Imvelaphi Yembali Yokulungelelaniswa Kwemisebenzi YaseJapan

Imibutho yangaphambili yokusebenza eJapan ayizange ivele kwi-athom. Imvelaphi yayo ibuyela emva kwiMeiji Resolution (1868-1912), ixesha loshishino olukhawulezayo olwadala udidi olutsha lomsebenzi kwimizi - mveliso, izigcayiseli, kunye nezigalo. Intshukumo zangaphambili zokusebenza zadityaniswa kwaye zacinezelwa phantsi koMthetho woLuxolo olondoloziwe ngurhulumente olawula amalungelo abasebenzi. Imanyano yokuqala yelizwe lonke yondliwa, iJapan General Federation of Labor (Sodomei), yasekwa ngo1921, kodwa yasebenza phantsi kolawulo oluqhubekayo lukarhulumente.

Ilizwe latshintsha ngokuphawulekayo emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Phantsi koMbutho Odityanisiweyo (1945-1552), amaqumrhu okusebenza akhuthazwa ngokukhutheleyo njengenxalenye yokuququzelelwa kolawulo-mthetho. UMgaqo-siseko ka- 1946 waqinisekisa ilungelo lokulungiselela, lokusebenzisana, nokubetha ngokudibeneyo. Amalungu omanyano anyuke kakhulu, afikelela kwizigidi ezili-12 ekupheleni koo1940. Eli xesha labona ukunyuka kwamaqhina alwayo anxulumene nentlalo kunye namaqela entlalo-ntle, ngokukodwa kwicandelo likawonke-wonke. Ngoo1950, amaqumrhu aye athelelane ngamandla kwigunya elinguququzelela urhulumente norhulumente, ukuhlalisa uluntu olunomsebenzi wobomi obuphezulu, unyuselo oluphezulu, kunye neenzuzo zentlalo lwezemali.

Ngonyaka ka-1970 kunye nee-1980 zazisa ucelomngeni. Ukuhla kwe-oyile kunye nokuhlahlela kwemibutho enzima. Amalungu aqalisa ukuhla kancinci njengoko iJapan yayibhekisa kwizoqoqosho lwenkonzo. Kodwa amaqhina ahlala efanelekile ngokwezobupolitika, ingakumbi ngokulungelelanisa kwawo iJapanan Traderace Confederation (RENGO), esungulwe ngo 1989. RENGNO idityaniswe imibutho yabucala phantsi kwezambulela enye, isebenzisa i-ekhwekhwe, ijonge ukuma okuninzi kwishishini ne-rhulumente. Oku kuphawule ukuguquka okusuka kungqubano ukuya kungqubano kwi-Phondo, ukubeka izikhundla zemali kulawulo lwezentengiselwano kumazwe aseJapan kunokuba kutshintshwe abantu abacekelelwn.

Ukwakhiwa Kwamamanyano Emisebenzi YaseJapan Nezibophelelo Zawo Zezobupolitika

Ukuqonda impembelelo yezobupolitika, umntu kufuneka aqonde indlela amaQela aseJapan alungelelaniswe ngayo. Ngokungafaniyo nomanyano olulungelelanisiweyo, olusekelwe kwinqanawa esetyenziswayo, oluxhaphakileyo oluqhelekileyo eUnited States, umbutho wokusebenza waseJapan ulawulwa yi-'enterremprest's. Olu manyano lubandakanya inkampani--ludibene, lugquma bonke abasebenzi abasebenza rhoqo benkampani enye. Basebenzisana nolawulo kwimveliso kunye nokhuphiswano, kodwa basasebenzisana ngemivuzo, iiyure, kunye neemeko zokusebenza. U-enpurise imibutho idityani idityaniswe kwimizimba yeshishini (umz., iPree. uG. iFreventer of Messicial Union) kwaye kwintlalo .

