Imisebenzi yezonyango (PSYOP) iye yaba yinto engundoqo kumaphulo angoku okulwa nobugrogrisi. Ngoxa izenzo ze-kinetic zibalaselisa imixholo yezihloko, idabi leentliziyo neengqondo ngokufuthi limisela impumelelo ende okanye ukungaphumeleli kwemigudu yokuthoba amaqela angomelelayo. Ngokuphembelela ingqiqo, iimvakalelo, kunye nezenzo, i-PSYOP ijolise ekunciphiseni isisongelo esibangelwa yimibutho yabanqolobi ngaphandle kokuthembela ngokubhekiselele kumkhosi othe ngqo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima ekhoyo yemisebenzi yengqondo echasene nomatshini, ukuvavanya iinjongo zabo ezicwangciiiii, ukuphunyezwa kwembali, imiqathango yemimiselo yesimilo, nemida esesikweni emele ilawule ukusetyenziswa kwabo.

Ukuqonda Imisebenzi Yengqondo: Ingcaciso Nenkqubo Yendaleko

Imisebenzi yezolwazi ngengqondo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yimisebenzi yokuxhasa ulwazi lwasemkhosini (MISO) eUnited States, ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa konxibelelwano olucwangcisiweyo ukudlulisela inkcazelo ekhethiweyo kunye nezikhombisi kubantu abangaphandle. Injongo kukuphembelela iimvakalelo zabo, iinjongo, iinjongo, kwaye ekugqibeleni indlela yokuziphatha yoorhulumente bangaphandle, imibutho, amaqela, nabantu ngabanye. Kulo msebenzi ochasene nobuphekula, abajolise kujolise abagrogrisi abasebenzayo kuphela kodwa kwanabasebenzi babo, abaxhasi bemali, kunye nabemi abangaburhulumente abanokuthi banikeze inkxaso okanye inkxaso esebenzayo.

Ingcamango yemfazwe yengqondo yeyamandulo, kodwa ukuqatshelwa kwayo ngokusemthethweni phakathi kwemfundiso yale mihla yomkhosi womkhosi kumhla wemfazwe yehlabathi II. I-ofisi ye-U.S. yeSebe leMigangatho (OS) kunye namaBritane ayo aphuhlisa iphulo elincumisayo lokutyhalela phambili imikhosi yotshaba kwaye aphelise imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yabemi. Ngexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo, i-PYYOP iguqukela ekubeni isebenza ngokusisigxina phakathi kweU. umkhosi we-U.S. kunye namanye amazwe anxulumene nobuchule. Ngokunyuka kobuphekula i-trikistiki kwii-patroyidi ezimanyeneyo ngoo 1990 kunye nemfazwe yehlabathi lonke, i-9/11 yemfazwe yolonke ekwimidabi yehlabathi, i-PSYOP iqhela ukujolisa abangenga babadlali babadlali baphezulu abasebenza ngaphaya kwemidabi. Namhlanje, imisebenzi yengqondo idityani emalunga engquzukisayo, isuka kwizixhobo zobupolishini zentlalo.

Indima ecwangcisiweyo yePSYOP ekuchaseni ubunqolobi

Amaqhinga okulwa nezenzo zobuphekula adla ngokugxininisa ukuhlasela komkhosi, ukuhlasela kwe-drone, kunye nezenzo zomthetho. Noko ke, la manyathelo okuzikhusela ngokwawo awakwazi ukucombulula unobangela wezenzo ezimandundu okanye ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwezakhono zobugrogrisi. I-PSYOP igcwalisa lo msantsa ngokuhlasela iingcinga kunye neziseko zengqondo ezixhasa amaqela abanqolobi. Iinjongo ezicwangcisiweyo zePYYOP ekuchaseni kobuphelisi be-orbistrobistism zingabekwa kwiqela amane angundoqo.

