Ukwazisa: Amandla Angenantiyo Okusebenza Kwabemi EJapan

Idemokhrasi yaseJapan isoloko ichazwa njengenkqubo ephezulu ephantsi elawulwa yiLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) kunye nezixhobo ze-bhureaucracy ezinamandla. Kodwa ngaphantsi kwalo mgangatho uzinzileyo, intsebenziswano yezentlalo iye yalungisa kwakhona imimandla yesizwe yezobupolitika. Ukusuka kumaphulo achasene nongcoliso lwendalo kwii-1960 ukuya kwingcinezelo ye-Fukushima, abemi abaqhelekileyo baye bahlela, baqhubiswa, kwaye baphikisa ukuqhuba imithetho yeqela kwimicimbi yentlalo-ntle neyobume bendalo. Le migaqo ayiyiyo ibaluleke kakhulu kwindlela amaqela eJapan ehamba ngezopolitiki, alungelelanisa ngayo, alungeleneyo, asabela nakunyamezela uluntu. Ukuqonda indima yabo ityhila amandla okudlala phakathi kwezenzo zengca kunye namandla eeprotrosteroli kwinxalenye ezininzi ze-e-E Asia.

Ukusebenza kwemibutho yoluntu eJapan kuxhomekeke ekuzingiseni kwayo kunye nokwahluka-hlukene kobuchule. Baye basebenzisa imiboniso yesitrato, ukukhahlela abathengi, ukucelw'iintelekelelo, kunye namaphulo e-megatheneyo entlalo-ntle ukuze bakhulise iimfuno zabo. Amaqela ezobupolitika qhawe yi-LDP, iKomeito, kunye nenkcaso. Ngokunjalo, siye sanyanzeleka ukuba sifake ezi mfuneko kwiiplatfomu zabo, kodwa kusoloko kusetyenziswa iindlela zolwandona okanye ezomfuziselo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iimvelaphi zembali zemibutho yamaJapan, iintlobo neenjongo zayo ezahlukeneyo, iimpembelelo zazo ezicacileyo kwimigaqo yelifamejiko-zwe, kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo abajamelana nazo. Ngokwenjenjalo, sibalasemdlalw

Imvelaphi Yemibutho Yeicvic EJapan

Isithethe seJapan solungelelwaniso loluntu saqalisa ukuphuhliswa emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, njengoko ilizwe lamkela ulawulo-siseko phantsi kolawulo loburhulumente lwamaZwe ahlangeneyo. Lo mgaqo-siseko mtsha waqinisekisa amalungelo asisiseko, kuquka ilungelo lokuhlanganisana nomanyano loxolo. Abahlali baqalisa ngokukhawuleza ukwakha amaqela okuxhasa uxolo, amalungelo emisebenzi, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabantu.

IMibutho yeNkxaso yoXwevu neNkxaso yasemva kweMfazwe (1945-1960)

Ngasekupheleni koo1940 kunye nowe-1950, amaqumrhu oxolo aqalisa ukuphendula kwiNtlanganiso yeQela yoTrade (Sōhyō) njengeBhunga Eliqhelekileyo le-United States. Ingqungquthela enkulu kunye neentlanganiso zezobupolitika zalungiselela ukufuna iimeko ezingcono zokusebenza nokuchasa iinkqubo ezithe ngxiswa ze-LDP entsha. Ngokwangoko, kwavela intsebenziswano yoxolo ngenxa yemfazwe yoMkhosi woMkhosi nokhuseleko lwaseJapan nolunxulumene ne-Union-U.S.1960 Isivumelwano sokhuseleko (Apo) samazwe (Anpo) sabandakanya izigidi zabemi kulo lonke elo lizwe. Nangona ekugqibeleni savunywa, ukurhoxatyo okunga kweNkulumbuso uNobusbus Kieshi kwanya kwanya ukurhoxiswa kwemikhosi yabemi.

Isenzo sokusingela kwimekobume nesoMququzeleli (60s-1970)

Ulungiso lwezoqoqosho lwazisa ungcoliso olunzulu lwemizi - mveliso, olukhokelela kwizifo ezifana ne- imamatia nesifo se-itai-itai. Amaxhoba kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleni basungula ukuqhekeza amadabi asemthethweni nxamnye neenkampani, ukuphumelela kwemithetho ephawula izinto eyanyanzela urhulumente ukuba omele umele urhulumente aqinise imimiselo yemekobume. Le ntshukumo yayiphakathi kweyokuqala ukusebenzisa ukuguqula inkqubo. Amaqela e-Citizentellitians anyanzelela urhulumente ukuba amisele uMthetho osisiseko woLawulo lwemekobume bomhlaba ngo1967, kunye noMthetho we-Active Icetural Assesssion.

