Kwezopolitiko zaseMerika, abathathi-nxaxheba besithathu baye bazama ukufumana igalelo kunye nenkxaso yemali efunekayo ukukhuphisana nomatshini okhuphiswano oluphezulu wamaqela e-Democratic kunye neRiphabliki. Indlela engundoqo encedayo ekulinganiseleni ibala lokudlala yiKomiti yezenzo zePhondo (PAC). Le mibutho izimeleyo inika umjelo obalulekileyo wokuxhasa ngemali, ukuvota, kunye nokhuphiso, ngokufuthi yenza umahluko phakathi kwephulo elinomva nenkqubo yecandelo elinocelomngeni elithembekileyo.

Ziyintoni iipari ezingadibaniyo?

Ii-PAC ezingeyontsebenziswano ziikomiti zezobupolitika eziphakamisa kwaye zichithe imali ukuphembelela unyulo lwamaqumrhu orhulumente kodwa azidityaniswanga nawo nawuphi na umbutho, umbutho wabasebenzi, umanyano lorhwebo, okanye ikomiti yokucela uncedo. Ngokungafaniyo ne-PACs edityaniswe kwaye ixhaswa ngemali zizinto ezithile ezifana nomqeshwa wombutho okanye ingxowa yemibutho yezopolitiko ye-PAC esebenza ngokuzimeleyo.

Phantsi koMthetho weCandelo loNcoko loMalumelwano (FECA), iPAC kufuneka ibhalise neKhomishini yoNqumo loManyano lweFederal (FEC) xa ifumana ngaphezu kwe-R1000 kwiminikelo okanye yenza ngaphezu kwe-R1000 ngenkcitho ngonyaka. I-PAC engadityaniswanga iphantsi komqathango omnye kunye neemfuno zokwamkelwa njengenye i-PAC kodwa engenamzali ukugquma iindleko zolawulo. Le nkululeko iyazivumela ukuba izenze zibe nengulo kodwa ikwabeka umthwalo wemali ehlawulo ngokupheleleyo kwimigudu yayo.

Umahluko obalulekileyo ngowokuba iiPACs ezingezozo ezidityanisiweyo zingenza iminikelo ngqo kwiikomiti ezifuna ukubhaptizwa (ukuya kuma-$5 000) ngonyulo lungaphinda lwenze iinkcitho ezizimeleyo `````````````Ayikho iindleko zemali)')' kwaye zingenza iindleko ezizimeleyo ezichithwe kwizibhengezo okanye unxibelelwano oluthi luvakalise inkxaso-yo okanye ngokuchasene nomntu oza kulwamntluko lomntu. Oku kwenza ukuba zizenze zibe nomtsalane onomtsalane wesithathu abathathi abathi abasoloko bengenazo iintlanganiso eziphambili.

Ngokwe-[NTL:0] Isikhokelo se-FEC kwi-PACS, i-PACs imela udidi olubanzi oluquka i-PACs, i-PC exhaswe yiNkqubela, kunye ne-PCs (icala lokhokelo lobuncinci liqukwa nomgcini-ofisi ohleliyo, hayi i-palitial yesithathu). Imeko ebalulekileyo kukungabikho kwenkampani okanye umbutho wabasebenzi.

Isizathu sokuba abathathi-nxaxheba bekwesithathu baxhomekeke kwiiPacs ezinganxibelelaniyo

Abathathi-nxaxheba besithathu bajongene nemeko engalunganga kwisixokelelwano sokhetho lwase-U.S. abanaso isibonelelo esisekiweyo sokubonelela ngezibonelelo zemali zamaqela amabini amakhulu, zisoloko zikhutshwa kwiingxoxo zokhetho jikelele, kwaye zifumana intlupheko encinane kakhulu yesixhobo sonxibelelwano. I-PAC engadityaniswanga zizinto eziluncedo ezi ziqhekeza ngokubonelela:

  • izibonelelo zemali: iminikelo ethe ngqo kwiphulo kunye nenkcitho ezizimeleyo zokubhengeza, ukuvota, kunye nemisebenzi yasemasimini.
  • Ukulungiselela: imigudu yomgangatho osemhlabeni equka ukunkqonkqoza, ukutsala umnxeba, kunye neposi ezandisa umyalezo womntu oza kungena kwisithili esingundoqo.
  • Amaphulo emfundo abandakanya ukuvota: aqhubela izithuba zenkqubo ezinxulumene neqonga lesithathu lecandelo ngaphandle kokubiza ngokucacileyo ivoti.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukubonakala: Ubukho bePAC exhasa imiqondiso efuna ukubonelelwa kubanikezeli nabavoti ukuba iphulo liyasebenza kwaye lilungelelanisiwe.

Kwabo bathathi-nxaxheba besithathu bafana nabo bakwiqela leLibertarian Party, Green Party, kunye neQela loMgaqo-siseko, iiPAC ezingeyondawo zidla ngokuba ngumthombo oyintloko wenkxaso yangaphandle. Ngaphandle kolu xhaso, kwanabona bangenele ukunyanga izithuba ezithengwa, abaqeshi, okanye abahambi besiya kumaphondo aphambili.

Indlela IPaCs Enganxibelelaniyo Exhasa Ngayo Iphulo Lesithathu

Iminikelo Yemali Ethe ngqo

I-PAC engadityaniswanga inganikela ku-R2,000 kunyulo ngalunye (olungahlaliyo noluqhelekileyo lubalwe ngokwahlukeneyo). Ngelixesha le capthetho ithoba xa ithelekiswa nezigidi ezichithwa kwimigqabano yobumongameli, ingaba lubomi kwindlu nakwiCathenal yesithathu esoloko inyusa isimbuku esingaphantsi kwe-R2 000 000. Umzekelo, ngo-2016, iGreen Party's Jill Stein yafumana iminikelo engqalileyo ye-PAC eyanceda ukuqokelela i-aflay eqhutywa kunye nentlawulo lwabasebenzi.

Iminikelo yesithathu efunyanwa kwiPCAC efika kwiiveki zokugqibela zephulo, ithenga iintengiso ezincinane zokugqibela okanye igquma iindleko zeGOTV (ukuphuma kwicandelo). Ngenxa yokuba le minikelo ilinganiselwe, iPaC engadityaniswanga idla ngokuyongeza ngenkcitho ezizimeleyo, ezingaxhonywanga ngumthetho wesizwe.

Iinguqu ezizimeleyo

Inkcitho ezizimeleyo zezona zinamandla kwiPACs. Bangachitha umlinganiselo ongasikelwenga kwi-media, iposi, izibhengezo zamanani, kwanenkqubo zokukhangela amanani, xa inkcitho ingadityaniswanga nephulo lomngeneli. Kumaqela esithathu, i-PAC elungelelanisiweyo ingaqhuba iphulo elithelekisayo elizisa umvoti abanokungawuva umyalezo wayo.

Ngo-2012, iLibertarian Party kaGary Johnson yaba ngumvuzo wenkcitho ezimeleyo kwiPartum yesizwe saseLibertarian PaC kunye neePaues uPuie-issue enye ijolise ekuqatshelweni ngokusemthethweni komsayini kunye nokugcinwa komchako. Ezi zibhengezo zakhuthaza ukuqatshelwa kwegama lakhe kumazwe apho wayehlola kufuphi nomda wesihlanu% ofunekayo ukuxhobisa imali engqinelanayo kunyulo lwexesha elizayo.

Ngenxa yokuba umanyano lwalelwe, iPAC kufuneka isebenze ngokwayo. Olu lwahlulo lungalikrele elinokususwa kabini: iPAC igqiba umyalezo kunye nexesha, elisenokungasoloko lilungelelaniswa ngokugqibeleleyo necebo lomngeneli. Kodwa jikelele, inkcitho ezizimeleyo zinika isiphumo sobuninzi obungekho sithuthi semali esinika icandelo lesithathu.