Ukuphikisa Intsingiselo Nokubuyiselwa

Imibutho yamaphekula isebenzisa kakhulu iingcamango ukutsala amalungu amatsha. Amaqela afana ne-ISSES kunye ne-AĺQaeda avelisa iividiyo ezichuliweyo, amaphephancwadi ane-intanethi, kunye namajelo eendaba akhuthaza ugonyamelo kunye nomvuzo wokomoya. I-MSYOP ingqina oku ngokubhenca ubukho benkohlakalo bolawulo olunenkohlakalo, ibalaselisa ukubandezeleka kwabemi phantsi kolawulo lwabanqolobi, nokunika ezinye iindlela ezifanelekileyo. Umzekelo, u-U-UMyalelo waseMbini “U-Acimo-ntle u-mva u-mval'” wasebenzisa iphulo lwezelo-mediscio lwentlalo ukucel uluvolo oluthe ngqo ngezibakalaniso kunye neengxelo ezivela kumalungu angaphambili. Ngokusasaza ulwazi oluyinyaniso malunga neziphumo zokudibana neqela labagrogrisi, i-PSOP ngenjongo zokunciphisa isibhengezo kukhundla sabantu abachala.

Ukuxhathisa Inkxaso Ethandwayo Yamaqela Abanqolobi

Abanqolobi abanakusebenza ngaphandle kokuxhasa abantu basekuhlaleni. Baxhomekeke kwizindlu ezikhuselekileyo, inkxaso, kunye nolwazi oluvela kwiindawo ezisebenza kuzo. I-MSYOP ijolise kule nkxaso ngokukhuthaza ukungathembani phakathi kwabemi kunye namajoni. Imiyalezo ingabalaselisa ukutshatyalaliswa okubangelwa yimisebenzi yamaphekula, ukuphulukana nemisebenzi yokuziphilisa, okanye ukuhlaselwa kwabantu besizwe esinye okanye beqela lonqulo. Ngokomzekelo, i-PSOPSOP ixhase ukuphembelela ukurhoxiswa kwenkxaso ethandwayo yeFARC ngokugxininisa ukubanda kweqela labanqolobi ekurhwebeni ngeziyobisi nokuqwenga, imisebenzi ekwantilekisa abantu basemaphandle.

Iingxaki Ezikhuthazayo Neziphoso

Elinye lamanyathelo angqalileyo empumelelo ye-PSYOP linani lokuphambuka kumaqela abanqolobi. Ngemiyalezo ejoliswe kulo. Ngokusoloko inikelwa ngonomathotholo, amaphetshana, okanye igama lomlomo `abasebenzi banika uvuselelo, indlela ekhuselekileyo, kunye namathuba okuphinda-phinda-phinda abalwa abaphantsi kwe-STRAP. “I-Voice of the Mujahid” usasazo lukanomathotholo e-Afghanistan, uqhutywa ngurhulumente wama-Afghanistan kunye no-U.S. Inkxaso, iquka rhoqo ubizo lokuba abalwani badibani babeke phantsi iingalo zabo baze babuyele kwiintsapho zabo. Ngokufanayo, amaphetshana aphosa phezu kwamangingqi ye-ISSISàbettlet , amacandelo athenjiweyo alungileyo kunye noncedo lwemali kwabo banikezelayo. Le misebenzi isebenzisa uloyiko lwendalo, ukudinwa, kunye nokudinwa kwamalungu amaninzi emva kwemfazwe.

Ukuguqula Imeko - bume Yolwazi

Kule nkathi yamanani, amaqela abanqolobi asebenzisa iqonga elifanayo njengehlabathi lonke. I-PSYOP izama ukuphazamisa amandla ayo okulawula ingxelo. Oku akuquki nje kuphela ukuvelisa ii-parative kodwa kubandakanya ukubhenca ukungangqini kunye nokubhenca intengo-ngxengxeza. Umzekelo, xa i-ISSIS isithi iyakha i-Islam computate, izinto ezisetyenziswayo zibalaselisa iingxelo zokonakala kwangaphakathi, ukubulawa kwamalungu ayo, nokuxhomekeka kweqela ekurhwetyweni kwe-oli kunye nentlawulo lwentlawulelo. Ngokuthomalalisa ukuthembeka kwenkcazelo yabagrogrisi, imisebenzi yengqondo inceda ukunqanda ukunwenwa kwengcamango yolwaphulo-mthetho kubaphulaphuli-lwazi abatsha.