Imountswana yabafundi nentsha yasekhohlo (1968-1970)

Ekupheleni koo-1960 kwaqhankqalazwa igagasi labafundi kwiiyunivesithi kulo lonke elaseJapan, benyanzela utshintsho lwemfundo kwaye bechasa imfazwe yaseVietnam. Ngoxa le ntshukumo yayidla ngokuqhekeka yaza ekugqibeleni yapheliswa, bashiya ilifa lokulungelelaniswa kwabaphathi-mikhosi abachaseneyo norhulumente kwaye badala ingxubusho kawonke-wonke kwimibandela enjengenkululeko yemfundo nendima yokhuseleko yeJapan.

Iintsebenziswano ezinkulu zeqela lemipu kunye nempembelelo yenkqubo

Intshukumo ye-CBIC eJapan namhlanje ibalasele kakhulu, ukususela ekukhuseleni imekobume ukusa ekulinganani kwesini. Iinkqubo zayo zisuka kutshintsho olungqalileyo lwemithetho ukuya kutshintsha intetho yesidlangalala, nto leyo ebangela ukuba amaqela atsale imilinganiselo emitsha.

Intshukumo yokusingqongileyo

Umbutho wokusingqongileyo waseJapan uye waguquka ukusuka ekulweni nongcoliso lwasekuhlaleni ukuya kulungisa imozulu yomhlaba wonke. Imibutho engangeni ngeniso enjenge-Japan Environmental Alliance neFee Japan iye yafuna ukuhlaziywa kwakhona ngenxa yamandla anokuphinda i-oksease-gesi eshushu kunye nemilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu ye-frieat. Ngo-2012, emva kwentlekele yeFukushima, iqela lamaqela abami lanceda ukunyanzela inkqubo yeNational Diet ukudlulisa uMthetho we-Daaas-in Tariffiat, owenyusa amandla elanga kunye nomoya womoya. Kutsha kutshanje, uLwesihlanu lwexesha elizayo lwaseJapan luye lwabangela ukuhlasela, urhulumente ukuvuselela inkqubo yayo [[FLT: 0] ngakwi-eter-hell ngo-20[FLT] ngo-20:1]

Uxolo Neentshukumo Ezilwa Nenyukliya

IJapan ihlala ililizwe eliye lafumana iibhombu ze-athom, inika intshukumo yalo yoxolo igunya elikhethekileyo lokuziphatha. Ukuqhankqalaza okuxhaphakileyo kokulwisana nezixhobo zenyukliya emva konyaka ka-2020 Fukushimaichi kwakungakaze kubonwe ngomlinganiselo kunye nexesha. Ngo-2012, umboniso omkhulu phambi kweDiet watsala abantu abangaphezu kwama-200 000. Ngelinye ixesha urhulumente we-LDP walwa nomkhosi wamanzi wokuvala iintsimbi ngokusisigxina, uxinzelelo oluqhubekayo lwakhokelela ekuvezweni kwemilinganiselo yokhuseleko engqongqo kunye nesigaba esingaphandle kamandla enyukliya. Ngoku uninzi lungavumela ukuqalisela phambili kwabasebenzi basekuhlaleni abasebenzi bezixhobo zokusebenza kwemi bomrhulu kunye nomkhosi woluntu.

IMibutho Elungelelanisiweyo YezeNtlalo NezeNtlalo

Iintsebenziswano zamalungelo amabhinqa kunye nokufakwa kwemiqathango yemibutho emincinane zikhule ngokubonakalayo nangempembelelo. Kukhoko umbutho wesizwe se-# seJapan's # Metoo) wazisa amatyala okukhathazwa ngokwesini nokuhlaselwa ngokwesini, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwiinguqu kwimigaqo-nkqubo yempatho yomsebenzi kunye nemithetho yezolwaphulo-mthetho yezolwaphulo-mthetho. LGBT+ amaqela akwaseburhulumenteni njengaseJaphani lilonke iJapan aye ancedisa kwinkqubela phambili yemibutho elinxulumene ne-ethe neentlobano zesini. Ngokwangokwase-2025, ngaphezu kwama-300 aye amisela imigaqo-mthetho enxulumene nemithetho ephakathi, kwaye avakalisa la malungelo awo afana nala macala akhoyo.

