Imeko Engokwembali: Ingxaki Yokungavisisani

Ekulandeleni kweMvukelo yaseMerika, amazwana azimeleyo asandul' ukusetyenziswa phantsi kweZihlomelo zoMgaqo-siseko, isiseko solawulo esabonakala singenampumelelo. Urhulumente osembindini wayengenawo amandla okuhlawula irhafu, ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe aphakathi, okanye ukunyanzelisa imithetho yayo. UkuVukela kukaShays ngo1786 kwabhexeka ubuqhetseba bobuRhulument, ikhuthaza ukuba kubekho urhulumente wesizwe onamandla angakumbi. IConvention yeMithetho-siseko yowewaka ka-1787 yavelisa uxwebhu olutsha olulawulayo, kodwa ukwenziwa kwayo kwakukude kakhulu. Abachasi, ababesaziwa ngokuba yi-Anti-Fedalist, baphikisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uphaka ngamandla kakhulu kwigunya elisembindini kwaye ungenazibhengezo-mvume zokukhusela inkululeko.

Kwakukule meko ityholweyo apho uAlexander Hamilton, uJames Madison, noJohn Jay baqala ukubhala uthotho lweencoko ezingama-85 phantsi kothotho lwezikhalo ezidibeneyo ze-liqela ze-“ Publius.” Epapashwe phakathi ko-Oktobha 1787 noAgasti 1788 kumaphephandaba aseNew York, ezi zincoko zijoliswe ukuphembelela uluvo lukawonke wonke nokukhusela umgangatho obalulekileyo weNew York. IPlapes yanikela ukhuselo olucacileyo nolusebenzisekayo lwentandabulumko, ichaza isakhiwo sayo, ithethelela amandla aso, kunye nokuthetha ngoloyiko lwabo ababezibona besoyika njengesisongelo senkululeko.

Ukwakhiwa Nombhali Wepublius

Izincoko zaveliswa ngesantya esiphawulekayo, ezidla ngokuvela nje ngosuku okanye ezimbini emva kokubhalwa. Hamilton, owazimiselayo iprojekthi, wabhala izincoko ezininzi kakhulu((55) eziphezulu). UMadison wanikela ngamashumi amabini anesine, kwaye uJay wabhala amahlanu. Kamva inkcazo icacisa inyani ekwandiseni izincoko eziliqela eziphikiswayo, kodwa ilizwi elidibeneyo le “Publius” lihlala liyi-testamente kwintswana yabo esondeleleneyo. Isincoko ngasinye sifaka isichaso esithile okanye sichaze umba othile womGaqo-siseko ocetyisiweyo, ukusuka kwimfuno yempatho ephambili eqinileyo ukuya kukwenziwa kweNdlukhwe kunye nesebe eligwebayo.

Uludwe loMasipala uNo. 10: Ulawulo logonyamelo lweNtsebenziswano

Mhlawumbi elona likhankanywe ngokubanzi kuzo zonke izincoko, uFederal List No. 10, ebhalwe nguJames Madison, ethetha ngengozi yeqela elisisigxina elisisityalo esibi kumalungelo abanye abemi okanye amahlwempu aqhelekileyo. Abachasi-Federali baphikisa ngelithi iriphabliki enkulu izakuthambeka ekusebenziseni igunya kwaye iqumrhu elincinane kuphela, elinokulondoloza inkululeko. UMadison wayiguqula le ngcamango entlolweni. Waphikisa ngelithi, ngokuquka intlalo-ntle eninzi nezithakazelelwano, ingenza kube nzima ngakumbi nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekuzuzeni inkoliso nokcinezela abanye.

