebenze kunye ekupheliseni izakhiwo ezizimeleyo. Amazwe afana ne-Oregon neKhalifoniya aye adlulisela imithetho evumela i-duplexis kunye nee-hithreyitis kwimimandla eneentsapho enye, ezinokunyusa ukunikezelwa kwezindlu kunye neenguqu. Urhulumente wengingqi angafaka utshintsho olunjalo ngokudibanisa inkqubela-phambili yoluntu inika inkxaso kutshintsho olukhuthaza ukukhuthaza ukufumaneka kwe-Fairloans Act efuna ukuba imigaqo-mali yesizwe ishenxise imiqobo ekuphuculeni inkqubela-ntle yezindlu. Ngoxa ezo zinto zilucelomngeni, zibalulekile ekuveliseni izakhiwo ezithe kratya.

Ugcino-lwazi olujikelezayo kunye nobuxhakaxhaka

Ugcino-lwazi lwangoku lunganceda ekuboneni iipateni zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinokuthi zingabonwa. Umzekelo, i-HUD ingasebenzisa umatshini wokuhlola i-data yendlu yokuxhasa imfuno ye-data yeempawu zokuqhuba kohlanga okanye unyango olungalinganiyo. Ukufikelela koluntu olungekho mthethweni kwi-data ebolekisayo phantsi kwe-Home Mortgage Displaise Victive Act (HMDA) sele inceda abaphengululi ukuba baqwalasele iinkalo zokudizahlula. Ukunweba i-HMDA ukuquka ukuqesha kwendlu yokuqesha intengiso kunokuzikhanyisa ngocalulo kwintengiso ye-screal stimula. Ngaphezu koko, ii-window ze-almsting tenant stification zifuneka ziqinisekise ukuba zingavelisi ziphumo ze-discring. Iingings zobugrac beastruption. Iingitytion ze-oftware ze-software ye-software zisetyenziswa kwimidrometer.

Ukwandisa Imfundo Kawonkewonke Nokufikelela

Abantu abaninzi abawazi amalungelo abo phantsi koMthetho weFair Homes Act. Amasebe azimeleyo kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente kufuneka afake inxaxheba kumaphulo okulumkisa abantu ngeelwimi ezininzi abaqeshi nabazii-ofisi zokuthenga amakhaya, kwakunye nabo banini-khaya kunye nababolekisi. Iintlangano zoluntu zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kulo mgudu, zinika uncedo kunye nomthetho osemthethweni. Ukwanda kokubonakala kwemithetho esesikweni yezindlu kunakho ukunika abantu amandla okunika ingxelo yokuchaswa nokudityaniswa kwemidanga-mthetho. Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo zemfundo kwizikolo nakwiiyunivesithi zingakhuthaza impucuko yokudityaniswa nemigaqo yoMthetho.

Isiphelo

IFair Howar Act ibililungu lomthetho wamalungelo abantu baseMerika ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni iinkqubo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo kunye nokubekwa kweliso loluntu. Iye yaziphelisa ezona ndlela zocalulo ezicacileyo, ivulele izigidi zeentsapho, kwaye yanika isiseko esisemthethweni sokucelw'ucelomngeni lokungalingani. Kodwa umsebenzi wayo ukude kakhulu. Ukuzinzisa, ukufikelela okungalinganiyo ekubolekeni ityala, ukubhalisa izithuba zomsebenzi, nokuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo yenkqubo iyaqhubeka ithoba ijongela phantsi iinjongo zoMthetho. Ukuqonda umbono wesizwe apho wonke umntu enelungelo lokuphila ngokukhuselekileyo, okunokulinganayo, nokuzinzisa, inkqubo yemithetho, nabahlali-yo kufuneka aphinde aqinisekise umthetho, ukugcinwa kwemithetho yawo, kunye nokumiswa kwenkqubo yenkqubo eseleyo. I-Fairbond Act ayigqisi, uxwebhu olufuna ukufezeka isithembiso sawo lonke ithuba lokuhlala kunye nesombululo.