RENGO yeyona ndawo inkulu yesizwe, emele malunga nezigidi ezisixhenxe zabasebenzi (njengo-2023). Igcina unxulumano olusesikweni nolungacwangciswanga namaqela ezobupolitika. ngokwembali, iRENGO ilungelelaniswe nombindi-sekhohlo, ingakumbi i-Constialigational Democratic Partition of Japan (CDP) kwaye, ngaphambili, i-Rekhodio democratic Party yeJapan (DPJ). Noko ke, i-RENGO ibandakanya nomthetho LIBAral Democratic Party [LDP])[FOLT] kwimin, intsingiselo ephakathi kweziphumo ezithe ngqo zoburhulumente.

Ulwalamano lumiselwe ngamaziko amaninzi:

  • Amabhunga amapolisa:[ abameli bamaBhunga oMbutho bahlala kwiibhodi zogunyaziso zikarhulumente ukwenzela inkqubo yokusebenza, ukhuseleko loluntu, kunye nocwangciso lwezoqoqosho.
  • Isiphelo se RENGO kunye nemisebenzi yayo egunyazisa ngokusemthethweni, ikakhulu kwi CDP kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kumaqela eLDP anobuhlobo ekusebenzeni.
  • Inkxaso yezoqoqosho: Amamanyano anegalelo kwimali yezopolitiko nakwimisebenzi yephulo, nangona iikhopteyini ezingokwasemthethweni zicuthe inkxaso-mali engqalileyo ekuhambeni kwexesha.
  • Intshukumo yeInditutrium njengesixhobo sokuxhathisa: umsebenzi onzima wasentwasahlobo ([Shunto]) -- ifakelwe ixesha lokuphembelela uthetho lwemiba yonyaka, ingakumbi xa unyulo lukufuphi.

Le ndlela yokungena macala amabini ```Ixhase amaqela achaseneyo kunye nokuganana nge-LDP'' kunika impembelelo engalinganiyo xa kuthelekiswa nokuncipha kwamalungu abo sabelana (ngoku malunga ne 16% yabasebenzi).

Ummandla ongundoqo wenkqubo yempumezo ophenjelelwa yimibutho yabasebenzi

Utshintsho Lomthetho Wokusebenza

Umanyano luye lwasetyenziswa ekulungiseni ikhowudi yomsebenzi waseJapan. UMthetho weMigangatho ye-Labor [[FT:1] (1947) kunye iLabor Union Act (1949]) yayiyimveliso ezithe ngqo yomanyano lwangaphambili oluqhubela phambili. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, amaqhina atyhalela umva ongezelelo olugqithisileyo, alawula (ixesha elingephili,) abasebenzi, kwaye aqinisa izigwebo zomsebenzi ongekho semthethweni oqhelekileyo. [[FLTLT:] 2018] Umthetho woTshintsho lomsebenzi [[[FLT]: 5,], owazisa ixesha lokuqala, owavelisa ii-macamelo zexesha lokuqala, othwala ii-RENGCOCT, nangona uthenjiswe kakhulu izigqesho ezingo ze-ogno. [FLT.]

Umvuzo Omncinci Nokhuseleko Olungenayo

Ngeli xesha iJapan inemivuzo encinane yesizwe (ekuqaleni, iikomiti zolawulo zimisela amaqondo), amaqumrhu asebenzisa uxinzelelo kwiBhunga eliseMbindini loMbindi weWages. Abameli be-Union bahlala ecaleni kweshishini kunye namalungu oluntu. Ulwando lonyaka kumgangatho wobunzima besizwe womvuzo omncinci ohlawulwayo (ukusukela ku-020,780 ngonyaka ukuya kutsho ku-1910,000 ngo-2024) ukukhuthaza iphulo lokuzibandakanya ngokuqhubekayo, ingakumbi ukusuka kwi-RENGNO '" RENMAG 1000 Yann" iphulo.

