Inkqubo engundoqo yezobupolitika eUnited States ingaphezulu kakhulu kunendlela yokukhetha esetyenziswa ngabatsha.

Ukuqonda Amacala Ezobupolitika: Imvelaphi Neenkqubo Zobugcisa

Amaqela ocalucalulo ayengasoloko elawula inkqubo yokutyunjwa. Kwinkoliso yenkulungwane ye-19, abalawuli beqela kunye nabameli bendibano bakhetha amagumbi aqingqiweyo akwimizekeliso "amagumbi agcwalisiweyo" iintsebenziswano zotshintsho ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ziqhutywa zimfuno zeNkqubela-phambili yedemokhrasi, ngokuthe ngcembe ziveze unyulo oluphambili njengendlela yokunciphisa ulawulo lweqonga. Namhlanje, lonke ilizwe libamba uhlobo oluthile lwenkangeleko okanye i-caucus, nangona imithetho yahluka kakhulu.

Iintlobo Zeecandari Nemiphumo Yazo

Ukhetho lohlobo oluyintloko asilogama nje eliphambili; luchaphazela kakhulu ukuba ngubani obalekayo, oko bakuthembisayo, nokuba ngoobani abavoti abaqhuba udweliso lweqela. Umzekelo, isigquma-ntloko esikwisithili esixhotyiswe kakhulu sisenokunika i-10% ye-operate ekuchazeni indlela yeqela, ngeli lixa umntu ovulekileyo kwimo yokhuphiswano enyanzelisa abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba balinganisele ubuchule bokwenza ubugcisa babo.

Ucaucus: Umahluko Obalulekileyo

Nangona zisoloko zidityanisiwe, iinrimmist kunye nezikhonkwane zisebenza ngokwahlukileyo. ICucuses/isitshili esisetyenziswa eIowa, eNevada, kunye nezinye iindawo ezimbalwa .(require in-person, iiyure ezihlala ixesha elide. Zidla ngokutsala ezona zilwamkelo olunikezelweyo, ezinokuthi zibangele iziphumo ezingalindelekanga ezigqithisiweyo ezigqithisileyo. Ii-parimes, ngokwahlukileyo, zisezantsi-indawo yokukhetha kwaye zitsala icandelo elibanzi (elizikhetheleyo) leqela labavoti abanyusiweyo. Ukusuka kwi-ccuuses ukuya kwi-pries kumazwe amaninzi akwiminyaka emibini edluleyo kubonisa ukuthandwa nokujika, kodwa abagxeki bekwayalulela ukuncitshiswa kwemeko zokhetho lwe-liverlimeter, i-octive systrivel.

Ubuchule Obusetyenziswa Kumaqela Eecawa

Iqonga leqela asiloxwebhu oluthe ngqo olubhalwe kwigumbi langasemva; luphawu oluphilayo lombutho ophumelele ingqalelo. Ezi nkqubo zilandelayo zibonisa indlela inkqubo ephambili ekhokelela ngayo indaleko kwiqonga.

Ugxininiso oluphambili kunye nokuQalisa ukuQalisa

Ngexesha lamaphulo aphambili, abaqhubi kufuneka bazikhethe kwibala eliphithizelayo. Basoloko beqabela kwimiba ephezulu ephezulu ekwimiba efudukayo ``irhafu, ukufuduka, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, okanye ukurhwebelana ) okuthi kudibene nesiseko seqela labo. Njengokuba amajelo eendaba echaza ezi ngxaki, umbutho wamaqela uphawula. Lomzekelo, kwi 2020 democratic Primerimerivary, u-Elizabeth Warren uce Carren uces ngokuzicelonge ngerhafuzo zemali kunye netyala labafundi abanyanzelelwa ukuba bamkele izikhundla ezithelekayo kwezo zihloko, ezathi kamva kwiqonga lama-2020. Lo "Mbutho" uyakwazi ukuphakamisa iimbambano zodumo, ukunyusa i-processs eevation kwiqela leminyaka emininzi.