Madison wabhala: impembelelo yeenkokeli zobukhobokisayo ingabangela idangatye phakathi kwe-odoli ezithile, kodwa ayizukukwazi ukusasaza umlilo jikelele ngaphaya kwamanye amazwe. Le ngqiqo ." Le nto i-"ubungakanani nomahluko we-United States izakuba yindawo yokukhusela ubuzwilakhe ." yaba yigalelo elinamandla kwingcamango yezobupolitika. Yanika ulungiso olunamandla lwenkqubo yezwe apho amandla ahlulahlulwe phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente, kwaye ihlala ilisiseko sobuninzi baseMelika.

Uludwe loMasipala uNombolo 51: Iingqikelelo, ulungelelwano, kunye nolwakhiwo lukaRhulumente

KuFederal List No. 51, uMadison ucaciswe ngendlela amandla karhulumente anokulinganiselwa ngayo. Eyona ndawo edumileyo yesi sincoko ithatha intsingiselo yendlela yomgaqo-siseko: ikhuthazo malenziwe ukulwa nephulo lenkanuko. [ Isincoko sichaza ukuba ukuze kuthintelwe naliphi na isebe elinamandla kakhulu, uMgaqo-siseko unika isebe ngalinye ngendlela yokuxhathisa ukungenelelana kwabanye. Umthetho, umphathi, namasebe ejaji anikwa amandla angenayo. [[[FLT] "12] kunye nendima kamongameli we-State] ukuze kuqinisekiswe amalungiselelo.

Kwakhona uMadison wachaza imfuneko yokhuseleko oluphindiweyo lwenkululeko: ukwahlulwa kwamandla phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente, nolwahlulo lwamagunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu orhulumente wezwe ngokwawo. Le nkqubo ixilongwe iqinisekisa ukuba nokuba inxalenye enye karhulumente yonakele, ezinye zingazithintela izenzo zayo. Imigaqo echazwe kuNo. 51 isekelwe kwinkqubo esemthethweni yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye isoloko ikhankanywa kwizigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokuphathelele ukwahlulwa kwamagunya.

Umanyano uNo. 78: Inkululeko yeSizwe

UGawulayo uHamilton uNo. 78 ungowona mbhalo uphambili kwindima yejaji kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko. Hamilton waphikisa ngelithi ijaji yayilelona sebe liyingozi kakhulu kuba yayingenako ukulawula isikhwama okanye ikrele, kwaye yayinokwenza umgwebo. Ukukhusela inkululeko yayo, uHamilton waxhasa ubomi babagwebi bakarhulumente (ukuthobela ukuziphatha okuhle) kunye nomvuzo osisigxina ongenakuncitshiswa ngexesha lenkonzo yabo. La malungiselelo, waphikisa, ayeyimfuneko ukwenza iinkundla zisebenze njengokhuselo lokhuseleko oluchasene nomthetho okanye isigqeba-mali.

Okubaluleke ngakumbi, uHamilton wabeka imfundiso yokuhlola kwetyala ```Association''''''''. UHamilton waqiqa ukuba ukuba umthetho owiswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho uphikisana nomGaqo-siseko, iinkundla kufuneka zixhase umGaqo-siseko njengamazwi aphezulu okuthanda kwabantu. Le ngcamango kamva ifumene imbonakalo yayo epheleleyo kwityala lento ephawulekayo. [ [[FLT]] Barbury v.[FLT][FLT3] [183] [183]), apho iJastit John Marshall amisele amandla okuhlola. Akukho manyano.

Impembelelo eMithethweni yaseUnited States neNkcazelo yoMgaqo-siseko

Nangona amaFederali Cape aye abhalelwe uncwadi lokukhusela ukuhlawuliswa kweminxeba, afumana ngokukhawuleza igunya elikhethekileyo njengenkcazelo yantlandlolo yoMgaqo-siseko. Iinkundla, ingakumbi iNkundla Ephakamileyo, iye yawacaphula kumatyala amaninzi ukuchaza injongo yamaFramers. Izincoko aziwunyanzeli umthetho, kodwa ziphakathi kwezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekuguquleni ingcaciso yoqobo. IJaji Joseph Story, kwintsingiselo yakhe , iyazincoma njenge “ingcaciso yegunya eliphezulu.

