IChebe LeMigaqo: Inkululeko Yogwebo Nendima Yalo Kumalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Ngezizwe

Ukuzimela ngokwamagunya ejaji kuxhaphakile njengomgaqo osisiseko womthetho kunye nemeko efunekayo yokukhusela amalungelo abantu. Kunika amandla iinkundla ukuba zifake impikiswano kwaye zichaze imithetho ngaphandle kokuphazamisana nangaphandle, kuqinisekiswe ukuba izigqibo zisekelwe kuphela kwimigaqo esemthethweni nengqinelanayo. Le nkululeko ayiyondlela ecacileyo kodwa yindawo esebenzayo yokukhusela encedayo enceda abalawuli bejaji ukukhangela iziphazamiso, igcina oorhulumente benoxanduva, kwaye iphuhlisa imilinganiselo engokwasemthethweni elawula amalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke. Ngaphandle kwemithetho ezimeleyo, zonke izakhiwo zamalungelo abantu zokukhusela amalungelo abantu.

Ukuqonda Inkululeko Yogwebo: Ingcaciso Neziqalelo

Ngokwesiseko salo, ukuzimela ngokwamatyala, kuthetha ukuba abagwebi bakhululekile ukugqiba amatyala ngokwendlela abawachaza ngayo umthetho nezibakala, ngaphandle koxinzelelo oluvela kuwo nawuphi na umthombo ongaphandle. Oku kuquka ukuzimela kumasebe owiso-mthetho nawolawulo oluphezulu, kumaqela ezobupolitika, kwiimfuno zezoqoqosho, nakwiimbono eziqhelekileyo. Le ngcamango inemiqathango yowiso-mthetho neyomntu ngamnye. Ngokwesiko, icandelo lejaji kufuneka lahlulele ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye libe nolawulo lwalo ngokwalo.

Iinkalo eziphambili zokuzimela geqe ziquka:

  • Ukhuseleko lwendawo elungileyo : Abagwebi abanakususwa ngaphandle kwesizathu, nto leyo ethintela oorhulumente ekohlwayeni abagwebi kwizigqibo ezingathandwayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] uzimeleyo lwezemali : Ukwanela nokungahlawulwa kwemivuzo abagwebi kwingcinezelo yezoqoqosho.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Istitualitunition: Ijaji ilawula imicimbi yayo, kuquka isabelo setyala, ulawulo lwenkundla, kunye nemicimbi yoluleko.
  • Ikhethe: Abagwebi kufuneka baqwalaselwe njengenjalo, bafuna imithetho ecacileyo kwihambo ecacileyo nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.
  • Ukhuseleko kwimpembelelo yangaphandle: Akukho gunya elingaphandle/orhulumente, abasebenzi, okanye abasese--------------------

Le migaqo igcinwe kwizixhobo ezininzi zezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka iSicatshulwa seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo seSigqibo seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo , iSindululo sehlabathi Lonke samaLungelo Oluntu, iSivumelwano seZizwe Ngezizwe Ngamalungelo Oluntu kunye nePhondo (ICCPR), kunye neSiseSiseko semigaqo-Mpathi sokuzimela i-ICPR, esimiswe yiNgqungquthela yeNtlanga-mthetho yeZizwe Eziqhelekileyo. Umthetho weSindululo somhlaba Wonke, umzekelo, uthetha kwiQumrhuthi 10 ukuba wonke unelungelo lokuphatha ngokusesikweni nangokucombulula uluntu. Lo mgangatho utoliko lutolikiwe ngamaqumrhu lamaLungelo azimeleyo-mthetho okanye ulawulo olungakhethi.

Ukuphuhliswa kwembali yokuzimela geqe njengesiqinisekiso samalungelo abantu

Ingcamango yokuba abagwebi kufuneka bazimele emva kweenkulungwane kwiMagna Carta, kodwa ukwenziwa kwayo kwale mihla kwavela kwixesha lokukhanyiselwa. Abacingisisi abafana noMontesquieu baxhasa ukwahlukana kwamagunya, apho ijaji ezimeleyo yayiza kuba nguvavanyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kunye negunya. Le ngcamango yabhalelwa kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States yaye kamva yamkelwa ngulawulo-melo oluninzi. Ngenkulungwane yama-20, amashwa eemfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi namalungelo abantu asasazekileyo akhuthaza uluntu ukuba luququze ulawulo lomthetho njengemfuneko yokukhusela amalungelo abantu.