Ukukhuthala nokurhoxa komoya

Ngaphaya kwemali, ii-PAC ezingeyo-ophakanayo ziqhuba ulungiso olubanzi lwezikhundla kunye nonovoti. Zilungiselela izingqungquthela, iiholo zedolophu, kunye neziganeko ze-intanethi ezandisa iqonga lomngeneli. I-PACs ezininzi ezikwinkupho esekelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo yeziyobisi, utshintsho lokhetho, okanye iJaji yemekobume . Le paC ivelisa izixhobo zokufundisa, umququzeleli wee-ibhabhanari, kwaye iphumele iphulo loluntu olwazisa ucciso malunga nokuma komdla wemibutho elingunogaqo-ndaba okhethekileyo.

Ufikelelo ngaphandle lwe-PACs lungaquka imigudu engeyoyapartisan yokufumana ngaphandle kwecandelo eliphakathi eyenzekayo ukukhankanya umvotelwa wesithathu. Umzekelo, uvotelo lwe-PAC oluxhasayo olukwiziqu eziphambili lungaxhasa abaxhasi abaxhasi abaxhasayo ukuba utshintsho, ukukhuthaza ngokungangqalanga umphikisi wesithathu. Ngelixesha lemisebenzi kufuneka ichazwe kwi-FEC, basoloko bephepha ukuvavanywa okunikwa kwizibhengezo ezithengiswe ngokusesikweni kuba i-PAC ayinxulunyaniswanga ngokusesikweni.

Isitshixo sokufumana i-PAC esibunqinisiweyo sisokuba ingajolisa indawo evotayo ``ivoti yabatsha, abaxhasi bebhaso, abaxhasi bemeko- bume, okanye abahluthayo abazimeleyo/abathi bamkele kakhulu kwimiyalezo yesithathu yecandelo. Ngokunikel' ingqalelo ubuncwane kwimiba ephezulu okanye amaqela anokukhuthazwa, i-PACs inyusa impembelelo yoqingqo-mali yabo olulinganiselweyo.

Inkxaso-mali yeeprojekthi

Isiseko soMsebenzi

Ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga ezixhasa abathathi-nxaxheba besithathu abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana iminikelo evela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo: abantu abaziva behlukanisiwe namaqela amabini amakhulu, abanikeli-mdla omncinci kwi-intanethi, abanikezeli be-apply, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, abanikeli-mali abanobutyebi obubodwa. Ngokungafaniyo nabaxhasi abanxulumeneyo abanokuxhomekeka kwimiqathango eqengqelekayo evela kubaqeshwa bombutho, ii-PAC ezingeniswanga zimele zihlakulele isiseko sabo ngokuthumela iposi ngqo, ingxowa-imeyili, kunye namajelo eendaba entlalo.

Iprofile zomnikeli ziyahluka ngokwengqiqo. Ii-PAC ezi-Libertarian-leaning zitsala iminikelo evela kubameli borhulumente olinganiselweyo kunye neemarike ezikhululekileyo, ngelixa iGreen Parity-alligined PACs ifumana inkxaso kumalungu emeko-bume kunye nabaxhasi bentlalo-ntle. Ngokutsho i-opensecrets data kwi-PACS, igalelo eli-avareji elingeyo-PAC idla ngokufumana inkxaso encinane kunalawo anxulumene ne-PCCs, ebonisa iingca ezikwimeko zemali yesithathu.

Ubuchule bokubonelela ngemali

Ukuxhasa imisebenzi, ii-PAC ezingadityanisiweyo zisebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zokukhupha imali. Ezi ziquka amaqonga kwi-intanethi afana nomthetho oluhlaza okanye i-Win Red (nangona ezi zisetyenziswa kakhulu kumaphulo angundoqo abathathi-nxaxheba), amaphulo eposi angqalileyo kwimiqathango yengqiqo, kunye neziganeko ezinikezelwayo ezifakwe kumaphondo ezinemiqobo esezantsi kunikezelo lwesithathu lwecandelo. Ezinye ii-PAC zikwasebenzisa imingeni efanayo ekunikeni abanikezi abancinane abanikeli.