Uxinzeleleko oluphakathi kunye noxinzelelo lomsebenzi

Ingxoxo yokuqala isebenza njengee-aspects eziphezulu apho abatsha abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bazifake kwimiba ephambili yeqela elivelayo. Umba wesicelo okhubekayo kwinkupho engundoqo yesiseko . umzekelo, ukusilela ukubopheleleka ekuthobeni amapolisa acukucezeyo okanye ukukhusela uKhuselo lweNtlalo------------acan ekhoyo. Le mpembelelo yoontanga iqhubela bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwiendawo eziphambili eziphambili phakathi kwabavoti, ngokuthe ngcembe besusa umba wonke umngeni omiselwe. Brakming i-Intelity i-Intelity [[ ibonisa ukuba ingxinayelo oluphambili lwezingeniselo luye lwamandla kakhulu ukususela kuma 2000, njengoko ukhlulwano lwezi-ndaba luvumela ukuba bathumele kwimithunywa kwi-ovoti.

Izixhobo, iNgxowa-mali, kunye noLongezelelo

Izabelo ezivela kwimpembelelo, amaqumrhu asebenzayo, okanye amaqela eengcamango (umz., iClub for Growced okanye iKomiti yokuTshintsha Inyathelo Eliqhubekayo) yefanela imithombo kunye nengqalelo yogcino-lwazi kubaququzeleli abaxhasa amaplatfomu athile. Imfuneko yokukhusela ezi zincomelo zinyanzela abaxhasi ukuqinisekisa inkxaso yeenkqubo ezithile zemigaqo-nkqubo . Ngokufana nemali encinane okanye udonga lomda (ngokunjalo uvavanyo lwe-lithamsmendis. Ulwalamano lwe-litl phakathi kwemali kunye nobungqongqo lubhalwe kakuhle ngabaphengululi bezempempempe; iFLT] Firedalm. [ifl:1] ibonelela ugcino-mphicolo-ms, ngokukodwa kwi-priging, ithambe kakhulu, ukutsala i-deksholo-edians.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Leengcwangu Zeqela Elineengxube Ezibi

Imeko - melo Yolawulo - melo Yowama - 2008: Indawo Eyayihambela Phambili

Ukhuphiswano phakathi koBarack Obama noHillary Clinton lwalungeyomfazwe yesizukulwana; yayikukuphinda kuphinde kuphindwe kuphinde kuphinde kulungiswe izivumelwano zedemokrasi. Iphulo le-Obama elilawulayo, eligunyaziswe zingca ezilungelelanisayo kunye nomyalezo "wethemba kunye notshintsho," lanyanzelisa iqela ukuba lithabathe ukuma okuqinileyo ekulungiseni impilo (ukhetho lukawonke wonke), ukhuthazo lwezoqoqosho, kunye nokusesikweni kobuhlanga. Icandelo lonyaka wama-Democracratic lihlise iClin-“triation" kunye nolwimi olwalumele i-Affordcable Carect. Kwaye kwanyuswa kakhulu ukubaluleka kolutsha no-Foctovicester, u-sha wingcustoms procedment.

IPhondo leNtshona Koloni:

UDonald Trump woloyiso lobuzwe kunyaka ka-2016 woRiphabliki yaba lixesha elichithweyo lotshintsho lweqonga leqela. Ukujolisa kwakhe ekunyanzelweni kolawulo lokufuduka ("lodonga"), ukuphicothwa korhwebo, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wolunye uhlanga "we-Amerika Kuqala" womthetho wobuRiphabliki wacel-othodox, i-Riphabliki, i-Idism, kunye nolokutshintsha kwepromidiza. Njengoko uTrump wayelawula ukhuphiko oluphambili, abakhuphisana bakhe, u-Delo-Democrac, kunye no-Marco Rubio, kunye ne-Jeb Bush . Kwanyanzeleka ukuba kwamkeleke i-2020%, iqonga lokutshintsha iprograli yesizwe, ngoxa iqula i-ombhethi yesithethe ephambili yokurhoxakeka koo-otafile.