Inqaku 14 le-ICCPR liqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ilungelo lokuchophela ityala elifanelekileyo phambi kwenkundla ezimeleyo nengakhethi buso. IKomiti yamaLungelo abantu, ejonga ukwenziwa kwe-ICCPR, ikhuphe amagqabaza jikelele nezigqibo ezicacisa ukuba inkululeko kufuneka iqwalaselwe kungekuphela nje ngokwezakhiwo ezisesikweni kodwa kwakhona ngokusebenza. Umzekelo, Inkcazo Jikelele No.[32, iKomiti yachaza ukuba imfuneko yokuzimela ithetha ngendlela abagwebi abamiselwe ngayo, iimfaneleko zabo, ukhuseleko lwabo, kunye nokuzikhusela kwabo kwingcinezelo yangaphandle.

Ithuba lasemva kweWWII labona ukudalwa kweenkundla zezizwe ngezizwe kunye neenkundla, ezifana neNkundla yezizwe ngezizwe yeJaji (ICJ), iNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu (ECTR), iNkundla yaMazwe aseMerika yaManywi iNkundla yamalungelo abantu, kunye neNkundla yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Yetyala (ICC). La mabhunga axhomekeke kakhulu ekuzimeleni kweejaji zawo nasekuvumeni kweenkundla zasekuhlaleni ukuba asebenzisane. Inkundla yawo yephondo, ngokulandelayo, iye yabumba yaza yandisa intsingiselo yamalungelo abantu kulo lonke ihlabathi.

Indlela Inkululeko Yogwebo - mthetho Ewaguqula Ngayo Amalungelo Abantu Ehlabathi

Ukutolika Iintetho Neendibano Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Iinkundla ezizimeleyo zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe zingootatolika abaphambili bezivumelwano zamalungelo abantu. Xa inkundla ihlola ityala elibandakanya isivumelwano ````Ityala''' eliquka ulwalelo-mthetho'. Elifana nokungavunyelwa kwetyala, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, okanye inkululeko yokuqiqa (iiingcinga) idla ngokumisela imizekelo echaphazela indlela ezinye iinkundla kunye neenkqubo zomthetho eziqonda ngayo oko kulungile. Umzekelo, iECTHRR ityala elicacinywe ziinkundla ezicatshulwe ziinkundla zomhlaba wonke. Ukucaciswa kweCandelo 3 lweSivumelwano saseYurophu elungelweni lwamalungelo abantu (iiiintethelekiso) kwimiqatha yemiqathango enjenge [[FLT:] v. kunye [FLD] ne[F2] SAUN]

Ngokufanayo, iNkundla yaMazwe aManyeneyo yamalungelo abantu iphuhlise iimfundiso ezingemithetho yokuxolela, ukunyamalala ngokunyanzelisayo, namalungelo elizwe lomthonyama aye amkelwa ziinkundla zamakhaya kulo lonke elaseMzantsi Merika nangaphaya kwalo. Ijaji ezimeleyo ibalulekile ekusebenziseni ezi mbopheleleko zamazwe ngamazwe ngokuthembeka, kwanaxa ukwenjenjalo kungqubana nezilangazelelo zezopolitiko zasekhaya okanye iimvakalelo ezithandwayo.

Ukuba Netyala Koorhulumente

Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yejaji ezimeleyo kukubeka oorhulumente etyala ngenxa yokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Xa abantu okanye amaqela ethetha ngokuxhatshazwa kwemiba — njengokubulawa kwabantu, ukuvalelwa okungekho mthethweni, okanye ukucinezelwa kokungavumelani ngokomthetho ./iinkundla kufuneka zikwazi ukukhupha ityala ngokuchasene norhulumente. Oku kufuna inkululeko kungekuphela nje kulawulo oluphezulu kodwa nakubadlali abanamandla babucala abanokudibana norhulumente.

Ngokomzekelo, eMzantsi Afrika, emva kweRiphabliki yoMzantsi Afrika, iinkundla zomgaqo-siseko siseko ```ijongwa ngokubanzi' njengezimeleyo''. Ijoni lijongene nemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ephazamisana namalungelo entlalo nezoqoqosho, njengokufikelela kwindlu kunye nolawulo lwempilo. Ityala lengqalelo yembali IGovernment of South Africa v. Grootboom yamisa imbopheleleko karhulumente yokunikela amanyathelo afanelekileyo endlu. Imizekelo efanayo ikho eIndiya, apho iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yasebenzisa khona ukuzimela kwayo ukukhokela koorhulumente ekukhuseleni imekobume, iimeko zentolongo, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke.