Elinye iqhinga likukufumana: umlungiseleli wePAC ukhuthaza abanikeli abaninzi ukuba banikele baze banikele ngokupheleleyo njengokuboniswa kwenkxaso. Ngelixesha ukuqukunjelwa kwemiqathango kuxhaphake kakhulu kwezobupolitika, kusenokuba luncedo kwiiPaC zesithathu ezinokubonakalisa uqhubeko ngenani labanikeli abakhethekileyo. IFEC ifuna iPAC ukuba bakhuphe abanikeli abanikelayo ngaphezu kwe-R350 ngonyaka, ngoko ke ukubonakala gcaka kwelinye icala kwakhiwe kwinkqubo.

Ukunika intlawulo kwi-intanethi kuye kwaba ngumtshintshi womdlalo. I-Platform efana ne-GoFoundMe kunye nezixhobo zokunikela ze-crypto zivumele ii-PAC zesithathu ukuba zifumane igalelo kuluntu olufuna utshintsho kodwa olusasazeke kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ii-PAC ezingeyoyantlukwano edityanisiweyo ezinolwazi lweziko lemali zingasebenza kwiibhanki ezithengwa kakhulu ngelixa zisasenza impembelelo ebalulekileyo.

Isalathisi soMsebenzi ongokwasemthethweni noMgaqo-nkqubo

Imithetho ye-FEC

Zonke ii-PAC ezingeyo-odityaniswanga kufuneka zibhalise ne-FEC kunye neefayile zengxelo ezithe rhoqo ezichaza iminikelo nenkcitho. Zingaphantsi kwemiqathango yomnikelo: umntu anganika ngaphezu kwee-$5 000 ngonyaka kwi-PAC, kwaye i-PAC ingafumana ii-$5 000 ngonyaka kwenye i-PAC. Noko ke, akukho mlinganiselo wokuba i-PAC inokuchitha malini kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo, okanye ukuba inganyusa kangakanani kubantu ngabanye ukwenzela loo njongo (xa nje ibambelele kwimida yabo ye-$5 000 (R3,5 000) ngonyaka ngamnye).

Abaxhasi besithathu kufuneka balumke bangalungelelani nabaza kubhaptizwa babaxhasa. Umanyano luquka ukwabelana ngogcino-lwazi lokuvota, ukuxubusha ngeqhinga, okanye ukunikezela ngephulo elinoluhlu lwabanikeli. Ukonakalisa kusenokuphumela kwifC faso okanye ukubhekisa kwiSebe logwebo. I-FEC's iphepha lokhuthuzo iinkcukacha ezidlulileyo ezibandakanya imiba yentlalo.

Iimfuno zokuhlangula

Ukucaca gca komthetho wezemali wezemali. I-PAC engadityaniswanga kufuneka inike ingxelo yegama, idilesi, umsebenzi, kunye nomqeshi wabani na onikelayo onika ngaphezu kwama-R3 000 ngonyaka wekhalenda. Kufuneka atyhile kwakhona inkcitho ezizimeleyo ngaphezu koR250 ngokwenkcukacha. Oku kutyhilwa kowonke-wonke kuvumela intatheli nenja egadelweyo ukuba ilandele indlela yemali ehamba ngayo kwicandelo lesithathu labaphi na, kodwa ikwakwabonisa abanikeli ukuba basenokunikezela ngengozi enokwenzeka yokubuyela emva kwemali / a ingozi enokuphosa iminikelo ebangela impikiswano yecandelo amathathu.