2020 IPhondo Ledemocratic: Ukuqinisa iZiko- Ekhohlo

Nangona lo mmandla wawuneengcamango ezahlukeneyo .Nto leyo yayisuka eBernie Sanders nase-Elizabeth Warren ukuya ePete Buttigieg kunye noJoe Biden. Isiphumo sesiphelo saqinisa iqonga elisembindini elidibanisa izinto eziphambili ezihamba phambili (Medicas ulwando, intshukumo yemozulu, isindululo sabafundi) kunye nolawulo lwe-pragmical. Amaqumrhu anjenge-South Carolina, apho inkxaso enamandla yeBhiden Copenice yavuselela iphulo lakhe, iqinisekisa ukuba icandelo lobuhlanga kunye ne-eququatry lihlale kumbindi kwiqonga lama-202020. Isikhululo sakhokelela ekuthanjeni kwe-"inkonzo phakathi kwe-Sanders kunye ne-Biden , okuphumela kwiqonga eliphezulu kakhulu kumsebenzi we-Clin 2016 kodwa kumzamo we-Clin.

2022 I-Primorive Ephakathi: I-Trump-Burded Candidates

Ama-2022 amaProfesi eRiphabliki zabona oonobumba aba-2022 besakuba nguMongameli uTrump besebenzisa amandla akhe okuxhasa abahlali ababambelele kwingxelo yakhe yama-2020 yonyulo kunye nokungamiselwa kwemeko. Kwimibangxwa yayinyanzelisa iqela leRiphabliki ukuba lifumane iindawo zeqonga ezithoba ezathi zaludambisa ulawulo oluqhelekileyo (umz., iqonga eliphambili lokuxhasa ukukhuthuka kwenkqenkqeza phambili kwenkqesho yenkqenkqele yenkqele yesizwe nemilinganiselo yokuthembeka. Oku kuguqulwa kwabonakala kwiphu yephu yephondo eliphakathi kwephondo kunye neqonga loluhlu lonyulo lomthetho lomthetho oluhla. Ngelinye iinguqu zangezwayo zezo projeko yonyulo-ngqungquthela yesizwe ephambili ehamba phambili, iqonga enkulu yeqela lesizwe.

Ukusetyenziswa Okufanelekileyo Kwamatyala Ngamaqela

Phezu kwayo nje idemokhrasi, iincutshe zeqela , amagosa amiselweyo, abanikeli, amaqela enzala, , zenza iindlela ezintsonkothileyo zokuyila iziphumo eziphambili kwaye, ngesongezo, amaqonga. Ukusekwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba kusoloko kufumana imvume yangaphambili, imali, kunye nentelekelelo elungileyo yezixhobo zezixhobo zekhompyutha zokukhusela ukupheliswa kweengxaki. Noko ke, ukunyuka kwe-PACs kunye namaqela amnyama amaqela adlalayo, avumela abangenisi bemibhiyo yokulwa ngokusekelwe kwiqonga elinyukileyo. Uxinezeleko oluphakathi kwesigaba se-nesiqu se-nesiqu somphambili nesikhokelo seqela lichaza uphawu olukwizikhundla langoku; kodwa iqonga eliphumayo lilungele ukuphendula okuphindwa phakathi kwala maqela akhuphithiweyo.