Intshukumo yokusebenza

Imibutho esetyenziswayo iye yabona ukuncipha kwamalungu, kodwa iindidi ezintsha zezenzo zokusebenza zivele phakathi kwabasebenzi abasebenza ixeshana kunye nabasebenzi abasebenza nge-gig. “Ippan Shokunin” nyakatho kunye namaqumrhu akhululekileyo alungelelaniswe ukufuna intlawulo elungileyo kunye nemigaqo-ntle yentlalo. Le migudu iye yafak ’ isandla ekupheliseni i-191818 yeMithetho-Mthethwe yeZimiselo zeSebe, eyasungula imimiselo yexesha elisisigxina kunye nentlawulo elinganayo yomsebenzi. I-LDP inyanzelekile ukuba ithethe ngolungelelwano lwemisetyenz ehlayo ehlayo ehlayo eJapan.

Ubuchule Bempembelelo: Indlela Iqela Elitshintsha Ngayo Umgaqo Weqela

Intshukumo yeCUBIC eJapan isebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ukuguqula inkqubo. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kungundoqo ekuqondeni ukusebenza kwazo.

Isenzo Esithe Tye kunye Nezenzo Zomsitho

Imiboniso emikhulu yesantya ivelisa ukhupho-lwazi olunamandla kunye nophawu lobuzwilakhe. Imibhiyozo yeAnti-Anto yowe-1960 kunye nentlanganiso yonyaka ka-2011-2012 echasene nezixhobo zenyukliya imizekelo ebalaseleyo. Izenzo ezinjalo zidla ngokuphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke kwaye zinokunyanzelisa amaqela ukuba aphinde athathe indawo yawo, nokuba angayitshintshi inkqubo yawo ngoko nangoko.

Ukungavisisani Nocelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni

Iinkundla zamaJapan ziye zahlala zibambelele kwimbali, kodwa iinkundla ezisesikweni zamaqela esizwe ziye zakhupha imithetho ebalulekileyo. Ukumangalelwa kwemekobume yee-1970 kwamisela iqhinga letyala lenkampani, lo gama ukumangalelwa kwakutshanje kungaphaya komtshato osisinyusi kunye nokhuseleko lwenyukliya kutyhale amaqela kunye nemithetho-mthetho ukuphendula ezi zithintelo. Uloyiso lwasemthethweni, nokuba kamva luye lwaphenjelelwa, ludala inkqubela yezopolitiko.

Ukuphanga Nokungalawuleki Komgaqo - siseko

Uninzi lwase-NGOs lusebenzisa imijelo esemthethweni, efana nokunikela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, ukudibana nabenzi bomthetho, kunye nokuba nenxaxheba kumabhunga eebhunga karhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, iJaphani yeshumi lama- 2000 laMabhinqa, yazimisela ngokunempumelelo ukudlula koMthetho osisiseko woMbutho we-Gender-Equal ngo-1999. Amaqela amancinane nawo anxibelelana namaqela aphikisanayo, ingakumbi iCDPJ kunye neQela lamaKomanisithi, ukuchaza amatyala kwiDioki.

Umgudu Wamajelo Amajelo Ehlabathi Nawamanani

Ijelo loluntu lokusebenza kwe-Web site lithobe umqobo wokungena kwimida yokuganana kwezentlalo. ITwitter kunye no-YouTube bavumela abaxhasi ukuba bathintele amajelo aphambili. Iphulo leMyHusband IAPAPEING Tom” elinxamnye nokuxhatshazwa kwamakhaya lafumana iimbono ezizizigidi ze-ogractial kwaye lanyanzela urhulumente ukuba ahlaziye imithetho. Izibongozo zamanani kwiqonga elifana noTshintsho.org nazo ziye zangqineka ziphumelela; isibongozo sowama 2022 zokunqanda unyango lokuguqula abantu ziqokelelwe zidityaniswe ziintsayinwe ezingaphezulu kwekhulu elinali-100 000 kwaye zanegalelo ekuvaleni ukuvalwa komthetho wokuphelisa utshintsho.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Ngobunzulu

Uhlolisiso Lokuqala: Intshukumo Elwa Nenyukliya Emva Kokushima

I-Great East Japan tsunami kunye ne-tsunami ngoMatshi 11, 2011, zabangela ukunyibilika kwenyukliya kwisityalo seFukushima Daiichi. Intshukumo yabemi yaqukuqela kulo lonke elo lizwe. NgoAprili 10, 2011, intlanganiso yaseTokyo yatsala amashumi amawaka efuna ukupheliswa kwenyukliya. Imibhiyozo yeveki ngeveki ngaphandle kweofisi yenkulu yaba ngumatshini ojikelezayo, ecwangciswe ngamaqela afana no- “Sonara Genpatsu" (Goote Niclear).