Ukhuseleko nokhuseleko

Inkqubo yokhuseleko loluntu jikelele lwaseJapan kunye namalungiselelo oluntu omhlala-phantsi axhasa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwe-inshorensi yexesha elide. Kwiminyaka yee-1960, amaqumrhu afuna ngempumelelo ukuba urhulumente andise intlawulo kubo bonke abemi. Kutshanje, amaqumrhu aye alwa nokulwa nokurhoxa kwemali ehlawulelwa amayeza kunye nokungaphelelwa ngumhlala-phantsi. Basoloko benikela izicelo zemigaqo-nkqubo kwi-inshorensi yenkcenkcelele nenkxaso yomntwana ekhuthaza ubukho bawo kumabhunga (urhulumente, umsebenzi, ulawulo) azenzela izindululo zokhuseleko lwentlalo.

Ukulingana komgangatho wesihlunu kunye nolwamkelo lobomi bomsebenzi

Amamanyano aye ahambela phambili ngokungalindelekanga kwimiba yesini, eqhutywa linani elandayo lamalungu angamabhinqa kunye nokwanda kwabasebenzi abangengomalungu asemthethweni. Atyhalela kuMthetho wokuKhuthazwa Kwabafazi Nokuqhubeleka Kwabo Emsebenzini (2015), efuna iinkampani ukuba zimisele amaxhoba. Amamanyano akwaxhasa ngokukhutheleyo ukwanda kwekhefu labazali, iiyure zomsebenzi eziguqukayo, kunye nokuvalwa kokukhathazwa. Imigaqo zeRENGNO "Isenzo sobuGqeqesho" ikhuthaza iinkonzo zokuqhubana ngokulinganayo ngomsebenzi, umbutho ohambisana nezicwangciso zomsebenzi owenziwa emhlabeni wonke.

Imisebenzi ekhoyo kunye neMibutho yeQela:

Iqela leDemocratic Committee (LDP)

Nangona ingumsebenzi othe ngqo odityaniswe neshishini elikhulu, i-LDP inemigaqo-nkqubo engokwembali edibeneyo yokuzinzisa uluntu. I-Arhente ye-Inishorensi ye- ekwingingqi ye- 2000, eqokelela intengo yempesheni edityanisiweyo, ibandakanya igalelo elinzima lomanyano. Abalungiseleli abaphambili abafana noJunichizo-Koizumi noShinzo Abe basoloko bedibana neinkokeli ze-RENGO phambi kwezaziso semali. Iplatfomu idla ngokuthembisa "ibhanki" kunye "nethingi yokhuseleko loluntu, ulwimi olufuna ukuba kubekho umanyano, kwanjengoko ukungenelwa kwe-eququluko. Oku kwenza ukuba i-PGRANQAP' ibonise ukuba ifune izalane.

IQela leDemocratic (CDP)

ICDP likhaya lendalo lenkoliso yezobupolitika ezilungele ukudityanisiweyo. Ifakwe ngo-2017 ukusuka kwintsalela ye-DPJ namanye amaqela aphikisayo, iqonga leCDP lifuna ngokucacileyo uqinisekiso loncedo lomanyano, ukurhoxiswa koMsebenzi woMsebenzi woTshintsho lweNdlela yoTshintsho lweMsebenzi ngo-2018 kukungabikho kombutho woLuntu, abasebenzi, kunye nokwandisa impilo-ntle yabasebenzi abangengomalungu ebhadliyo. IBhunga le-CDNGO [[FLT: 0] iPlicy [ i-P] idibaniselwanoyifti emininzi yemiba yeCDP. Kwindawo yomsebenzi yonyuso-mthetho 201 ne 2023, abaquququluksholi beCD abamkela umbutho okhuthukileyo kwi-omatiko-omatika-omatika.

IQela lamaKomanisi laseJapan neReiwa Shinsengumi

Amaqela amaninzi atsala ekhohlo akwangenelwa kwinkxaso yomanyano, nangona ingacwangciswanga. Iqela lamaKomanisi laseJapan (JCP) ligcina udibaniso olunamandla nomanyano olwahlulwe kwiRENGO, ngokukodwa kwimfundo nakumacandelo ezithuthi. IReiwa Shinsengumi, iqela le populalist elasekwa ngumdlali-polician Taro Yamamoto, linentsebenzi abalwanisi abalwayo ngokungephindiweyo ngokulwa nokhuthulo oluphezulu. La maqela anqongongongopheleyo afumana izihlalo zomthetho wesizwe, kodwa aphembelela inkqubo yengxoxo ngokuqhubela phambili kwimibathotho enzima kunye nabaqhubi abaphantsi bengeniso esisiseko.