Iqela elingaphakathi likwazama ukuphembelela amaqonga ngemithetho yokukhetha abathunywa, enjengeedendegel (kwiqela ledemocratic Party) okanye ephumeleleyo ithatha zonke izabelo (kwiiRiphabliki ezininzi). Ezi nkqubo zinokunyusa amazwi aphakathi okanye zinike ingqiqo egqithisileyo, kuxhomekeke kwimithetho ekhethekileyo. IDemocratic Party's post-2016, eyanciphisa indima ye-delilegens kwibhoti yokuqala, yayiyimpendulo ecacileyo yoluvo lokuba u-2016 u-"waxhotyiswe" noBernie Sanders" ngokubonisa indlela imithetho yokuqala enokuba yiyo isixhobo sokulungisa iplatifomu.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo Ephambili

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba ephantsi nengalinganiyo

Umvoti ophambili usuka kwi 15% ukuya ku-30% yabavoti abafanelekileyo, xa kuthelekiswa nama-50-65% kunyulo jikelele. Oku kuthabatha inxaxheba okusezantsi kugxininisa kumandla phakathi kwabadala, abamhlophe, abanobutyebi, kunye nabaninzi kakhulu ngokweemvo. Isiphumo yi "projectis compris": inkqubo eyenzelwe ukunika abantu ilizwi rhoqo libalula amalizwi amaninzi aphezulu, ivelisa ii-aminees namaqonga angabonisiyo iinketho zokhetho zonobumba omkhulu. Oku kuphumela ekuthi qhatha kwizinto ezivaliweyo ezingeyo, apho ukhuphiswano olunentsingiselo lungundoqo.

Ukwenziwa kwento ibe yeyokusebenza kunye ne-"Race kwisiseko"

Ngenxa yokuba abavoti abaphambili benziwe ngokweengcamango, abavoti abaphambili banyanzelekile ukuba bafake izikhundla eziphezulu emaphikweni eqela labo kunokuba bafake imbindi. Le ngxaki, isoloko ibizwa ngokuba "ugqatso ukuya kwisiseko," idityaniswe zizazinzulu zezobupolitika ekunyuseni imimandla eqelekileyo kwiKhomishini. Njengoko iindawo zeqonga ziba zigqithisele, abanyuli-kunyulwa ngokubanzi kufuneka baxhobise isiziko, bedala umsantsalo othe waphelelwa yithemba likawonke-wonke. Uhlolisiso lwama 2021 olupapashwe kwiMelikaneyithane yePricial Science[

Indima Yemali Nemali Engenamsebenzi

Iintlanga ziye zaba zizinhanha; abatshate bachitha ixesha elininzi kwizibhengezo, iiposi ezithe ngqo, kunye nokufikelela kwamanani kwi-odolothi encinane, ejongiweyo. Unyuko lwe-PACs kunye no-501(c)(4) “intlalontle yoluntu” iintlangano ezingatyhili abanikeli bezibonelelo-mali ezithe ngqo zivumele abantu abatyebileyo kunye neenkampani zenkampani ukuba ziphembelele iziphumo eziphambili namaplatfomu ngaphandle kokuphendula kukawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, i-oyile kunye noshishino lwegesi luxhase ngokunempumelelo kuvavanyo lwamaRiphabliki abaxhasa ikharbon, ngokunempumelelo intshukumo yemozulu kwiqonga. Le ngeniso inguqukuqela lingunxa-khaza kodwa ifunyaniswe ngamaqela afana [[FLT:][FLD]

Ukuguqula Ityala Ukuze Kuboniswe Umfanekiso Olunge Ngakumbi

Ukusebenza

I-Alaska neMaine zamkela uvotelo olubaluliweyo lwe-choice (RCV) ukwenzela icandelo kunye nonyulo jikelele. Kwinkqubo ephezulu ye-RCV ephezulu e-Alaska, bonke abatshakazi bavela kwisicwangciso esinye esiphambili, kwaye inkqubela phambili emiphezulu emibaleni emininzi, apho abavoti bakwisigaba esiphezulu. Oku kunciphisa intshukumisa yokufumana into eninzi kubavuselelwa kuba abatshakazi kufuneka babhenele kwicandelo elibanzi labavoti. Ubungqina bangaphambili obuvela kumaMaine'2020 kunye nama-202222 emijikelezo acebisa ukuba i-RCVPrimiters ivelisa abaqhubi abasebenza kwimigangatho ephakathi kwaye banamakhono anamandla okwakha imibutho. I-RCC ibonwa kwakhona njengendlela yokufaka iziphumo "ilpoer" kunye nokwandisa ivoti.