Intshukumo yaphumelela iziphumo ezininzi zekonkrithi. Yanyanzela owayesakuba nguMphathiswa weNkulumbuso Naoto Kan ukuba aqalise uphando lwenyukliya. Ngo-2012, urhulumente wasungula icebo elitsha lombane elijolise ekunciphiseni ukuxhomekeka kwenyukliya. Nangona i-LDP phantsi kwe Shinzo Abe kamva yajika yazinxenye zaloo cebo, intshukumo zasekuhlaleni zaphumelela ekunqandeni kwakhona umenzi wesixhobo sombane kwimikhosi emininzi. Ngo-2024, izithuthi zamandla e-amandla e-atroffairs zahlala zivaliwe, kwaye abantu baqalisa ukungawathembi mandla enyukliya. Iqela le qela lathiy'uthothotho iKometo's Pymone, i-LDP's elincinci kakhulu lisebenzisa ubuchule obuphezulu kwizixhobo zenyukliya, yenza nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi naleyo ingeniso eyongezo ezopolitiko.

Isifundo setyala 2: Intshukumo yokwamkelwa komanyano olufanayo

IJapan ishiyeka emva kwenkoliso yedemokhrasi etyebileyo kwi LGBT+ amalungelo. Kodwa i-active ixhaswe ngamaqela afana ukuqhuba ityala kuwonke waseJapan ngokuthe ngcembe ibangele utshintsho. Ngonyaka ka-2024, iNkundla ePhezulu yase Tokyo yaba nguMasipala waseJapan owaqala ukukhupha iziqinisekiso ezifanayo zomanyano. Abefundisi bathathe imbambano kwinkundla yenkundla yetyala, ityala kwimimandla emininzi. Ngo-2024, iNkupho ephezulu yeNkupho ithelela ukuba ukuviswa komtshato omnye kuchasene nomGaqo-omGaqo-siseko, ukwenza umsebenzi weziko onyanzela utyalo lwezotyalo ukuba kwenziwe. Amaqela ezobupolitika aphendule ngoku athetha: iCDPo ebonakalisa ngokusemthethweni, ngexesha lomtshato othe ngqo kwi-Pdis.[4]

Isifundo Setyala 3: Umzabalazo Wokulingana Kwabantu Abangenamaqabane

Umsantsa wesini waseJapan uhleli phakathi kobubanzi belizwe eliphucukileyo, kodwa i-plastiki etsala abafazi esusiwe. Umbutho , undululwe ngo-2017, ulawulo lwenkqubo yesondo kwiindawo zomsebenzi nezikolo. Abefundisi nabo baxhaswe ngokuphinda baqhutyelwa ukuphinda kulungiswe komthetho wokudlwengula, oye wagxekwa ngokufuna ubungqina bogonyamelo lomzimba. Ngo-2023, uDiet wagqithisa intengiso eyandisa ingcaciso yokudlwengula nokuphakamisa iminyaka eli-13 ukuya kwi-16, ngenxa yoxinzelelo olusuka kwimibutho yamabhinqa. Umbutho wakhuthaza urhulumente ukuba afumane izisulu zebhodi ezingama-30% zamabhinqa ngonyaka ngonyaka ka-2030, kunye nosukelo lwezoqoqosho. Ngoku ke kwathi “i-PGenethi ye-Express

Ucelomngeni Nezinto Ezisikelwe Imida

Phezu kwayo nje impumelelo ephawulekayo, imibutho yamaJapan ijamelana nemiqobo engapheliyo elawula impembelelo yayo.

Inkcaso Karhulumente Neengxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni

Umthetho waseJapan umisela imiqathango kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko ngemibutho engafumani ngeniso, ulinganisela amandla ayo okuthabatha inxaxheba kwiphulo okanye ukuxhasa. UMthetho woKhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ogxekwe njengesixhobo sokunqanda ukungavumelani, uye wasetyenziselwa ukukrola amaqela okusingqongileyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-LDP ephambili idla ngokunyanzelisa iintlobo ezidityanisiweyo zokwenza uxinzelelo lungabi nakusebenza, idlulisa umthetho wokomfuziselo kunokuba ihlaziyo.