Ubuchule neziqhagamshelanisi zemisebenzi yengqondo

Ukuphunyezwa kwePSYOP kuxhomekeke kwisixhobo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukusuka kumaziko eendaba ukuya kubugcisa bamanani obuphambili. Ukukhethwa kwesiqhagamshelanisi kuxhomekeke kubaphulaphuli abajoliswe kuko, kwimeko-bume yokusebenza, kunye neziphumo ezifunekayo zengqondo.

Imithombo Yezobugcisa Engokwesithethe: Iingceba, Unomathotholo Nomabonwakude

Phezu kwako nje ukunyuka kwemigangatho yamanani, imithombo yezosasazo yesithethe ihlala isebenza kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi apho ukufikelela kwi-intanethi kulinganiselweyo okanye kulawulwa zii-informations. Amagqabi aphantsi, asasazwa lula ukudlulisela imiyalezo elula: ukunikezela imiyalelo, ukunikezela ngemiyalelo, okanye izilumkiso malunga nengozi ezithile. Ngexesha lemfazwe yase-Iraq, i-U.S. amajoni alahla izigidi-zigidi zamaphecana phezu kwe-Coundjah neMosul, axelela abemi balapho ukuba baphephe iindawo ezithile okanye banike amanani okunxibelelana nazo iincam. Unomathotholo, njengo- “Radio Isteqal" e-Afghanistan, unika umsinga othe ngqo weendaba nengxeko lwe-Taliban. Uthelekiso-Television, apho unokuthi kusasazwe khona, uomeli bezoomeli bemali okanye ii-grogractic.

Imisebenzi yezobugcisa yamanani neyoluntu

I-PSYOP yanamhlanje isebenzisa kakhulu imigangatho yezentlalo-ntle yezentlalo yezobuzwe enjenge-Facebook, Twitter (ngoku engu-X), i-Telegram, kunye ne-YouTube. La maqonga avumela ukukhawuleza, ukujoliswe, kwaye ngokufuthi angaziwayo. Ukuchasana komsebenzi wokwenziwa kwe-PSTIOISIS, umzekelo, kuquka ukudalwa kweengxelo zenkohliso ezibandakanya ababhalisweyo abanokuba babhaliswe, ezikhokelela ekubonakaliseni inkxaso-data ekhoyo okanye ngokulula ukucutha ukhuseleko lweqela. Isebe le-U.S. Isebe leSebe “lokuhlasela uthungelwano-luvo lwamanani oluthe ngeendlela ezininzi, nangona eminye imigudu yajamelana nokugxekwa okucothayo okanye okungekho kwenkcubeko. Imisebenzi enzima isebenzisa ulwazi olukhulu lokufumana nokuzichananisa nokuhambisa imiyalezo yobuqu ekuthenelisa i-ontath-oth.

Icandelo loLawulo lweNtlalo-ntle yeNtshona Koloni

Imisebenzi yengqondo iyasebenza kakhulu xa idityaniswe nemicimbi yasekuhlaleni kunye neminye imisebenzi engeyoyoyamahlalo. Amajoni aqeqeshelwe i-PSYOP asoloko esebenza kunye neenkokeli zasekuhlaleni, izikhululo zonqulo, kunye nemibutho yobuntu ukuze akhe ukuthembana nokusasaza ulwazi. KwiPhilippines, e-U.S. amaqela e-PSOPSOP acebisa iMikhosi exhobileyo yasePhilippines ngendlela yokunxibelelana nabantu basekuhlaleni ukulwa nokhuthulo lwe-Abu Sayyaf Group. I-''''''''''''''' ivumela ukudibana kwe-projects' ukuba kuvumele unxibelelwano lwangaphakathi, nto leyo ibangela ukuba ikwazi ukutshintsha imiyalezo esekelwe kwintlungela ejongiweyo ngqo kubaphula-joni. Le ngca ibaluleke kakhulu kwimimandla apho iimpopeyithi zangaphandle zidiswa ngokukrokra.