INkundla Ephakamileyo namaPhepha oLuntu

Kusukela kwirepublic yokuqala ukuya kumhla wangoku, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iphethule kwiiMaphu ukucombulula imibuzo yentsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko. [[FLT: 0] Mcloch v. Maryland [1819], iJaji enguMatshislate echaziwe nguNo. 44 ukuxhasa imfundiso yamagunya aqikelelwayo. [4] ingcamango yokuba iNkundla ePhakathiweyo ingasetyenziswa ngokucacileyo kwiNkulawula umthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo. [kunyaka-2017], ixhomekeke kwiNkundla [[FLT].[19] .[4] kwiNkuphotho yoluvo] [egxaso olugunyazekileyo] [iiii.FT] ingqina ityala [5]

Izixhobo Zokutolika: Imfundiso Yoqobo NomGaqo-siseko Ophilayo

AmaPhepha oMgaqo-siseko anempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo phakathi kwabagwebi nabaphengululi ababambelele kwimvelaphi yokuqala .Imbono yokuba uMgaqo-siseko ufanele utolikwe ngokwentsingiselo yantlandlolo yombhalo wawo. Abaqulunqi badla ngokubiza izincoko njengobungqina bokuba amalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko ayeqondwa njani ngexesha lokudityaniswa. UJaji Antonin Scalia, umlawuli ophambili, wacaphula rhoqo iPapa yeSizwe sobuGaqo-siseko kwiimbono zakhe. Kwelinye icala lengcaciso, abo bakhetha “umgaqo-siseko ophilayo” bayazibandakanya nayiphi nale nkcazelo, kodwa batyekele ekugxininiseni imigaqo ebanzi njengorhulumente olingana norhulumente ongowona negunya elilinganiselweyo, ngaphandle kwezicelo ezithile ezicetyiweyo zeFramesters, iPlust Diestial Pages ehlala ikho kwinkcodenti eyi-ogqenti.

Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo neSibheno saMalungelo

Amalungelo achasene nomkhosi ka-Dederali wafuna irekhodi yamalungelo njengemeko yokudityaniswa. IPhepha loManyano lwaphendula ngokuthi ireyithi yemali yamalungelo yayingangeyomfuneko kuphela kodwa yayiyingozi. Kuluhlu lwamalungelo u-Federal No. 84, Hamilton walumkisa ukuba ukudwelisa amalungelo athile kungachazwa njengokunika igunya likarhulumente lamalungelo angabekwanga kuluhlu. Wabhala: “[[[FLT:]] kutheni kutheni kungayi kubhengezwa ukuba izinto azisayi kwenziwa ezingekho gunya lokuzenza?[FTY:1]” UmGaqo-siseko ubuyini ubungawunika ulawulo, amagunya alinganiselwe; nawuphi na amandla anganikwanganikwanga gunya abekwenga ngokomthetho okanye abantu. Umthetho wamalungelo, urhulumente, uSovini, ucebisa ukuba urhulumente angabi nagunya phezu kolawulo olurhoxiweyo.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi zimvo, iNgqungquthela Yokuqala yacebisa ukuba iBhili yamaLungelo, “‘ ishumi lokuqala lokulungisa amalungelo athile, ngo-1789, kwaye laqinisekiswa ngamaphondo ngo1791. Le ngxoxo kaFederalistPaper ayizange iphumelele kule ngongoma, kodwa yaluguqula ulwimi lwayo lwamva lweSinyuselo seNight, esithi ukubekwa kwamalungelo athile “akuyi kuthathwa njengokukhanyelwa okanye ukwahlukana nabanye abagcinwe ngabantu.” Oku kuphembelela ngqo inkxalabo ekhankanyiweyo kuHamilton kuNo. Ngaphezu koko, izincoko ezigxininiswe kwiSicwangciso sokukhusela izakhiwo, ulawulo lwegunya, ulawulo nolawulo lwesizwe, uhlolo, kunye nolungele ukukhuselwa okuthelelwayo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwamalungelo Nokukhula Kwamalungelo