I-CDsource ikwanyanzela i-PAC ukuba isebenze neqela elithobelayo okanye umgcini-mali oyiqondayo imithetho ye-FEC. Ii-PAC ezininzi ezincinane ezingadityaniswanga zizama ukumelana nomthwalo wolawulo, onokutya kwimali yazo. Nangona kunjalo, imeko-bume yokulawula yenzelwe ukulinganisa ulwahlulo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nokubona ngaphaya, kunye nee-PAC zesithathu ezilandela imithetho ezifumana ukuthembeka.

Imida Yegalelo

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, abantu ngabanye banganikela ukuya kuR3,000 ngonyaka kwi-PAC. Lo mqathango ukhokelelwa ukunyuka kwexabiso kodwa uhlala usezantsi ngokuthelekisa neminikelo engenasiphelo evunyelwe kwii-PACs ezinkulu (ezingenakunikela ngqo kubanyuli). Kwicandelo lesithathu abamkela iminikelo ngqo ye-PAC, le ntambo ithetha ukuba abanakuxhomekeka kwi-PAC enye ukuze bafumane isabelo esikhulu soqingqo-mali lwabo. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka bahlanganise umbutho wee-PAC kunye nabanikeli abaninzi.

Umngxuma omnye: iPAC ingenza inkcitho ezimeleyo ezingenasiphelo ngeli xesha inika ubuninzi obuzii-$5 000 kumvotelwa. Le nxube ingundoqo yindlela engezizo i-PAC ezinikezela ngayo inkxaso ekhutshiweyo ngaphandle kokwaphula imithetho yomanyano.

Imizekelo yembali yeePaccos ezinganxulunyaniswanga kunye neeCandidies zeQembu lesithathu

URoss Perot Nomanyano Lwethu Simi EMerika

Nangona uRoss Perot aziqhayisa ngodumo lwakhe lonyaka ka1992 kunye no1996, intlangano yakhe iUnited We Stand America (UWSA) yasebenza njenge-PAC. UWSA yaphakamisa imali evela kumalungu, yasasaza izikhokelo zovota, kwaye yakhupha izibhengezo zokupapashi ezixhasa ngokungangqalanga ubunyani bukaPerot. Ngo-1996, umbutho wachitha izigidi kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo, unceda uPerot unqabise phantse phantse isi-8% yevoti ethandwayo, engafumani mvume e-Electal College.

Umzekelo kaperot ubonisa indlela isakhiwo esinjengePAC esinako ngayo ukuxhasa icandelo lesithathu lephulo lenkxaso naxa isihlomelo singalawuli ngqo imali yeqela.

URalph Nader noMmi kaRhulumente

URalph Nader's 2000 no-2004 Iqela lamaLungu lanceda kumsebenzi wenkupho ehlukeneyo ye-PACs, kuquka ezo ziqukwa noMphathiswa woLuntu kunye namanye amaqela abathengi. Ezi paC zazingasoloko zixhasa uNader ngokuphandle, kodwa umba wazo wokubhengeza ngezorhwebo, imekobume, kunye nokuphendula kwequmrhu kunye neqonga lakhe. Ngonyaka wama 2000, iinkcitho ezizimeleyo ze-PACs zanceda uNader ukufikelela ku-2.7% wevoti yesizwe evoti ekholelwa ukuba uninzi lwamaDemocrates lwabiza u-Al Gore i-Puce.

Gary Johnson noLibertarian PaCs

Ngo-2012 nangonyaka ka-2016, uGary Johnson wabaleka njengeLibertarian Party nominee. Ngonyaka ka-2016, uthungelwano lwe-PACs, njenge-Libertrian Party ye-United States's PPAC kunye namaqela azimeleyo afana ne-"Gary Johnson 2012" (eyenziwa njenge-PAC), inyuse imali yokubhengeza nokufikelela kwebhola. Ngo-2016, uJohnson wafumana i-3% yevotifomu ephezulu yesithathu yecatility ukusuka kuRoss Perot. Ngokutsho kwe- FEC ink inkcitho ezimeleyo ye-, amakhulu amawaka amawaka eerandiwe yi-R3% echithwe yi-PC engekho mdlalwanoso 2016, uninzi lwezibhengezomatshini kunye neentengiso.