Ubuchule Bokusebenza: Ukusuka ekoyikeni ukuya kutsho kuMmandla Ongenamandla

Iziqu zabantwana abasebenzayo zaseJapan zivelise izixhobo ezintsonkothileyo ezisetyenziswayo ngaphaya kohlolo lwesithethe, ezinqabileyo ngenxa yemodeli yentsebenziswano yentsebenziswano. Elona qhinga liqhelekileyo yile i-Spring Offentive (Shunto), iziphumo ezilungelelanisiweyo zexesha lokuphendulana ukususela ngoMatshi ukuya kuMeyi ngonyaka. Iinkampani ezinkulu zimisela unyuko lwentengiso (umz. 3-4%), ukunxibelelana nolawulo, kwaye ke iziphumo zihla zihla zisiya kumafemente amancinane ngoshishino. Shusto zisoloko zinika uphawu kurhulumente enoba ukhuthazo okanye zifuna ngamandla kangakanani na.

Ezinye iindlela ziquka:

  • Ingxoxo ye- yobupolisa: iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo namagosa obulungiseleli, ingakumbi kuBulungiseleli bempilo, iLabour and Welfare (MHLW), apho abameli bemanyano bahlala kwiikomiti ezininzi.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-arhente ebhaliweyo: ifaka izimvo ezibhaliweyo ematyala, ingqina kwiikomiti zikaDiet, kwaye inxibelelana namalungu anobuhlobo akwindawo yonke.
  • [[FLT: 0] Amaphulo ePublic: izibhengezo ze-media ezibalekayo kunye nezixhobo zentlalo-ntle yemiba (umz. "Ima Karoshi" amaphulo okulwa nomsebenzi ogqithisileyo).
  • Ukwakhiwa kolwakhiwo: Izivumelwano zentsebenziswano nentsebenziswano yabathengi, amaqela amabhinqa, kunye nentshukumo zabemi zokwandisa inkxaso yemigaqo-nkqubo yobuhlobo bomsebenzi.

Enye impumelelo ephawulekayo yayiyi [[FLT: 0]2013 "Iikhampani ezimnyama" iphulo, apho amaqumrhu abhengeziweyo axhatshazwayo kwiimeko zokusebenza kwifemu njengoDon Quijote. Isikhalo sikawonke-wonke sanyanzela urhulumente ukomeleza uhlolo kwaye azise amalungiselelo okubiza igama elibizekileyo. Oku kubonisa indlela amaqumrhu angaguqula ngayo uluvo lukawonke-wonke wonke naxa amalungu awo athe ancinane.

Iingxaki Zokumanyana

Phezu kwazo nje ezi mpumelelo, amaqumrhu abasebenzi baseJapan ajongene nemimoya ekhoyo ephambili. Eyona mbambano inzima kukukhula kwabasebenzi abangengomagxeba ngamalungu anciphayo , ewa ukusuka kwizigidi ezi-12,36,4% zabasebenzi) ngo1975 ukuya kutsho malunga nezigidi ezilishumi. Abasebenzi abasebenzayo bafumana imivuzo ephantsi, abambalwa, nabambalwa abasebenzi, kodwa batsala nzima ukudibanisa uqesholo oluthekileyo.

Olunye ucelomngeni lulu amalungu afuna ukulinywa . Amalungu e-Union adla ngokukhula, asebenze ixesha elipheleleyo `amanani anciphayo abantu abasebenzi. Abasebenzi abaselula, ingakumbi kumacandelo obugcisa kunye neenkonzo, abanamathuba amancinane okudibanisa okanye ukubona ukubaluleka kwawo. Ama-Union aye azama ukumelana noku neenkqubo zokukhupha abaselula, ukulungelelanisa kwi-intanethi, kunye "amaqumrhu asebenza ngaphandle kwemibutho" anceda abasebenzi abasebenzi, kodwa ahlala esezantsi.