Imigaqo ebekwe kwiManyano yoLawulo lwamaPhondo yaphembelela ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko kamva. Ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko (Thirtenth, 145, kunye neshumi elinesihlanu) kwaguqula unxulumano phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwe, ukwandisa ukhuseleko lwawo ngamnye nxamnye norhulumente. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa iSept Procession Claus eMthethweni we-14" uninzi lweBhili leeNkuhla-mthetho zamaLungelo, ezilusebenzisa kwiimeko. Le nkqubo yokuqulunqi ikho iqulethe ingcambulo kumbono karhulumente wamaProvilethi olawulayo enokukhusela amalungelo angundoqo abemi abami xa oorhulumente bengaphumeleli ukwenza oko. Ingxoxo ethetha ngemithetho egunyazwe ngokubanziswa kwesizwe ukuba ikhululwe yinkululeko yemithetho yezomthetho.

Ukuqhayisa Nokuqhubeka Kwengxoxo Yale Mihla

AmaPhepha aMatshana akangooFederal akangoovimba bembali nje kuphela; ahlala eyindawo ekhoyo yeengxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni nezezobupolitika. Oomongameli, amalungu eBhungane, nabagwebi bayaqhubeka bewacaphula bexhasa izikhundla zabo. Ezi ngxelo ziye zacelwa kwiingxoxo zamandla olawulo (inkulungwane yokuqala engu-70), umlinganiselo wemithetho yezorhwebo (iNxulumano enguNo. 42), indima yeBhunga (iNdrelamfaya-S. UNo. 62-63), kunye nemidathamo efanelekileyo yokuhlola imigaqo-mthetho. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini-yokuqala, abaphengululi baye bawahlolisisa kwakhona amaPhephaka enkcala kumgangatho wokhuseleko, ukhuseleko lorhulumente, nolawulo. Umzekelo, uNo. Umgangatho wamaPhondo uCandelo olu-551, ucaphulo oluchaphaze oluthe ukudisana kwe-Gegromathe . Ngokufana ne-10, i-evini ye-ethe proliticaltschriontsteins syt sydial.

Iingxaki Nemilinganiselo

Ngoxa iiMaphethisi zoLawulo lwamaFederal zihlonelwa kakhulu, azikho ngaphandle kokugxekwa. Bambi abaphengululi bathi izincoko zaziyinkohliso eyayilungiselelwe ukuphumelela kwidabi lezobupolitika, kwaye ngoko azifanele ziphathwe njengezingathathi-nxaxheba kwintsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko. Abanye baphawula ukuba umbono wababhali wabunjwa ziingcamango zobugqila, kuquka ulwamkelo lobukhoboka. UmGaqo-siseko owathi ulwamkelo lwamaFederali ubala abantu abangamakhoboka njengesithathu, yaye izincoko azithethi kangako ngesiseko sobukhoboka. Oku kubangele ukuba abanye bathandabuze ukusetyenziswa kwezincoko ukutolika ukuze bachaze umGaqo-siseko kwibutho ohlukeneyo noluntu. Noko ke, abagxeki abavumayo bayavuma amandla ahlalayo ngezizathu ezingomelo, kwaye balungelelanise ulungelelwanolungelelwano, ulungelelwano lwezinzo.