Umzekelo: Isigqibo esingokwemvelo sokusebenza

Iphulo lokungqubana ngokuchasene ne-ISSIS eIraq nase-Syria lilungiselela uphando lwangoku lwe-PSOP edityanisiweyo, izixhobo zokunxibelelana ngezixhobo zamajelo eendaba, kunye nenkqubo zikanomathotholo zasetyenziswa kwikhonsathi kunye nemisebenzi yomoya kunye nemisebenzi yasemhlabeni. Imiyalezo yagxininisa intlonelo ekhoyo ngemikhosi yamajoni asekuhlaleni, ngoxa ibalaselisa iISSIS inkohlakalo. Ngokungathi ukutshatyalaliswa kweendawo zembali, ukubulawa kwabemi, kunye nokunyanzelelwa okungqongqo kwemithetho yonqulo. Iphulo lasebenzisa amajelo-mente ukuguqula izixeko zangaphambi kwe-ish kunye nemifanekiso etsha etshaye yatshatyalaliswa yimfazwe, iqinisekisa ukuba iqela lenza umonakalo kuphela. Uphengululo lwabonisa ukuba le migudu yanegalelo ekuweni ngokukhawuleza kwenkxaso yabangasese kwimimandla emininzi.

Uphando lwePSYOP kwiPSYOP ephikisa ubunqolobi

Ukuhlolisisa amaphulo angqalileyo kubonisa indlela onokwenza ngayo utyando lwengqondo nolungagqibeleliyo.

Imfazwe Egudla Uthuthu: I - Iraq neAfghanistan

E-Afghanistan, e-U.S.I. PSYOP isebenzisa izitishi zikanomathotholo, isasaza amaphecana, kunye nokuqhuba “iholo yetown” iintlanganiso ukuzuza inkxaso yeRiphabliki yase-Afghanistan nokuthoba iTaliban. Noko ke, ukuthunga-jikwa kwenkcazo nenkcubeko yamatyala ngamanye amaxesha kwakuphazamisa le migudu. Umzekelo, amaphecana abonisa iinja (ezigqalwa njengezingacocekanga kwizithethe ezininzi zamaSilamsi) okanye ukusebenzisa umfanekiso obonisa ukuba izizwe zakusekuhlaleni zazicinga ukuba zinziwe ngokuchasene nomva. E-Iraq, i-Iraq YoP, yaxhasa i-“An Awakeningling" ngokukhuthaza amazwi ezizwe zaseSunni ezajika e-IraqQada e-Iraq, kodwa impumelelo yayifutshane kuba i-palphile .

Ukumelana Nengcamango Yesilumko

Umlo nxamnye neISIS mhlawumbi wabonakala usetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-PSYOP yemivo. Lo mbutho wadala umbutho we- “I-Iraq kunye nama-Siriya oqhelekileyo, ukhuthaza ukuba kwabiwe amabali okuxhathisa i-ISSIS, ngokufuthi okuhlekisayo okanye okuchukumisayo. Imposiso ka-ISSIS yaye yakhutshwa, kunye nokubhenca okudibeneyo okungachananga kweqela. Noko ke, ucelomngeni olukhulu lwalukukuba ngexa i-PSYOP inokuthi inciphise isibheno se-IS kuluntu olungenamsebenzi, yayinesiphumo esilinganiselwe kwimikhosi eqinileyo eyayingaphakaliswanga kulwazi lwangaphandle.

Impixano YaseColombia (FARC)

Imfazwe ende yaseColombia engquzulanayo neFARC inika umzekelo owahlukileyo. Urhulumente wasebenzisa unomathotholo, amaphecana, kunye nesandisi-sandi sokunxibelelana ukuze anxibelelane neFARC abalwanisi. Imiyalezo yagxininisa ukuxolelwa, ukubandezeleka okubangelwa yimfazwe, nokunqongophele kwenkxaso ethandwayo yokungalawuleki. Kwakhona urhulumente wasebenzisa i-PSYOP ukukhuthaza ukungathembana phakathi kwe-FARC phakathi kwesigaba se-2391 kunye nolawulo lwabo oluphezulu, uxanduva oluphezulu. Le migudu yanegalelo ekuphembeleni okukhulu, ingakumbi emva kwesivumelwano soxolo 2016, xa abalwanento ekhetha ukubuyisa kwakhona i-practive kunokuba baqhubeke nokulwa.