IJill Stein nePaCs eluhlaza

Jill Stein's 2012 no-2016 amaphulo akwaxhomekeke kwi-PACs engezizo i-Green Party, ingakumbi i-PAC yesizwe yeQela elinoGreenne kunye ne-"Stenin for Presidenti" komiti (eyayiyiyikomiti yokuqala yombutho kodwa kamva yongezelelwa yi-PACs ezizimeleyo. Ngonyaka 2016, iqela elibizwa ngokuba yi-"Jill Stein for Victory Fund" (ikomiti edityaniswe ngamalungu emali) lafaka imali kwinkcitho ezimeleyo, kodwa engadibaniselwanga njenge-paC"Implumplust" (kunye engeyonto iPaC) ezimeleyo) kunye nezibhengezo ezahlukeneyo ezinceda umyalezo kaStein.

Umzekelo ophawulekayo: inkcitho ezimeleyo 2016 enxulumene neGreen Party elungelelaniswe nezibhengezo zikanomathotholo kumaphondo ajinga-jinga, ibongoza abavoti ukuba "banike isazela sakho" kunye nomva weStein. Iphulo elitshayelelweyo laxhaswa yi-PAC engadibanisi mali kwinani elincinane labanikeli.

Ucelomngeni kunye nokusikelwa umda okujongene nee-PAC ezinganxulunyaniswanga

Uthintelo Olusemthethweni

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukungavumelani. I-PAC engadityaniswanga kufuneka iphuhlise eyayo imiyalezo, enokuthi ngamanye amaxesha ingqubane nesandi somhlohli okanye izinto eziphambili. Kwabethathu abathathi-nxaxheba abasele bezama ukulwa noqeqesho lomyalezo, i-PAC ad ingaba buhlungu ngaphezu koncedo. Ngaphezu koko, i-$5,000 yemali edityanisiweyo ye-PAC inganika umlinganiselo wentambo kwiphulo lokunika imali.

Omnye umqobo osemthethweni kunikezelo lwebhola ekhatywayo. I-PAC engezidityaniswanga azinakuqokelela ngqo iidrafti zokufikelela kwibhola ekhatywayo ngokuhambelana nephulo, kodwa ziyakwazi ukuzenzela imigudu yokuqokelela utyikityo. Noko ke, akufunekanga ziqinisekise ukuba akwenzeki umanyano, nto leyo eyenza ukuba iinkqubo zobuchule zinzima.

Ukungabi namali

IPAC engadityaniswanga isebenza kwiibhatalkethi ezincinane kakhulu kunezabelo ezixhasayo ezingundoqo. Isiseko esinikelwayo secandelo lesithathu lezobupolitika simxinwa kwaye sisoloko sishushu kodwa asinzulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ii-PAC zisenokunyanzeleka ukuba zikhethe phakathi kokuxhasa iintengiso ezimbalwa zexabiso likamabonwakude okanye iphulo elisasazekileyo lemivo. Ukunqongophala kwemali exhasweyo yenkampani okanye yemibutho kwenza kube nzima ukuceba ixesha elide.

Ngaphezu koko, abaninzi abanikeli bayathandabuza ukunika iPacs yesithathu kuba bayibona ixhasa ilungu lesithathu njenge-"vote" ukoyisa le ngcamango kufuna imfundo eqhubekayo kunye nobungqina bokufumaneka kwenkuku kunye ne-egg kufuneka i-PaC ihambe.