Ukwahlulwa koMmandla

Amaqela amaninzi oluntu asebenzisa uqingqo-mali lwemitya yezihlangu, exhomekeke kwimirhumo yamatsha - ntliziyo neminikelo emincinane. Oku kulinganisela amandla awo okuqhuba uphando, ukuqesha abo baqeshileyo, okanye ukuxhasa amaphulo amade. Imekobume yendalo ikwahlukene, ngamaqela amancinane ajongene nemibandela emincinane, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukwakha iminqongo enqamlezeneyo.

Ukungakhathali Kukawonke - wonke Nokuguquka Kwesizukulwana

Ukwaluphala kwabantu baseJapan kunye nokusebenza ixesha elide kushiya ixesha elincinane lokuzilolonga. Izizukulwana eziselula zisengozini yokungenela i-intanethi kunokubhenela kwimigqaliselo yesitrato, nto leyo enokuthi ibangele iziphumo ezincinci kubenzi besigqibo seqela. “impembelelo engathethwayo” ithetha ukuba abantu abaninzi bavumelana neenjongo zokuhamba kodwa abazimisele ukuba nenxaxheba, ukunciphisa iindleko zezopolitiko kwimicimbi yabo engazikhathaleli.

Ukwenziwa komsebenzi kunye

Xa inkqubela ithe yaphumelela, ibeka ubomi bayo esichengeni sokungena kwinkqubo. Ngokomzekelo, i-NGOS edibanisa amabhunga karhulumente isenokusilela ukunyanzelisa iinguqulelo ezinamandla ngenxa yokulalanisa. Ngokufanayo, amaqhina abasebenzi aye ancipha njengoko eyinxalenye yokusekwa, ephulukana namandla awo okuphazamisa.

Iinkqubo eziguqukayo: Ikamva leZiko leMibutho YesiGqeba eJapan

Iphulo lobugcisa obutsha kunye nemilinganiselo etshintshayo yentlalo lilungisa indlela esebenza ngayo intsebenziswano. Iiqonga zezentlalo-ntle, ingakumbi i-Twitter kunye ne-TR, zivule ukuhlanganiswa okukhawulezileyo kwemibhiyozo ye-odokisi, njengokuba kuboniwe ngo-2019 “#WAntTo Beat the Park” iphulo eliye lazisa amawaka ukuba achase irhafu entsha. Iiqonga ezidibanisiweyo ezifana ne-Kampala ziye zasetyenziswa ukuxhasa imali esemthethweni kunye namaziko okuthengwa ngumbane. Ukunyuka kwe-"kukhuthaza abaxhasi abaxhasi bengcinezelo yemibatho kwimicimbi efana nemozulu neyahlukeneyo, ngokungeyo impembelelo yemibutho njengoko amashishini elungisa izikhundla zabo ezibhexeko.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuphinda-phinda kweentlekele zemvelo kunye nemozulu yomhlaba wonke kudala iintlobo ezintsha zomanyano olusebenzisanayo. Amalungu angenanayo phakathi kokusingqongileyo, ukungeniswa kwe-anti nyukliya, kunye namaqela oxolo enza amathuba amaphulo amakhulu, alungelelanisiweyo. Amaqela ezobupolitika aqalisa ukuqaphela, ngeCDPJ namaqela amancinane abangela ukhuthuzo olucacileyo kwii-international.

Isiphelo: Iqela leMisebenzi yeDemocratic Polsson

Iintsebenziswano ze-CBIC eJapan ziye zasuka kwimibhiyozo elawulwa kwindawo ethile ukuya kutsho kwimiba entsonkothileyo, eneziXhobo ezininzi ezibumbanisa inkqubo yesizwe. Zinyanzele amaqela ezobupolitika ukuba athethe ngongcoliso, ukhuseleko lwenyukliya, ukulingana kwamadoda namabhinqa, kunye namalungelo e-LGBTQ (isustues) anokuhlala ephantsi kwenkqubo elawulwa yi-LDP engqongqo. Ngoxa iingxaki zezixhobo, imiqathango esemthethweni, kunye nokusebenza kunye nokusebenza kunye kwemikhosi yesizwe zishiyeka, amandla aqhubekayo abenzi bomsebenzi wobumi ayaqhubeka efaka iingcamango ezintsha kwidemokhrasi yaseJapan. [[FLT:]] umbangoonobumba bezixhobo ezilawulayo ze-demokhrasi eJapan zixhomekeke ekugcineni indawo ngenxa yezi ntetho. Iqela lemikhosi yezomthetho-odmocracracking ayizuz ukungene kuphela kodwa iziphumo kwindlela yokuchola imikhosi ekwanelisa abantu abaza kumthetho.