Ucelomngeni Nezinto Ezisikelwe U umda

Nangona isenokuvela, i - PSYOP ijongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo enokunciphisa ukusebenza kwayo okanye ibangele imiphumo engacwangciswanga.

Ukuzivumelanisa Kwamaqela Abanqolobi

Imibutho ekhuthaza ukukhuthuza i-Extremist iyakhawuleza ukutshintsha imiyalezo yayo ukuze imelane norhulumente PSYOP. Umzekelo, xa amaphetshana adibeneyo enika imivuzo yolwazi malunga neenkokeli ze-ISSIS, i-ISIS yaphendula ngokukhupha izilumkiso ezisasazwayo zokuba nabani na obambana nemikhosi yomanyano uza kubulawa, kwaye isoloko yenza imizekelo yabazibonelelo abarhanelwayo. Oku kwabangela isiphumo esikhwankqisayo esanciphisa amandla e PSYOP. Ngaphezu koko, amaqela abanqolobi angasebenzisa kakubi naluphi na uhanahaniso kwimiyalezo karhulumente, umzekelo, ukuba iphulo lithembisa uncedo lokunceda abantu ngexa umoya ubangela iingxhulumps zibangela iingxhumo, ukukhohlakala.

Ukuphumelela

Ukwandisa impembelelo yemisebenzi yengqondo kunzima kakhulu. Ngelixesha ukuhla kwephetshana kulinganiswa ngokwenani leekopi okanye kuqikelelwa ukuba kufikelelwe, ukuguqulelwa ekubeni kuncitshiswe ukhuthuzo okanye ulwando kuphantse kungabi nakwenzeka ngaphandle koqokelelo olunzulu lobuntlola. Uhlolisiso kunye namaqela agxininisa anokunikezela ngogcino-lwazi, kodwa kwiingingqi zemfazwe ziyingozi kwaye zixabisa kakhulu. Abalawuli abaninzi baxhomekeke kubungqina obukhoyo bokufumana irekhomputha, okanye abalwanisi besithi beva usasazo lukanomathotholo, okanye ukuvunywa kwempembelelo yephepha. Oku kukungabikho kwemiqathango kwenza kube nzima ukuthethelela uqingqo lwePSOPSYP xa kuthelekiswa neziphumo ezicacileyo zomoya okanye ii-arhente.

Ukhuseleko Olusebenzayo Nebhabhari

I-PSYOP ebonwa njengekhohlisayo okanye esetyenziswayo ingaba nemiphumo engalindelekanga. Ukuba umyalezo wobuxoki utyhilwa, ingonakalisa ukuthembeka kwayo yonke imisebenzi elandelayo kwaye ide inciphe ukuthembana korhulumente wonke. Ngaphezu koko, izinto ze-PSYOP ezicelelwa abaphulaphuli bangaphandle zingathintelwa zisetyenziswe ngabagrogrisi ukuqokelela okanye ukuphengulula okanye ukutshintsha izinto. Umzekelo, ijelo lokusasaza elibonisa izenzo zobungendawo elinziwe ngurhulumente linokuboniswa njengobungqina benkohlakalo yorhulumente. Ukhuseleko lomsebenzi lufuna ucwangciso olucothayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthombo we-PSOP ayinakugcinwa okanye incitshiswe.

Ukujongana Nolawulo Olufanelekileyo

Ukusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi yengqondo echasene nezobuphengululi kuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Kukho umngcipheko wokuba i-PSOP ijongeke njengendlela yokuqhatha amaxabiso edemokhrasi. Umthetho wehlabathi jikelele ulawula iinkalo ezininzi zemisebenzi yolwazi, kodwa i-PSYOP kufuneka ihambe kwindawo entle phakathi kwenkxaso esemthethweni yolwazi kwaye ithintele ukusasaza ukusasaza ugonyamelo. Kukho nomngcipheko wokuba i-PSOPSOP inokuba ijolise kubantu basekhaya, nto leyo ekwalelwe kumazwe amaninzi. Umzekelo, ngexesha lemfazwe ye-Iraq, kukho iziganeko apho i-PSYOP ebhekiswe kwingingqi yabemi bamanye amazwe abafikayo, ikhuthaza ukuphembeleka koompoxo olujoswe kurhulumente kubantu bayo.