Xa iinkundla zasekuhlaleni ezizimeleyo zisilela okanye zingazimisele ukuthatha amanyathelo, iinkundla zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe zingawuphelisa lo msantsa. Noko ke, ezi nkundla zamazwe ngamazwe zifuna inkululeko ephezulu ukuze zisebenze ngokunempumelelo. Kufuneka zikhululeke ekungeneleni kwezopolitiko ngamaphondo awadala. Ngokomzekelo, iECtHR, iye yajamelana nemigudu yamanye amalungu okumisela igunya layo okanye ukumisela abagwebi abaxhasi bezobupolitika. Ukukhusela ukuzimela kwenkululeko yabagwebi bezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe kukungalawuleki.

Ukubeka imilinganiselo esemthethweni eqhubela phambili imigangatho yomhlaba wonke

Izigqibo zomthetho zidala umthetho ojikajikayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Isigwebo esinye senkalipho singashukumisela iinkundla ezikweminye imida ukuba zicinge okufanayo. Le nto, ngokufuthi ebizwa ngokuba yingxoxo yokugweba okanye ukusetyenziswa komGaqo-siseko wamazwe ngamazwe, inceda ukusasazeka nokuqinisa imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu kumacala omda.

Qwalasela indaleko yelungelo lokuzimela wedwa ngexesha lamanani. Xa iNkundla yeJaji ye-European Union (CJEU) yakhupha i- Goodle Speyin v. AEPD noMario Costeja Gonzáleja [[FFLT:1]] isigwebo sobucala ngo-2014, ukuseka “ilungelo lokulityalwa,” isigqibo esivakalayo kwiinkundla zenkundla kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho-mthetho we-mthetho we-data, iingcinga zaso eziphenjelelwe kumazwe afana ne-United States, iJapan, ne-Indiya. Iinkundla ze-ependecrejing zidla ngokubandakanye kwingxoxo enjalo yomhlaba ngokuba aziboni zizinto ezincinane eziphambili zesizwe; zinokukhangela kwamanye amazwe njengegunya elinamandla.

Ngokufanayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States, phezu kwayo nje ucelomngeni lwayo lokuzimela ngokwayo, ikhuphe imithetho eyadala umthetho wamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke (ngokomzekelo, kwi-deseade yohlanga kwi-Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[], ekulinganani komtshato ] Obergecrev v. Hodges, kunye nokuvalelwa [[FLT] v.umsfe .

Ucelomngeni Lokufumana Inkululeko Yokulawula Ijaji Ehlabathini Lonke

Nangona ibalulekile, inkundla isoloko isoyikisa ngolu hlobo.

Ukudibana Nezobupolitika Nokusoyikisa

Kumazwe amaninzi, oorhulumente bahlasela ngokungqalileyo ukuzimela ngokwamatyala ngokupakisha iinkundla nabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo, besebenzisa izicelo zoqeqesho ukusohlwaya abagwebi, okanye besilela ukuzalisekisa imiyalelo yenkundla. I-Hungary nePoland ziye zajamelana nesigwebo kunye neenkqubo ze-European Union ezichaphazelekayo zokuthomalalisa ulawulo. ETurkey, amakhulu abagwebi agxothwa emva kokuba ukumiselwa kolawulo luka-2016, ukuphelisa intembelo kawonke wonke. EVenezuela, inkululeko yeNkundla Ephakamileyo yayayayaphulwa xa urhulumente wandisa ubungakanani bayo kwaye wamisela abagwebi abazimisele ukuxhasa izenzo zolawulo eziphendulisa ii-demokhrasi.

Abagwebi abalwa neminqweno enamandla basenokujamelana nokuhlaselwa, ukusongelwa, okanye ugonyamelo. Iindaba nabakhuseli bamalungelo abantu baye babhala amatyala okubulawa kwabagwebi kumazwe anjengePakistan, iColombia, nePhilippines.

Urhwaphilizo Nokungabi natyala

Ukunganyaniseki okukwizigwebo ngokwazo kungakuchaphaza ukuzimela. Xa abagwebi benyotywa okanye bechaphazeleka ekuphembeleleni iziphumo zokufumana inzuzo yobuqu okanye yezobupolitika, inkqubo yokusesikweni iphela iphelelwa kukholoseko. Oku kubangela ingxaki ngokukodwa kumazwe apho ukumiswa kwekomiti yezatyala kunqabileyo kwaye apho kungekho macebo asebenzayo okuqeqesha abagwebi abonakalisayo ngaphandle kokuphembelela inkqubo. Ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yokuziphendulela ngokuzimela kukungaxhomekeki komdla. Iibhunga ezinamandla ezineenkqubo ezikhanyayo zinokunceda, kodwa zona ngokwazo zimele zikhuselwe ekulawuleni kwezobupolitika.