Isigidimi Esiyintloko Nezifundo Zaso Ezihlala Zihleli

Ukuyiqonda ngokupheleleyo indima yeMaphethisi ekwakhiweni kwemithetho kunye namalungelo ase-U.S., kuluncedo ukuqwalasela izincoko eziliqela eziphambili ngaphaya kwetrio edumileyo. Umgangatho onguNo. 9, ebhalwe nguHamilton, ichaza ukuba luncedo kwe-Union njengendlela yokukhusela ukuvukelwa kwemithetho yasekhaya kunye nengozi yamanye amazwe. Hayi, 23 ilwa nomthetho wokuthintela ukungenelela urhulumente onamandla afanelekileyo okulungiselela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo. Hayi, ngu-663 ochaza indima ye-Massontams, uluvo lwama nolulo rhulumente omtsha, ugxininisa ukuba ngumthetho wesizwe norhulumente omtsha, owesizwe nowodwa. No. Umthetho owenziwe ngolu hlobo lwe-78.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uluhlu lweFederali No. 9 – Iluncedo lwe-Union njengekhuseli kwinqanaba kunye nokuvukelwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uluhlu lwe-Federalist No. 10 – iingozi ze-intellition kunye neenzuzo zeriphabliki enkulu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uluhlu lwe-Federalist No. 39 – Umxube, ngokwenxalenye noluvo lolawulo lukarhulumente.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uluhlu lweFederali No. 51 – i Khangela kunye nomlinganiselo, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, kunye nokhuseleko oluphindwe kabini lwenkululeko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uluhlu lwe-Federalist No. 70 – Imfuneko yesigqeba esiphezulu esinye, esinamandla.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Uluhlu lwe-Federalist No. 78 – Uzimeleyo lwejaji namandla ohlolo lwezahlulelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uluhlu lwe-Federalist No. 84 – iziqinisekiso kwirejista yamalungelo kunye nobalo lwamandla.

Impembelelo Yemfundo Neyombini

AmaPhepha oFederali alingowamagqwetha nabagwebi kuphela; banikwa ngokubanzi kwizifundo zasekholejini kurhulumente waseMelika, kwiingcamango zezobupolitika, kunye nomthetho-siseko. Banika abafundi iwindow ngqo kwiingxoxo ezayila ukusekwa kohlanga. Iintlangano ezinjengeenkqubo zogcino-Mali [ zobuzwe kunye ne iSibonelelo seKhonkleji [iiindlela] yenkqubo yeBhunga inikela iinkqubo zamanani kunye nezinto zolwazi. Izincoko zikwanguphawu olubalaseleyo kwizifundo ezijoliswe ekukhuthazeni ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko. Kwixesha lolwandoqo-mthetho, amaPhepha eencwadi asebenza njengesikhumbuso senkqubo enziwe ngabomjelo kungeneyo yenkqubo ye-Frames [[Ft:3]

Isiphelo: Isiseko Somthetho WaseMerika

IMaphepha eFederalist ahlala engowona mthombo ubalulekileyo womntu ofuna ukuqonda iziseko ezisemthethweni nezentanda-bulumko zase-United States. Baguqula ingxoxo ngokusetyenziswa kwemichako, belungiselela ulungiso lwengcamango lwesiseko somGaqo-siseko, kwaye bayaqhubeka bephembelela ukutolikwa kwemithetho kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo. Izincoko zithetha ngemo karhulumente, iingozi zobugxwayiba, iimfuno zoxilongo nolungelelwano, nendima yejaji ezimeleyo yezakhankampaneyo namhlanje njengoko zazinjalo kumawaka asixhenxe asixhenxe asibhozo. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko uguquliwe kwaye utolikiwe ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, imigaqo ephambili echazwa nguPublius ihlala ingumgangatho we-Rocroot womgaqo-mGomatile.

Ukuqhubekeka kofundo, okubhaliweyo okupheleleyo koLungisa lwamaphepha kufumaneka ngako [[FLT: 0].gov ipaji yovimba kunye ne Iprojekthi yeYale Law School. Ezi mithombo ivumela abafundi ukuba bahlolisise izincoko zokuqala kwikhowudi yabo nokulandela impembelelo yabo kwinkqubela-mthetho elandelayo.