Ugqumo lwamajelo eendaba kunye nokusetyenziswa komphezulu wesinyithi

Izixhobo ezingundoqo ze-media zisoloko zingabakhathaleli abathathi-nxaxheba besithathu de bafikelele kumnyango othile wokuvota (ngokuqhelekileyo i-15% kwimivo yonyulo jikelele). I-PAC enganxulumaniyo ingazama ukunyanzela ingqalelo ye-media ngokuqhuba izibhengezo ezivuselelayo okanye ngokubeka iziganeko eziphezulu zeprofile, kodwa ngaphandle kokugquma, impembelelo iyathulwa. Naxa i-PACs ivelisa iindaba, ithe qho ithel'intloko-ndaba, iziphumo ze-mediamstal' ezinokwenzeka "siler" kune-platifomu yomntu ozamkela.

Impembelelo yeePacs ezingaQhagamshelwanga kwimpumelelo yesithathu

Ngelixesha iiPAC ezingedibaniyo zingenakukhetha icandelo lesithathu kwindlu emhlophe, ziphumelele ekuncedeni abathathi-nxaxheba besithathu baphumeze usukelo oluthile:

  • [[NTL: 0] Unikezelo lwe-Ballot: I-PAC- edilogi efakelweyo inceda abatshayeli abafana no-Evan McMullin (206 ezimele) kunye noJorgensen (20 Libertarian) ukufumana ibhola yokufaka ibhola kumazwe amaninzi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imali yokulinganisa yesiqhelo: kubangenisi besithathu abaphakamisa imali eyaneleyo, iminikelo yePAC ingabalwa ngakumqobo wokufumana imali yonyulo jikelele (nangokuba imithetho inzima).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ilahleko ezenzekelayo kwinkcitho yentengiso ye-octives ezingundoqo inyuse ukuqatshelwa kwegama kwabaqwalaseli abaswele umoya ngandlel ’ ithile.
  • izibheno ze-down-ballot:[ ii-PACs ezingezo zidityaniswa zisoloko zixhasa icandelo lesithathu le-ofisi ezisezantsi (indlu yowiso-mthetho yasentla, ibhunga lesixeko), ukwakha ibhenji eyomeleza iingca zeqela.

Enye impumelelo ephawulekayo: ngo-2020, ummilisela womongameli weLibertarian Party uJorgensen wafumana amavoti angaphezu ko-1.8 ezigidi (1.2%) ) ingxelo yeqela kodwa encinane kakhulu kukulindela. I-PAC engadityaniswanga ichithe ngaphezu kwezigidi ze-$1, esenokuba yamncedayo ukuba afumane olo voti phezu kwezixhobo zephulo leCHOVAID-era.

Uthelekiso Nee-PAC Eziphezulu

Uninzi lwabafundi ludida iiPaC ezingadibaniyo neePAC eziphezulu. Umahluko ubalulekile:

  • [[UMTL:0] IPACS ezidityanisiweyo zeNon zingamkela iminikelo efikelela ku-$5 000 ngonyaka ukusuka kubantu ngabanye kwaye zinokunika abaza kufumana (ukuya ku $5 000 (unyulo ngalunye). Baphantsi kwemida yomnikelo.
  • [[NTL:0] IpaCs (ngokoqobo "iikomiti ezizimeleyo ezinkcitho kuphela") zinganyusa iimali ezingenasiphelo ezivela kubantu, kumaqumrhu, nakumaqumrhu, kodwa azinakunikela ngqo kubathathi-nxaxheba okanye balungelelaniswe namaqela. Kufuneka basebenze ngokuzimeleyo.

Kwicandelo lesithathu labathathi-nxaxheba, ii-PACs zinika indlela yokungenelwa ekusebenziseni imali engapheliyo/kodwa kuba i-PACs enkulu ayinakudibanisa, zingalandela imimiselo engadityaniswanga ngokugqibeleleyo neyomhlomelo. I-PAC engadityaniswanga inika uncedo lwenkxaso yemali ethe ngqo, ethembeke ngakumbi ukufihlwa kweendleko ezisisiseko zephulo njengokuhamba kunye nentlawulo zabasebenzi. Imisebenzi emininzi yesithathu ikhetha iiPAC ezingadityaniswanga nesizathu, nangona umlinganiselo womnikelo ulinganisela umlinganiselo opheleleyo.