Ukukhuselwa KwaBagwebi Ngokusemthethweni Okwaneleyo

Kumazwe amaninzi, abagwebi abalunandi lukhuseleko olufanelekileyo olusemthethweni. Basenokufumana izivumelwano zexesha elifutshane (kunokudlula ebomini), imivuzo ephantsi, okanye ukususwa ngumphathi ophetheyo ngaphandle kwesizathu sokwenyaniso. Kwamanye amazwe, iinkundla zemikhosi okanye inkundla ezikhethekileyo zisebenza ngaphandle kwesebe eliqhelekileyo lejaji kwaye ziphenjelelwa kakhulu ngumphathi ophetheyo. Oku kubuthathaka kwesakhiwo kwenza kube lula ngoorhulumente ukunyanzela abagwebi ukuba bathobele.

Impembelelo Yezoqoqosho Nengcinezelo Kawonke - wonke

Abagwebi basenokuphenjelelwa zizinto zabo siqu okanye yimbono ethandwayo. Kwimeko eziphezulu ezibandakanya amaqumrhu okanye abantu abazizityebi, amathuba okunyoba okanye ezinye iintlobo zempembelelo engafanelekanga akhona. Ngaphezu koko, kwixesha lezopolitiko ezihlukeneyo, abagwebi abaphakamisa izigqibo eziphikisanayo basenokujamelana namaphulo kawonke-wonke okutyholwa. Nangona kubalulekile, ukuphendula kukawonke-wonke akufunekanga kunqamleze izithuba ezisongelo okanye ukuzama ukusongela ibhedrin.

Ukuvela KwePopulist NobuOsteralistism

Ukunyuka kwemibutho yepopulist kunye ne-odential kusisisongelo esingqalileyo kwinkululeko yokugweba. Iinkokeli ezijonga ugwebo njengomqobo kucwangciso lwazo lwezomthetho ziye zasebenzisa uhlaselo kubagwebi njengeqhinga lezobupolitika. Kumazwe ahlukeneyo njengakwaSirayeli, Poland, kunye neBrazil, kuye kwakhutshwa imigudu eqhubekayo yokwenza buthathaka kweenkundla. Ezi ziganeko zibonisa ukuba inkululeko yokulawula ityala ayinakuthathwa ngokulula nakumgangatho ophezulu. Amaqumrhu amalungelo abantu azweni lonke, njengeKhomishini yeBhunga leBhunga laseYurophu , iye yakhupha izimvo kunye nokuncomela okugcinwa komthetho, kodwa ihlala ibuthathaka.

Ubuchule Bokukhusela Nokomeleza Inkululeko Yogwebo

Ngenxa yocelomngeni, amarhulumente nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe iye yavelisa iindlela ezininzi zokukhuthaza inkululeko yokulawula.

  • Isiqinisekiso sobuProtomatika nesowiso-mthetho : Amalungiselelo aluncedo okugweba, amadinga asekelwe kwilungelo, kwaye ibhunga elizimeleyo lezomthetho liyimfuneko. Amazwe amaninzi amkele izivumelwano zomgaqo-siseko ezikwenza kube nzima ukuba oorhulumente bangenelele.
  • Uphatho lwehlabathi lonke: amaqumrhu esivumelwano samalungelo abantu, njengeKomiti yaMalungelo oluntu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kunye neKomiti elwa nokuTshabalalisa, rhoqo zihlola ukuthobela kwamazwe imilinganiselo yokuzimela ngokwamatyala. Iingcebiso zawo, nangona zingabopheleleli ngokusemthethweni, zivelisa ingcinezelo yokuziphatha kunye neyonxibelelwano.
  • Iinkundla zamalungelo abantu zombutho : IECTHR, iNkundla yeInter-American, kunye neNkundla yamatyala yaseAfrika kuMalungelo oluntu nawoluntu zingazimela izikhalazo ezithelekisayo ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo kwinkundla ezimeleyo. Izigwebo zazo zingafuna ukuba kutshintshwe imithetho okanye izenzo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqeqesha kunye nokwakhiwa kobuchule: Iintlangano ezifana ne [ International Bar Association kunye ne UN Programme yoPhuhliso inika ubuncwane kwimfundo yokwalathisa kunye notshintsho, ingakumbi kumaphondo abuthathaka okanye asemva.
  • ICIII-intelekelelo yebutho kunye ne-media ye-: amaqela amalungelo abantu, amaqumrhu e-bar, kunye neentatheli ezizimeleyo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubhenceni iintlaselo kwinkululeko yokulawula. Amaphulo olwazi lukawonke-wonke anokuvuselela inkcaso ekuphambukeni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezigunyaziso: I-European Union ingayivala imali okanye ibeke izigunyaziso kumazwe angamalungu avukela inkululeko yokulawula. Kwiimeko ezimandundu, iBhunga loKhuseleko lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo lingathatha inyathelo, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwemali kusoloko kulinganisela ukusebenza kwalo.