Ingxaki yezobupolitika ikwanyuka. I-LDP phantsi kweShinzo Abe kunye nabalawuli bayo balandela umgaqo wokungaguquguquki kwemisika yokurhwebelana kwemisebenzi − ```````````'''''''' imodeli'''' yemithetho yokugxotha, ukusetyenziswa kwezivumelwano ezizinzileyo, kunye nokwenziwa buthathaka kwenkqubo yeSebe lokusebenza elizinzileyo lokuchasa amaqhina.' xa amaqumrhu ekwazi ukumelana nokoyiswa, i-trateocerioces ebekujolise ekubhenelweni kunokukhuselwa phantsi kokhuseleko. Ngaphezu koko, ubuthathaka beCDP buthetha ukuba abatshani bagqibele ekulawuleni kwemithetho esemthethweni. Ngaphandle kolawulo olunamandla, amaqhina kufuneka axhomekeke kwimpembelelo ethambile kunokuba anamandla.

Imisebenzi

RENGO ngokwayo ayingo nyaka-nye. Amaqumrhu eqela lobuteksi ngaphakathi kwe RENGO aqheleke ukuba atyekele kakhulu, afuna ukukhuliswa komrhumo ophambili kunako konke okunye. Amaqumrhu kawonke-wonke (abafundisi-hlelo, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni) ashiyekile kwaye afunwa kakhulu. Ezi zahlulo zangaphakathi ngamanye amaxesha ziyaye zicoliseke ireyitha ye-RENGO's yezopolitiki. Umzekelo, ngexesha lonyulo lwama-2021, RENGNO ngokusemthethweni ixhasa iCDP, kodwa amanye amahlelo azimele axhasa ngokuzodwa i-LDP abatha abaxhasi ekutshintshisaneni ngezithembiso zerhafuthelo. Oku kungathobeki kweminye.

Ulwalathiso Lwexesha Elizayo: Ukuqhelana Nemeko Yezoqoqosho Etshintshayo

Amaqumrhu oluntu akami ngaxesha linye. Iindlela ezininzi zotshintsho ezinika imiboniso yendlela ezinokuhlala zifanelekile ngayo. Enye ingulo yokusebenzisa abasebenzi baseqongeni ne-jig. Amaqhina oluntu, njenge "Jililijini" kunye "Imanyano yeTokto Union," iqalise ukubhalisa abakhweli, iinjineli abakhululekileyo, kwaneYouTubers. Banikela icebiso elisemthethweni, ukucebisana ngezivumelwano zomntu ngamnye, kunye namaphulo kawonke ukuba abasebenzi babe ngabasebenzi. Ngelixesha lamalungu enziwa mancinane, le migudu inyusa ulwazi kunye nokunyanzela iinkundla ukuba ziguqule imithetho yokusebenza kwakhona ngokweminyaka yobudala.

Enye intsingiselo yi udityaniso kunye nokudibanisa . Umanyano loshishino oluncinci ludityaniswa ukudibanisa ubuncwane kunye nolwakhiwo lwamandla okuthelekisa. Ngo-2022, iJaphani Federation of Textile kunye neMisebenzi yaMachiza idityaniswe neSimbane sombane, umbane kunye ne-Uniontrol kunye ne-Interculty Union ukwenza i-700,000 yelungu elikhulu. Oku kuvumela ukungenelela okulungeleleneyo kwezobupolitika kunye nemali enkulu.