Kumaxesha onyulo akutshanje, iiPAC ezimbalwa eziphezulu zenzelwe ukuxhasa ngokukhethekileyo abathathi-nxaxheba besithathu (umz. "AmaMelika ukwenzela uDolophu olungcono" kwi 2020 yabazakwabo abazimeleyo). Noko ke, ukunqongophala komanyano kunye nobungozi obusemthethweni bentsebenziswano kwenza iPACs ibe yinkxaso encinane kakhulu yecandelo lesithathu kuneePAC ezingeyo.

Imouse Yexesha Elizayo

Indima yeePAC ezingadityaniyo ekuxhaseni abathathi-nxaxheba besithathu idla ngokukhula njengoko ukunganeliseki kwabantu ngenkqubo yecandelo lesibini inyuka.

  • [[UMTL:0] Kwintlawulo yemali: iqonga lamanani lenza kube lula nge PAC ukuya kwintlawulo encinci ephuma kulo lonke ilizwe.
  • ukuvota okucetyiweyo: Njengokuba amazwe amaninzi emkela ukuvota okucetyisiweyo, abazakwabela okwesithathu bayaphumelela, betsala utyalo-mali lwePAC.
  • [[NTLALA:0] Imali enika inkxaso-mali yotshintsho: umthetho omiselwe, njengoMthetho weDSCLOSE, unokoyisa iimfuno zokutyhila, kodwa awuzukuphelisa iiPaC ezingeyodityanisiweyo.
  • Amandla ombane: Intshukumo ezifana ne "Nkanjani Trump" Riphabliki kunye ne "Green New Develop" abaxhasi bobabini bafuna iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa kwicandelo elikhulu, ipetroli yomsebenzi wePAC.

Ngoko, imiqobo yokwakha ishiyekile. Indlela yokufumana unyulo, ulawulo lwamaqela amabini amakhulu ekuqokeleleni imali, kunye nejongo lolwazi kwi "umgqatso wamahashe" lulinganisela zonke izinto ezinokwenzeka kwicandelo lesithathu lengxaki. IPAC engadityanisiweyo ingadambisa kodwa ingazicimi ezi zithintelo.

Isiphelo

I-PACs engadityanisiweyo ihlala kwindawo eyodwa nebalulekileyo kwimali yephulo laseMerika. Kubantu abathathu abalwayo ngokuchasene noovimba abaqinileyo be-Democratic kunye neRiphabliki, le mibutho ezimeleyo inika inkxaso engqalileyo, izibhengezo ezizimeleyo, kunye neengcakazo ezinika umahluko phakathi komgudu we-quixcotic kunye nephulo lokukhuphisana. Ngelixa ijongene neengxaki ezingokwasemthethweni, iingxaki zemali, kunye nee-pacs ezingeyonxibelelwano, ezingekho mdibaniselwano zibonise amandla azo okuphakamisa amazwi esithathu eqela elinobuchule bokufaka ukhuthulo lwe-"_ukuxhobisa i-folovolulo olunyanisekileyo kwibhokisi yebhola.

Njengokuba ukwenziwa kwemeko-bume yezobupolitika kuguquka, ulwalamano lwe-symbiotic phakathi kwe-PACs ezidityanisiweyo kunye nesithathu sabathathi-nxaxheba luza kuba lukhulu ngakumbi. Ukuqonda indlela ezi komiti ezisebenza ngayo, imida yazo esemthethweni, kunye nexabiso lazo elifanelekileyo libalulekile kuye nabani na onomdla kwikamva leenguqu zonyulo eUnited States. Ukuqhubeka kufundo, jongana ne PALT:0] FEC Isikhokelo sePAC okanye uphandolo lobucala logcino lwe-paC u-opensecrets's logcino lwexesha elizayo lwe-PACC ukubona indlela abangelungeneyo olungalungeneyo olulungeneyo lwesithathu kwimijikelezo-o-okhi.