Ikamva Lenkululeko Yezogwebo Kwihlabathi Elimanyeneyo

Njengoko ihlabathi lihambelana ngakumbi, indima yokuzimela geqe ekulungiseni imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu isenokukhula. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wehlabathi lonke uxhomekeke ngokukhulayo ekuzalisekisweni kwamalungelo abantu: izivumelwano zinyanzeliswa kumgangatho wesizwe ngeenkundla. Kwangaxeshanye, ubugcisa bezobugcisa, uququzelo lomda we-data, kunye neenkampani ezihambelana nezizwe ngezizwe zidala iingxaki ezintsha. Iinkundla kufuneka zilwe nemibango efana nocalucalucalulo, ulawulo lobucukubhenelo, kunye nelungelo lokuzimela ngasese kwilizwe lokuhlola. Ngaphandle kokuzimela, azinakukwazi ukuphendula ngokunelisa le mibuzo intso nezo yezobupolitika.

Ngaphezu koko, amagosa azimeleyo ejaji abalulekile ekuxhaseni umthetho kwimibutho yolawulo lwehlabathi jikelele, njengeenkundla zotyalo-mali zamazwe ngamazwe, iinkundla zezezolwaphulo-mthetho zezizwe ngezizwe, kunye neenkundla ze-WTO eziphikisanayo. La maqumrhu axhomekeke ekuhlaziyweni kweenkqubo zokungacaluli. Xa kubuzwa ukuba azimele geqe.

Kukwakho nento ekhulayo ekwamkeleni yokuba ukuzimela ngokwamatyala kunxulumene neenjongo ezibanzi zezezentlalo enjengenkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho, impilo yoluntu, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume. Uphando lubonisa ukuba amazwe anenkululeko engakumbi yokugweba aneengxelo ezingcono zamalungelo abantu, amanqanaba aphezulu otyalo-mali olungqalileyo kwamanye amazwe, kunye nemibutho yedemokhrasi eqinileyo. Oku kwenza ukukhusela inkululeko yokulawula ikomiti kungabi yimbambano esemthethweni nje kodwa kube yinto eyimfuneko eyimfuneko yokuphuhlisa impumelelo.

Isiphelo: IGuardian Yamalungelo Abantu Engenakucinywa

Ukuzimela ngokwamagunya okulawula kungaphezulu kakhulu kunomgaqo ongekho mthethweni; yi-enjini esebenzayo enika ubomi kwizithethe zamalungelo abantu zwenibanzi. Iinkundla ezizimeleyo zichaza izivumelwano, ziphendula oorhulumente, zimisela imizekelo evakalayo kwimida. Zikhusela abantu kwigunya elingekho ngqiqweni, zikhusela amahlelo angenalukhuseleko, ziqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu banokufuna okusesikweni ngaphandle koloyiko. Imingeni abajamelana nayo, ukunganyaniseki, ukuhlasela kwe-populist, ukuhlasela okuninzi, kodwa zinjalo izixhobo ezikhoyo zokuzikhusela.

Ekugqibeleni, amandla omthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe axhomekeke ekuzilawuleni kwabagwebi abawusebenzisayo. Ngalo lonke ixesha inkundla ithetha ngesigqibo senkalipho nxamnye nelizwe elinamandla okanye umbutho, iqinisa imbono yokuba akukho mntu ungaphezu komthetho, yaye wonke umntu unelungelo lokufumana ulawulo olulinganayo lomthetho. Njengoko uMgwebi uRuth Bader Ginsburg ethetha, amagqwetha, ibutho lasekuhlaleni, kunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe zonke imele ihlale iphaphile. Umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulondoloza nokunyusa inkululeko esemthethweni ungumzabalazo kanye obangela ukuba akukho mntu unegunya lomthetho namnye onegunya lokulinganayo.