Imisebenzi ye-PSYOP iyahluka-hluka ngokwezizwe. EUnited States, imisebenzi ye-PSYOP ivunywa liSebe loKhuselo kwaye kufuneka ivumelane nemithetho ethintela ukuphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke eUnited States. ISebe leSebe leSizwe leMicimbi yoLuntu likwanendima echasene nonxibelelwano loluntu lwe-76extremism. Noko ke, ukwanda okukhawulezileyo kwe-PSYOP nokusetyenziswa kwezindlu zabucala kuye kwabangela izithuba zokuphatha. Imigaqo yezoburhulumente igxininisa ukuba i-PSOPSOP isoloko isekelwe kwizibakala eziqinisekisiweyo, ukuba ifanele iphephe ukukhuthaza ugonyamelo, nokuba ifanele ihlonele izithethe kunye nokuphatha inkcukuthelela konqulo.

Ikamva LePSYOP Ngokuchasene Nobunqolobi

Njengokuba ubugcisa buqhubeka, izixhobo kunye nemisebenzi yengqondo. Ubukrelekrele kunye nomatshini wokufunda sele zihlolwa ukwenza imiyalezo ejoliswe ebantwini abanobuchule obugqithisileyo. I-Deefakes kunye ne-II ediverrative ikho namathuba kunye nomngcipheko. Zingenza ii-crobistics ezinyanzelisayo ezichasene ne-23505050, kodwa zingenza izixhobo zokulwa. Umgca phakathi kwe-PSOP kunye nemfazwe yolwazi olubanzi udibene, ingakumbi njengoko urhulumente ujikeleziso oludityanisiweyo lwemirhumo yokulwa ne-projekthi ezisoloko zidibana neenjongo ezichasene ne-croot. I-PSOPSOP yexesha elizayo izakufuneka isebenze kwindawo apho ulwazi lungalawuleki, ukuthemba kuyinto engaqhelekanga, nabatshaba oluntluntluke ngokulinganayo.

Enye indawo ephumayo kukusetyenziswa kwemichiza “i-inchid” : imicebisi emincinci, ephantsi, indlela yokuziphatha enyanzelisa abantu ukuba bangabi nanto igqithisa ngaphandle kokuyekelela. Umzekelo, ulwazi olulula kwiqonga lezentlalo-ntle olukhumbuza umsebenzisi ngemiphumo yokubukela izinto ezigqithisileyo lunganciphisa ukuthembisana ngokunempumelelo kunephulo lokuphakamisa elipheleleyo. Ezi microorgvenogement zinzima kumaqela abanqolobi ukuba balwe kuba basoloko besebenza ngaphantsi komgangatho wolwazi oluphaphileyo.

Ekupheleni, imisebenzi yengqondo isebenza njengengcinga egxekayo, nangona isoloko ingahoywa, iinkqubo zokulwa nobuphekula. Xa iphunyezwa ngobuchule benkcubeko, ubunyani, kunye nokuzibamba, i-PYYOP ingenza ukuthomalalisa ukusetyenziswa kobugrogrisi, ityhalela phantsi ii-intanethi zenkxaso, kwaye ikhuthaza ukurhoxa ngokunciphisa imfuneko yamandla e-kainetic. Noko ke, iingxaki zokulinganisa, ukuchanaba kwabachasi, kunye nomngcipheko wendlela esesikweni zifuna ukuphuculwa ngokuqhubekayo kwemfundiso kunye nolawulo. Njengoko ulwazi olusingqongileyo luqhubeka luntsonkothile, indima ye-PYYOPFFOP [2] ekulungiseni ulwazi lwedabi ye-Dirlitialctives [FFFT], [FFFFS]