Amaqhina akwayi- akhuthaza ubugcisa obutsha. Intlanganiso zokwandisa, Amaqela e-Iass, kunye neenkqubo ezinikezelweyo ziphucule unxibelelwano namalungu, ingakumbi abaselula abafumanisa ukuba iintlanganiso zesithethe ziphelelwe lixesha. Amanye amaqumrhu asebenzisa uhlalutyo lwe data ngoku ukulandelela ukulingana okungalinganiyo kwiifektha-mali kwaye atyhalela amasampuli angaphaya kwemali ebanzi. I "Union ye Gig" (Unglase Japan) isebenzisa imodeli ediyo edityaniswe kwiqela elicekelweyo elidityaniswe kwi-Twiedingsssssssssss adio adictived ad ad ad ad ad accomptiverient ad ad ad ad ac ac ac ac accomp ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ac ar ac ac

Kujongwa phambili kwezobupolitika, amaqhina ahlola amaqela asemthethweni ngaphaya kweCDP. Kunyulo lwangaphantsi lwamakhaya lwama-2024, i-RENGO kuthiwa icinga ngokuxhasa inani elimbalwa labatshakazi abahlala kwikomiti ye-MHLW kwaye inengxelo yerekhodi yezikhundla ezixhasayo. Oku "kulalanisa" kunganika impembelelo enqamlezeneyo kunento enzima kumanyano oluqinileyo nenkcaso ebuthathaka.

Okokugqibela, amaqhina aquka umyalezo wawo ukusuka ku "ukhuseleko lomsebenzi" ukuya "kubulungisa bentlalo" kunye "nokhuseleko lwentlalo" kunye "nempumelelo kubo bonke. Ngokudibanisa amalungelo abasebenzi kwimiba ebanzi enjengokutshintsha kwemozulu, ushenxiso, kunye nokuhla kwamanani abantu, amaqhina okutsala amaqabane kwimibutho endalo kunye nentlalo yezobulungisa. Indibano yama 2023 RENGLO yamkela isigqibo sokubiza i "Umsebenzi Omtsha" we-Japan, opheleleyo ngokukhuthaza iinkqubo zorhwebo kunye norhwebo lukawonke wonke kwimizi yoshishino exhathisa ingeniso ebambekayo.

Amathemba Exesha elide

Nokuba amaqumrhu abasebenzi baseJapan anokutshintsha ukuhla kwawo kuhlala kungaqiniseki. Uxinano lwawo lwamalungu luza kuqhubeka luncipha, kodwa impembelelo yawo yezobupolitika isenokunganciphi. Logama nje amaqumrhu echaza umbono onyanzelisayo kwibutho labantu abalupheleyo ("elinemisebenzi eqinileyo, umvuzo ofanelekileyo, kunye nezokhuseleko zentlalo-ntle-ntle-ntle) ziya kuhlala ziliqabane elixabisekileyo kulo nawuphi na umbutho ofuna ukulawula. Unyulo lwawo kunye nonyulo olulandelayo luza kuvavanya ukuba ngaba ukuvunyelwa komanyano kusaguqulela kwivoti. Ukuba imibutho yanamhlanje isenza amaqhinga ayo azimeleyo kwaye yandisa isiseko sawo soqoqosho lwamazwe aseJapan kudala.

Isiphelo: Ukuthotywa Okuqhubekayo Kweenkqubo Zomsebenzi Kwezobupolitika ZaseJapan

Amaqumrhu asebenzayo eJapan aye asuka kwimikhosi yasemva kwemfazwe ukuya kutsho kwimibutho engaphakathi. Ukukwazi kwawo ukubumba iinkqubo zeqela lesizwe (ukusukela kwizithembiso zentlalo-ntle yentlalo-ntle ye-LDP ukuya kwiqonga lokusebenza leCDP). Zibonisa indlela enokuthi nayiphi na intshukumo enciphayo isebenzise ngayo impembelelo kwizivumelwano zezixhobo, ubuchule, kunye namaziko kawonke-wonke. Ngelixesha iingxube zingezo zezezomsebenzi, kodwa zimela ilizwi elilungileyo lokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwehlabathi.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwengingqi yemisebenzi yaseJapan kunye nempembelelo yayo yezobupolitika, qwalasela ukuhlola iZiko leSizwe laseJapan lomgaqo-nkqubo noLuqeqesho lweengxelo zophando , ingingqi yamaNgesi esemthethweni[, kunye neziqwenga zobuGcisa ezisuka ku .NUMKS.AM kwimicimbi yemisebenzi yesiqhelo [[.]