Ubhaliso lwezibonelelo ezivulekileyo kunye nobhaliso lwezibonelelo

Ukwandisa amaprimie avulekileyo ``okanye ukwamkela iprojekthi ephezulu- 2" ulungiselelo", inokuthi yandise impembelelo yabakhethi bokuqala, inciphise impembelelo yabavoti abagqithisileyo. Ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo, xa ludityanisiwe nobhaliso olufanayo lweziprime, luboniswe ukwandisa ukunyuswa phakathi kwabatsha nabavoti abancinane, ukwenza iziphumo eziphambili zibe ngummeli omkhulu. Umphezulu-bini ophambili, ofezwe ngo-2012, ukhokelele kunyulo lwamathuba omninzi lwabalawuli abanobuchule, nangona abagxeki bethi ikwayiphikisa into yokuba ababhenele kwizibonelelo ezityebileyo kunokuba kube zisekelwe kwiqela.

Imfundo Nemigudu Yokuzibandakanya

Utshintsho lusebenza njengendlela yokukhetha esetyenziswayo. Imibutho ye-Nonpartisan efana noManyano lwaManyano lwaMantom Voters kunye noBallotteia inika abakhokeli abavoti abanobume bokukhetha, inceda abavoti abaphambili baqonde iziphumo zeqonga zokhetho lwabo. Amazwe afaka imali kwimiboniso ebanzi yabavoti, abalawuli be-intanethi abanovoti, kunye nemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo ephambili ijongeneendlela zokuvota ezithenjiweyo. Ucelomngeni olungundoqo luhlala lufikelela kwizinto ezichaphaza abavotiweyo, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezikumgangatho ophantsi we-Genejiyo.

Okujonge Phambili: Iintlobano Zecawa Neemvelaphi Zeqela Leenjubaqa

Njengendlela abavoti abafumana ngayo ulwazi- kwaye njengoko amaqela amabini angundoqo eqhubeka elungelelanisa izithethe kunye neengxaki zezoqoqosho imigca ``inkqubo yokuqala iza kuhlala ikwibala elisembindini kumadabi eqonga. Unyuko lwemali yentlalo-ntle yoluntu olusekelwe kwinkxaso-lwazi, ukwanda kweziphumo ze-applytics, kunye nokusetyenziswa okukhula kogcino-lwazi kwizixhobo ezingundoqo ezifakelwe kwimpembelelo yemicropu. Okwangoku, kuya kubiza usuku lokuqala lwesizwe, okanye ukujikelezisa ikhalenda yokuqala ukunciphisa impembelelo yangaphandle yamazwe afana noIowaowa nawaseNewpre, kuzuza igatyathanga phakathi kwamaqela omabini.

Uxinezeleko olusisiseko kulo nawuphi na umbutho wedemokhrasi yindlela yokulungelelanisa ihlombe elisebenzayo nemfuneko yokuphumelela kunyulo jikelele. Imikhosi yezo ngxaki yindawo apho uxinezeleko ludlala khona ngokucace kakhulu. Ukuqonda le nkqubo(iiingcali) iinkqubo, iintambo, kunye nokuziguqula kwayo okubalulekileyo (ibalulekile kubafundisi, abafundi, kunye nabemi abafuna ukubona amaqonga eqela abaya kuba ngabameli bebutho abathi baya kusebenza. Njengoko imijikelezo engamashumi amabini24 kunye nama-2028, ukhetho olwenziwe kwi-prigrims, olungasayi kugqiba nje kuphela ukuba akukho nto inokwenziwa kodwa luza kuqhubeka nokubuyiselwa kwemigaqo yolawulo lwaseMelika kangangeminyaka.